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Crypto security audits and bug bounties are broken: Here’s how to fix them
Are crypto auditing incentives designed to make the client happy rather than deliver bad news? What happens if you don’t pay out bug bounties?
Blockchain exploits can be extremely costly; with poorly designed smart contracts, decentralized apps and bridges are attacked time and time again.
For example, the Ronin Network experienced a $625-million breach in March 2022 when a hacker was able to steal private keys to generate fake withdrawals and transferred hundreds of millions out. The Nomad Bridge later that year in August experienced a $190-million breach when hackers exploited a bug in the protocol that allowed them to withdraw more funds than they had deposited.
These vulnerabilities in the underlying smart contract code, coupled with human error and lapses of judgment, create significant risks for Web3 users. But how can crypto projects take proactive steps to identify the issues before they happen?
There are a couple of major strategies. Web3 projects typically hire companies to audit their smart contract code and review the project to provide a stamp of approval.
Another approach, which is often used in conjunction, is to establish a bug bounty program that provides incentives for benign hackers to use their skills to identify vulnerabilities before malicious hackers do.
There are major issues with both approaches as they currently stand.
Web3 auditing is broken
Audits, or external evaluations, tend to emerge in markets where risk can rapidly scale and create systemic harm. Whether a publicly traded company, sovereign debt or a smart contract, a single vulnerability can wreak havoc.
But sadly, many audits even when done by an external organization are neither credible nor effective because the auditors are not truly independent. That is, their incentives might be aligned toward satisfying the client over delivering bad news.
Security audits are time-consuming, expensive and, at best, result in an outcome that everything is fine. At worst, they can cause a project to reconsider its entire design, delaying the launch and market success. DeFi project managers are thus tempted to find another, more amenable auditing company that will sweep any concerns under the carpet and rubber-stamp the smart contracts, explains Keir Finlow-Bates, a blockchain researcher and Solidity developer.
I have had first-hand experience with this pressure from clients: arguing with developers and project managers that their code or architecture is not up to scratch receives push-back, even when the weaknesses in the system are readily apparent.
Principled behavior pays off in the long run, but in the short term, it can come at the cost of profitable clients who are eager to get to market with their new tokens.
I cant help noticing that lax auditing companies quickly build up a more significant presence in the auditing market due to their extensive roster of satisfied customers satisfied, that is, until a hack occurs, Finlow-Bates continues.
One of the leading companies in Web3 auditing, CertiK, provides trust scores to projects that they evaluate. However, critics point out they have given a stamp of approval to projects that failed spectacularly. For example, while CertiK was quick to share on Jan. 4, 2022, that a rug pull had occurred on the BNB Smart Chain project Arbix, they omitted that they had issued an audit to Arbix 46 days earlier, according to Eloisa Marchesoni, a tokenomics specialist, on Medium.
But the most notable incident was CertiKs full-scope audit of Terra, which later collapsed and brought half the crypto industry down with it. The audit has since been taken down as they have taken a more reflective approach, but bits and pieces remain online.
Terra as envisaged by Cointelegraphs art department. They forgot to set the earth and moon on fire, however.Terra-fied
Zhong Shao, co-founder of CertiK, said in a 2019 press release:
CertiK was highly impressed by Terras clever and highly effective design of economy theory, especially the proper decoupling of controls for currency stabilization and predictable economic growth.
He added, CertiK also found Terras technical implementation to be of one of the highest qualities it has seen, demonstrating extremely principled engineering practices, mastery command of Cosmos SDK, as well as complete and informative documentations.
This certification played a major role in Terras increased international recognition and receipt of investment. The recently arrested Do Kwon, co-founder of Terra, said at the time:
We are pleased to receive a formal stamp of approval from CertiK, who is known within the industry for setting a very high bar for security and reliability. The thorough audit results shared by CertiKs team of experienced economists and engineers give us more confidence in our protocol, and we are excited to quickly roll out our first payment dApp with eCommerce partners in the coming weeks.
For its part, CertiK argues its audits were comprehensive and the collapse of Terra was not down to a critical security flaw but human behavior. Hugh Brooks, director of security operations at CertiK, tells Magazine:
Our Terra audit did not come up with any findings that would be considered critical or major because critical security bugs that could lead a malicious actor to attacking the protocol were not found. Nor did this happen in the Terra incident saga.
Audits and code reviews or formal verification cant prevent actions by individuals with control or whales dumping tokens, which caused the first depeg and subsequent panicked actions.
CertiK has just released its new security scores, which it says are independent of any commercial relationship. (CertiK)Giving a stamp of approval for something that later turned out to be dodgy is not confined to the blockchain industry and has repeated itself throughout history, ranging from top five public accounting firm Arthur Anderson giving the nod to Enrons books (later destroying parts of the evidence) to rating agency Moodys paying out $864 million for its dodgy optimistic bond ratings that fueled the housing bubble of 20082009 and contributed to the Global Financial Crisis.
So, its more that Web3 audit companies face similar pressures in a much newer, faster-growing and less regulated industry. (In the past week, CertiK released its new Security Scores for 10,000 projects see right for details).
The point here is not to throw CertiK under the bus it is staffed with well-intentioned and skilled workers but rather that Web3 audits dont look at all of the risks to projects and users and that the market may need structural reforms to align incentives.
Audits only check the validity of a contract, but much of the risk is in the logic of the protocol design. Many exploits are not from broken contracts, but require review of the tokenomics, integration and red-teaming, says Eric Waisanen, tokenomics lead at Phi Labs.
While audits are generally very helpful to have, they are unlikely to catch 100% of issues, says Jay Jog, co-founder of Sei Networks. The core responsibility is still on developers to employ good development practices to ensure strong security.
Stylianos Kampakis, CEO of Tesseract Academy and tokenomics expert, says projects should hire multiple auditors to ensure the best possible review.
I think they probably do a good job overall, but Ive heard many horror stories of audits that missed significant bugs, he tells Cointelegraph. So, its not only down to the firm but also the actual people involved in the audit. Thats why I wouldnt ever personally trust the security of a protocol to a single auditor.
zkSync agrees on the need for multiple auditors and tells Magazine that before it launched its EVM compatible zero knowledge proof rollup Era on mainnet on March 24, it was thoroughly tested in seven different audits from Secure3, OpenZeppelin, Halburn and a fourth auditor yet to be announced.
White hat hackers and bug bounties
Rainer Bhme, professor for security and privacy at the University of Innsbruck, wrote that basic audits are hardly ever useful, and in general, the thoroughness of security audits needs to be carefully tailored to the situation.
Instead, bug bounty programs can provide better incentives. Bug bounties offer an established way to reward those who find bugs they would be a natural fit for cryptocurrencies, given they have a built-in payment mechanism, Bhme continued.
White hat hackers are those who leverage their talents to identify a vulnerability and work with projects to fix them before a malicious (black hat) hacker can exploit it.
White hat hackers find bugs before black hat hackers do. (Pexels)Bug bounty programs have become essential to discovering security threats across the web, generally curated by project owners who want talented programmers to vet and review their code for vulnerabilities. Projects reward hackers for identifying new vulnerabilities and upkeep and integrity maintenance on a network. Historically, fixes for open-source smart contract languages e.g., Solidity have been identified and fixed thanks to bug bounty hackers.
These campaigns began in the 90s: there was a vibrant community around the Netscape browser that worked for free or for pennies to fix bugs that were gradually appearing during development, wrote Marchesoni.
It soon became clear that such work could not be done in idle time or as a hobby. Companies benefited twice from bug bounty campaigns: in addition to the obvious security issues, the perception of their commitment to security also came by.
Bug bounty programs have emerged across the Web3 ecosystem. For example, Polygon launched a $2-million bug bounty program in 2021 to root out and eliminate potential security flaws in the audited network. Avalanche Labs operates its own bug bounty program, which launched in 2021, via the HackenProof bug bounty platform.
However, there is tension between the extent of the security gaps they believe they have found and how significantly the issue is taken by projects.
White hat hackers have accused various blockchain projects of gaslighting community members, as well as withholding bug-bounty compensation for white hat services. While it goes without saying, actually following through with the payment of rewards for legitimate service is essential to maintain incentives.
A team of hackers recently claimed that it was not compensated for its bug bounty services to the Tendermint application layer and Avalanche.
On the other side of the fence, projects have found some white hat hackers are really black hats in disguise.
Read also
Tendermint, Avalanche and more
Tendermint is a tool for developers to focus on higher-level application development without having to deal directly with the underlying communication and cryptography. Tendermint Core is the engine that facilitates the P2P network via proof-of-stake (PoS) consensus. The Application BlockChain Interface (ABCI) is the tool with which public blockchains link to the Tendermint Core protocol.
In 2018, a bug bounty program for the Tendermint and Cosmos communities was created. The program was designed to reward community members for discovering vulnerabilities with rewards based on factors such as impact, risk, likelihood of exploitation, and report quality.
Last month, a team of researchers claimed to have found a major Tendermint security exploit, resulting in a services crash via remote API a Remote Procedure Call (RPC) Tendermint vulnerability was discovered, impacting over 70 blockchains. The exploit would have a severe impact and could potentially include over 100 peer-to-peer and API vulnerabilities since the blockchains share similar code. Ten blockchains in the top 100 of CertiKs Security Leaderboard are based on Tendermint.
Tendermint remote API crash from Padillacs desktop. (Pad on YouTube)However, after going through the proper channels to claim the bounty, the hacker group said it was not compensated. Instead, what followed was a string of back-and-forth events, which some claim was a stalling attempt for Tendermint Core, while it quickly patched the exploit without paying the bounty hunter their dues.
This, among others that the group has supposedly documented, is known as a zero-day exploit.
The specific Tendermint denial-of-service (DoS) attack is another unique blockchain attack vector, and its implications arent yet fully clear, but we will be evaluating this potential vulnerability going forward, encouraging patches and discussing with current customers who may be vulnerable, said CertiKs Brooks.
He said the job of security testing was never finished. Many see audits or bug bounties as a one-and-done scenario, but really, security testing needs to be ongoing in Web3 the same way it is in other traditional areas, he says.
Are they even white hats?
Bug bounties that rely on white hats are far from perfect, given how easy it is for black hats to put on a disguise. Ad hoc arrangements for the return of funds are a particularly problematic approach.
Bug bounties in the DeFi space have a severe problem, as over the years, various protocols have allowed black hat hackers to turn white hat if they return some or most of the money, says Finlow-Bates.
White hat and black hat hackers sometimes play the same game. (Pexels)Extract a nine-figure sum, and you may end up with tens of millions of dollars in profit without any repercussions.
The Mango Markets hack in October 2022 is a perfect example, with a $116-million exploit and only $65 million returned and the rest taken as a so-called bounty. The legality of this is an open question, with the hacker responsible charged over the incident, which some have likened more to extortion than a legitimate bounty.
The Wormhole Bridge was similarly hacked for $325 million of crypto, with a $10-million bounty offered in a white hat-style agreement. However, this was not large enough to attract the hacker to execute the agreement.
Compare this to true white hat hackers and bug bounty programs, where a strict set of rules are in place, full documentation must be provided, and the legal language is threatening, then failure to follow the directions to the letter (even inadvertently) may result in legal action, Finlow-Bates elaborates.
Organizations that enlist the support of white hats must realize that not all of them are equally altruistic some blur the lines between white and black hat activities, so building in accountability and having clear instructions and rewards that are executed matter.
Both bug bounties and audits are less profitable than exploits, Waisanen continues, remarking that attracting white hat hackers in good faith is not easy.
Read also
Where do we go from here?
Security audits are not always helpful and depend crucially on their degree of thoroughness and independence. Bug bounties can work, but equally, the white hat might just get greedy and keep the funds.
Are both strategies just a way of outsourcing responsibility and avoiding responsibility for good security practices? Crypto projects may be better off learning how to do things the right way in the first place, argues Maurcio Magaldi, global strategy director for 11:FS.
Web3 BUIDLers are generally unfamiliar with enterprise-grade software development practices, which puts a number of them at risk, even if they have bug bounty programs and code audits, he says.
Relying on code audit to highlight issues in your application that aims to handle millions in transactions is a clear outsourcing of responsibility, and that is not an enterprise practice. The same is true for bug bounty programs. If you outsource your code security to external parties, even if you provide enough monetary incentive, youre giving away responsibility and power to parties whose incentives might be out of reach. This is not what decentralization is about, said Magaldi.
An alternative approach is to follow the process of the Ethereum Merge.
Maybe because of the DAO hack back in the early days of Ethereum, now every single change is meticulously planned and executed, which gives the whole ecosystem a lot more confidence about the infrastructure. DApp developers could steal a page or two from that book to move the industry forward, Magaldi says.
Rather than outsource their security, projects need to take full responsibility themselves. (Pexels)Five lessons for cybersecurity in crypto
Lets take stock. Here are five broad philosophical lessons we can take away.
First, we need more transparency around the successes and failures of Web3 cybersecurity. There is, unfortunately, a dark subculture that rarely sees the light of day since the audit industry often operates without transparency. This can be countered by people talking from a constructive point of view about what works and what does not work.
When Arthur Anderson failed to correct and flag fraudulent behavior by Enron, it suffered a major reputational and regulatory blow. If the Web3 community cannot at least meet those standards, its ideals are disingenuous.
Second, Web3 projects must be committed to honoring their bug bounty programs if they want the broader community to obtain legitimacy in the world and reach consumers at scale. Bug bounty programs have been highly effective in the Web1 and Web2 landscapes for software, but they require credible commitments by projects to pay the white hat hackers.
Third, we need genuine collaborations among developers, researchers, consultancies and institutions. While profit motives may influence how much certain entities work together, there has to be a shared set of principles that unite the Web3 community at least around decentralization and security and lead to meaningful collaborations.
There are already many examples; tools like Ethpector are illustrative because they showcase how researchers can help provide not only careful analysis but also practical tools for blockchains.
Fourth, regulators should work with, rather than against or independently of, developers and entrepreneurs.
Regulators should provide a set of guiding principles, which would need to be accounted for by developers of DeFi interfaces. Regulators need to think of ways to reward developers of good interfaces and punish designers of poor interfaces, which can be subject to hacking and expose the underlying DeFi services to costly attacks, says Agostino Capponi, director of the Columbia Center for Digital Finance and Technologies.
By working collaboratively, regulators are not burdened by having to be subject matter experts on every emerging technology they can outsource that to the Web3 community and play to their strengths, which is building scalable processes.
Fifth, and most controversially, DeFi projects should work toward a middle-ground where users go through some level of KYC/AML verification to ensure that malicious actors are not leveraging Web3 infrastructure for harmful purposes.
Although the DeFi community has always opposed these requirements, there can be a middle ground: Every community requires some degree of structure, and there should be a process for ensuring that unambiguously malicious users are not exploiting DeFi platforms.
Decentralization is valuable in finance. As we have seen once again with the collapse of the Silicon Valley Bank, centralized institutions are vulnerable, and failures create large ripple effects for society.
My research in the Journal of Corporate Finance also highlights how DeFi is recognized as having greater security benefits: Following a well-known data breach on the centralized exchange KuCoin, for example, transactions grew 14% more on decentralized exchanges, relative to centralized exchanges. But more work remains to be done for DeFi to be accessible.
Ultimately, building a thriving ecosystem and market for cybersecurity in the Web3 community is going to require good-faith efforts from every stakeholder.
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Bitcoin Recovery Testimonial After falling victim to a cryptocurrency scam group, I lost $354,000 worth of USDT. I thought all hope was lost from the experience of losing my hard-earned money to scammers. I was devastated and believed there was no way to recover my funds. Fortunately, I started searching for help to recover my stolen funds and I came across a lot of testimonials online about Capital Crypto Recovery, an agent who helps in recovery of lost bitcoin funds, I contacted Capital Crypto Recover Service, and with their expertise, they successfully traced and recovered my stolen assets. Their team was professional, kept me updated throughout the process, and demonstrated a deep understanding of blockchain transactions and recovery protocols. They are trusted and very reliable with a 100% successful rate record Recovery bitcoin, I’m grateful for their help and highly recommend their services to anyone seeking assistance with lost crypto. Contact: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Email: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
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09.10.25 11:05
marcushenderson624
Bitcoin Recovery Testimonial After falling victim to a cryptocurrency scam group, I lost $354,000 worth of USDT. I thought all hope was lost from the experience of losing my hard-earned money to scammers. I was devastated and believed there was no way to recover my funds. Fortunately, I started searching for help to recover my stolen funds and I came across a lot of testimonials online about Capital Crypto Recovery, an agent who helps in recovery of lost bitcoin funds, I contacted Capital Crypto Recover Service, and with their expertise, they successfully traced and recovered my stolen assets. Their team was professional, kept me updated throughout the process, and demonstrated a deep understanding of blockchain transactions and recovery protocols. They are trusted and very reliable with a 100% successful rate record Recovery bitcoin, I’m grateful for their help and highly recommend their services to anyone seeking assistance with lost crypto. Contact: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Email: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
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11.10.25 04:41
luciajessy3
Don’t be deceived by different testimonies online that is most likely wrong. I have made use of several recovery options that got me disappointed at the end of the day but I must confess that the tech genius I eventually found is the best out here. It’s better you devise your time to find the valid professional that can help you recover your stolen or lost crypto such as bitcoins rather than falling victim of other amateur hackers that cannot get the job done. ADAMWILSON . TRADING @ CONSULTANT COM / WHATSAPP ; +1 (603) 702 ( 4335 ) is the most reliable and authentic blockchain tech expert you can work with to recover what you lost to scammers. They helped me get back on my feet and I’m very grateful for that. Contact their email today to recover your lost coins ASAP…
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11.10.25 10:44
Tonerdomark
A thief took my Dogecoin and wrecked my life. Then Mr. Sylvester stepped in and changed everything. He got back €211,000 for me, every single cent of my gains. His calm confidence and strong tech skills rebuilt my trust. Thanks to him, I recovered my cash with no issues. After months of stress, I felt huge relief. I had full faith in him. If a scam stole your money, reach out to him today at { yt7cracker@gmail . com } His help sparked my full turnaround.
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12.10.25 01:12
harristhomas7376
"In the crypto world, this is great news I want to share. Last year, I fell victim to a scam disguised as a safe investment option. I have invested in crypto trading platforms for about 10yrs thinking I was ensuring myself a retirement income, only to find that all my assets were either frozen, I believed my assets were secure — until I discovered that my BTC funds had been frozen and withdrawals were impossible. It was a devastating moment when I realized I had been scammed, and I thought my Bitcoin was gone forever, Everything changed when a close friend recommended the Capital Crypto Recover Service. Their professionalism, expertise, and dedication enabled me to recover my lost Bitcoin funds back — more than €560.000 DEM to my BTC wallet. What once felt impossible became a reality thanks to their support. If you have lost Bitcoin through scams, hacking, failed withdrawals, or similar challenges, don’t lose hope. I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover Service to anyone seeking a reliable and effective solution for recovering any wallet assets. They have a proven track record of successful reputation in recovering lost password assets for their clients and can help you navigate the process of recovering your funds. Don’t let scammers get away with your hard-earned money – contact Email: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Contact: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
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12.10.25 01:12
harristhomas7376
"In the crypto world, this is great news I want to share. Last year, I fell victim to a scam disguised as a safe investment option. I have invested in crypto trading platforms for about 10yrs thinking I was ensuring myself a retirement income, only to find that all my assets were either frozen, I believed my assets were secure — until I discovered that my BTC funds had been frozen and withdrawals were impossible. It was a devastating moment when I realized I had been scammed, and I thought my Bitcoin was gone forever, Everything changed when a close friend recommended the Capital Crypto Recover Service. Their professionalism, expertise, and dedication enabled me to recover my lost Bitcoin funds back — more than €560.000 DEM to my BTC wallet. What once felt impossible became a reality thanks to their support. If you have lost Bitcoin through scams, hacking, failed withdrawals, or similar challenges, don’t lose hope. I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover Service to anyone seeking a reliable and effective solution for recovering any wallet assets. They have a proven track record of successful reputation in recovering lost password assets for their clients and can help you navigate the process of recovering your funds. Don’t let scammers get away with your hard-earned money – contact Email: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Contact: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
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12.10.25 19:53
Tonerdomark
A crook swiped my Dogecoin. It ruined my whole world. Then Mr. Sylvester showed up. He fixed it all. He pulled back €211,000 for me. Not one cent missing from my profits. His steady cool and sharp tech know-how won back my trust. I got my money smooth and sound. After endless worry, relief hit me hard. I trusted him completely. Lost cash to a scam? Hit him up now at { yt7cracker@gmail . com }. His aid turned my life around. WhatsApp at +1 512 577 7957.
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12.10.25 21:36
blessing
Writing this review is a joy. Marie has provided excellent service ever since I started working with her in early 2018. I was worried I wouldn't be able to get my coins back after they were stolen by hackers. I had no idea where to begin, therefore it was a nightmare for me. However, things became easier for me after my friend sent me to [email protected] and +1 7127594675 on WhatsApp. I'm happy that she was able to retrieve my bitcoin so that I could resume trading.
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01:11
elizabethrush89
God bless Capital Crypto Recover Services for the marvelous work you did in my life, I have learned the hard way that even the most sensible investors can fall victim to scams. When my USD was stolen, for anyone who has fallen victim to one of the bitcoin binary investment scams that are currently ongoing, I felt betrayal and upset. But then I was reading a post on site when I saw a testimony of Wendy Taylor online who recommended that Capital Crypto Recovery has helped her recover scammed funds within 24 hours. after reaching out to this cyber security firm that was able to help me recover my stolen digital assets and bitcoin. I’m genuinely blown away by their amazing service and professionalism. I never imagined I’d be able to get my money back until I complained to Capital Crypto Recovery Services about my difficulties and gave all of the necessary paperwork. I was astounded that it took them 12 hours to reclaim my stolen money back. Without a doubt, my USDT assets were successfully recovered from the scam platform, Thank you so much Sir, I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover for any of your bitcoin recovery, digital funds recovery, hacking, and cybersecurity concerns. You reach them Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 His Email: [email protected] Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Via Contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
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01:11
elizabethrush89
God bless Capital Crypto Recover Services for the marvelous work you did in my life, I have learned the hard way that even the most sensible investors can fall victim to scams. When my USD was stolen, for anyone who has fallen victim to one of the bitcoin binary investment scams that are currently ongoing, I felt betrayal and upset. But then I was reading a post on site when I saw a testimony of Wendy Taylor online who recommended that Capital Crypto Recovery has helped her recover scammed funds within 24 hours. after reaching out to this cyber security firm that was able to help me recover my stolen digital assets and bitcoin. I’m genuinely blown away by their amazing service and professionalism. I never imagined I’d be able to get my money back until I complained to Capital Crypto Recovery Services about my difficulties and gave all of the necessary paperwork. I was astounded that it took them 12 hours to reclaim my stolen money back. Without a doubt, my USDT assets were successfully recovered from the scam platform, Thank you so much Sir, I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover for any of your bitcoin recovery, digital funds recovery, hacking, and cybersecurity concerns. You reach them Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 His Email: [email protected] Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Via Contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
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