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VSCode, SourceCraft Code Assistant и микроконтроллеры

Сегодня разработка прошивок для микроконтроллеров обычно требует заметно больше времени и ресурсов, чем создание собственно схемы и платы. Со времён ковида прошли времена безраздельного владычества STM32, и теперь регулярно приходится осваивать новые железки. При этом для них зачастую приходится ваять программный инструментарий и библиотеки — поскольку предоставленное производителем обычно неудобно.

В этой статье я расскажу, как использовать VSCode для разработки прошивок под разные архитектуры и как мне в этом помогает SourceCraft Code Assistant от Яндекса.

Зачем нужна ещё одна статья, как настроить VSCode для разработки под микроконтроллеры

В сети (и в том числе на Хабре) существует масса инструкций про настройку VScode для работы с микроконтроллерами. Зачем yet another one? Потому что в тех, что есть, я не обрёл детального и полного решения для своих требований. Тем не менее — спасибо авторам!

Я люблю, когда мне удобно, и не люблю, когда мне неудобно. Поэтому тут я описал, как я делал себе удобно. Возможно (скорее всего), для других начальных данных и других предпочтений мой опыт будет неприменим — и это нормально.

Я разработчик электроники, и практически весь нужный мне инструментарий существует только под Windows. Поэтому про Windows в дальнейшем и будет идти речь.

Требования же диктуются решаемыми задачами. Моя деятельность состоит в написании и поддержке десятков прошивок в год для разных железок с микроконтроллерами от различных производителей, с разными ядрами. Конечно, есть разработчики, которые годами пилят один и тот же проект под одну и ту же железку — им мой дискомфорт чужд. Я работаю с STM32, GD32, WCH, а также софтверным RISC‑V ядром в ПЛИС GOWIN. И ещё пишу на Verilog для тех же GOWIN. А ещё мне зачастую нужно кодить всякие штуки на Python.

Кратко скажу, что описанные ниже примеры взяты из реальных, а не синтетических проектов. Verilog и Risc‑V — это код для наших заводских стендов‑джиг, которые тестируют тысячи плат Яндекс Станций в день. Код для STM32, GD32 и WCH — в основном RND‑проекты для Яндекса, а также Pet Projects, разошедшиеся по всей стране, типа плат для школьных соревнований на квадрокоптерах под эгидой «Кружкового движения». И ещё мне нужно рассказывать про это всё студентам и помогать им с железом и прошивками. Поэтому я избегаю дорогих решений типа J‑Link и CLion, да и вообще платные типа Keil не жалую.

Я не пользуюсь HAL от производителей: пишу на регистрах или делаю свой, который мне удобен. HAL от ST мне противен, HAL от GD ещё хуже, а HAL от GOWIN содержит неприятные баги типа uint8_t для адресов, которые могут быть 16-битными. Впрочем, «HAL или не HAL» — это тема для священной войны, не будем об этом.

Обычно производитель предоставляет свою среду разработки: как правило, на основе Eclipse со своим плагином, компилятором GCC и своим отладчиком — например, форком OpenOCD. У ST это CubeIDE, у GOWIN — MCU Designer, у WCH — MounRiver Studio (с форком GCC, в котором поддерживается реализованное в их MCU аппаратное ускорение переключения стека при прерывании attribute((interrupt("WCH-Interrupt-fast")) ). При этом, конечно же, плагины несовместимы между собой, поэтому предполагается держать на компе несколько этих Eclipse. А версия компилятора в комплекте та, которую производитель заложил семь лет назад и с тех пор не трогал, потому что кому нужен этот С++20. А мне нужен (например, std::span), и вообще я не люблю искусственных ограничений.

Более того, в плагинах порой выпилено удобное и добавлено ненужное. Например, в плагине MCU Designer от GOWIN убрана возможность по кнопке запускать произвольный exe, а значит, нельзя сделать заливку прошивки прямо из IDE по кнопке. Нужно переключаться на окно их утилиты программатора и мышью в GUI запускать процесс заливки. Меня такое, признаться, бесит. Но зато в указанном плагине сделана проверка лицензии! А больше там ничего и нет.

GigaDevice стоят особняком: они предоставляют не IDE, а расширения для Keil, который пользователям предлагается купить самостоятельно. Мне не нравится Keil, я не хочу изучать отдельную IDE ради GD, меня вполне устраивает бесплатный инструментарий.

В итоге я многие годы жил на наборе: стандартный Eclipse IDE for Embedded C/C++ Developers без всяких сторонних плагинов + скачанные GCC‑компиляторы для ARM и RiscV. Не всё гладко с Eclipse: он очень долго запускается, нередко виснет, отладка работает медленно и ненадёжно, а ещё там есть бага с Code Folding, которую за последние 15 лет так и не поправили:

Эта функция была свёрнута, но самопроизвольно как бы развернулась. Но не совсем, а как‑то половинчато, с квадратиками этими. Бесит, знаете ли.

Друзья не раз советовали мне перебираться на VScode. Я делал несколько подходов к этому снаряду, но всякий раз отступал. Несмотря на обилие инструкций о настройке, построить удобную систему не получалось.

Вообще, VScode — это продвинутый текстовый редактор, который умеет запускать внешние исполняемые файлы при помощи механизма tasks и у которого есть мощный магазин плагинов. Поэтому подходов к задаче «VScode + MCU» есть два: находим Единый‑Правильный‑Плагин‑Для‑Всего или качаем кучу специализированных плагинов и настраиваем их.

Проблема Плагина‑Для‑Всего в том, что он содержит не Всё, а то, что разработчики сочли нужным и полезным. А остальное осталось под капотом, и это никак не настроить. Например, мне нужны разные компиляторы для ARM и RiscV — причём порой разных версий для разных проектов. Или настройки выходного формата: выберите что‑то одно — bin или hex. А если мне нужны оба? Увы мне. Или поддержка железных программаторов‑отладчиков: есть STLink, J‑Link, но нет Black Magic Probe (а у меня именно он, благодаря универсальности).

Я попробовал — с одинаковым результатом неприменимости к моим требованиям — EmbeddedIDE и PlatformIO.

Куча специализированных плагинов норм, но в инструкциях я не нашёл, как сделать себе удобно. Я хочу, чтоб я мог добавить‑удалить‑переименовать файлы в проекте и чтобы при этом не нужно было каждый раз что‑то настраивать. Например, мне претит изучать ещё один язык программирования, чтобы написать скрипт CMake, класть в каждую папку проекта CMakeLists.txt и редактировать его при каждом изменении. В Eclipse в этом смысле всё удобно.

И тут я познакомился с AI-ассистентом

В сентябре прошлого года Яндекс выпустил в публичную бету Code Assistant. На Хабре об этом тоже есть отдельный рассказ. Если кратко, это AI‑помощник для разработчиков, который совместим с популярными интегрированными средами разработки.

Для работы с ассистентом были плагины под PyCharm Community и VScode. Я спросил: «А под Eclipse?» «Нет, — ответили мне. — Но если нужен, то можешь помочь нам с этим».

Тогда коллеги выразили сомнение, что нейросеть будет хорошо справляться с кодом для микроконтроллеров — учили‑то её на более высокоуровневом коде. Ха, не попробуешь — не узнаешь. Но ладно человеческий С++, а как насчёт верилога? Мне как раз нужно было соорудить сигма‑дельта‑модулятор.

Я поставил VScode, нашёл плагин для подсветки верилога и начал писать. Просто как в текстовом редакторе. SourceCraft Code Assistant стал предлагать приятную мелочь:

Как он догадался, что я именно так хотел назвать этот регистр?

Потом блоки покрупнее:

Потом он предложил целый блок для синхронизации: почитав предложенное, я понял, что оно лучше, чем собирался написать я.

Дальше я попробовал уже С++, тоже используя VScode просто как редактор, переключаясь в Eclipse для компиляции и прошивки.

И более крупные блоки:

Конечно, нужно внимательно смотреть, что он предлагает, потому что эта штука всё же не читает мысли и нередко промахивается в своих предположениях. Но процесс написания кода ускорился многократно. Исчезла необходимость вручную писать простыни следующего толка:

Там ещё 15 подобных строк, и SourceCraft Code Assistant мне их последовательно предлагает. Остаётся принимать предложенное и править делитель — ИИ просто не знает, какой у меня на какой цепи стоит.

Попробовав на следующий день кодить в Eclipse по‑старому, я понял, что всё — по‑старому мне неудобно. Это что, нужно руками писать этот вот очевидный кусок?

Ещё я попробовал другой ИИ‑плагин под Eclipse. Их есть с десяток во главе с Copilot от GitHub, но почти все обложены санкциями, а меня бесит идея включать VPN, чтоб покодить. Тот плагин, который заработал, мне понравился гораздо меньше, чем AI‑ассистент Яндекса, — хуже угадывает.

В общем, я пришёл к необходимости всё же сделать VScode рабочим инструментом.

Компоненты и инструментарий

Общий обзор

Для начала нам понадобятся компиляторы и смежные инструменты типа OpenOCD, то есть tools, или Toolchain. В корне диска С создаётся папка, инструменты скачиваются из открытых источников или комплектов софта производителей и складываются в эту папку.

Я пробовал использовать x‑packs, но мне не понравилось: для этого нужно поставить менеджер пакетов xpm, а для этого нужно поставить менеджер пакетов npm от Node.js, а для этого нужно поставить ещё что‑то. Важно внимательно следить, чтобы инструменты ставились в нужную папку, в пути которой нет пробелов и русских букв. Ещё я не люблю напихивать кучу путей в системный PATH, особенно длинных.

Кроме того, производители пишут свои утилиты, а также не стесняются делать уникальные форки инструментов — и всё это отсутствует в x‑packs. Эти инструменты нужно положить в удобное место — причём так, чтобы они не подрались с ранее установленными. Например, компилятор от WCH, OpenOCD от GigaDevice и прошивальщик от GOWIN.

Теперь про проекты. В корне папки проекта есть папка для VSCode и несколько файлов, которые копируются из проекта в проект без изменений или с минимальными изменениями:

папка.vscode, в которой лежат четыре файла настроек VScode:
- tasks.json — набор тасков для билдинга, очистки и заливки прошивки;
- settings.json — настройки разных плагинов;
- launch.json — настройки для запуска отладки;
- c_cpp_properties.json — настройки плагина C/C++, в частности, особенности анализа кода;
самописный makefile;
файлы version.h и version.cpp, в которых есть строковые константы с временем компиляции и названием конфигурации;
файл.svd (если удалось найти).

Примеры всех этих файлов есть на Gitverse. Уточнение: это по большей части мои Pet Projects и проекты для Бауманки, к Яндексу они прямого отношения не имеют.

Переходим к железным программаторам‑отладчикам. Я проверил работу с STLink + stlink_server (нативный, поддерживает только STM32), STLink + OpenOCD (работает и с GD32), DAP‑Link + OpenOCD, Black Magic Probe. Всё работает, то есть позволяет прошивать и построчно отлаживаться. Есть ощущение, что Black Magic Probe работает немного быстрее. И это логично — здесь нет дополнительной прокладки в виде сервера OpenOCD. Всё при этом работает быстрее и надёжнее, чем в Eclipse.

И немного про процессы разработки:

компиляция и очистка — вызов make через таски VSCode;
прошивка — через таски: вызов make или нужной прошивальной утилиты;
отладка — Launch с нужными опциями.

А теперь подробности.

Папка с компиляторами и прочим

Папку я назвал YaStudio (Yet Another Studio). И вот что в ней есть:

arm‑none‑eabi‑gcc — набор компиляторов для ARM;
build‑tools — там лежит make.exe и присные;
Gowin Programmer — прошиватор для ПЛИС GOWIN;
OpenOCD — сервер для прошивки и отладки;
Quetima — наш терминал, написанный для удобства, потому что другие не так хороши, типа того же Terminal_bray.exe (который лежит ниже просто на всякий случай);
riscv‑none‑elf‑gcc — набор компиляторов для RiscV;
versions.txt — файл с версиями компиляторов в папке.

Плагины VSCode

Необходимое:

C/C++ Extension Pack;
Cortex‑Debug;
RTOS Views (ставится вместе с Cortex‑Debug, нужно для удобной отладки RTOS).

Полезное:

IntelliBoba — SourceCraft Code Assistant от Яндекса, ради него всё и затевалось;
ARM assembly editor — если нужно редактировать ассемблерные файлы;
GNU Linker Map files — подсветка для.map‑файлов, если нужно их анализировать;
ELFInsight — анализатор.elf‑файлов с удобной таблицей ресурсов и графом вызовов;
LinkerScript — если хочется удобно редактировать скрипты линкера;
MemoryView — для удобного вида содержимого памяти при отладке;
Peripheral View — анализирует.svd‑файл, в котором содержится информация про все регистры и все биты, и во время отладки показывает их значения (увы, не для всех МК получается добыть такой файл).

Приятные мелочи:

Overtype — по кнопке Insert переключает режим ввода: вставка или замена. Я часто пользуюсь режимом замены, а в VScode его исходно нет. Но вот есть плагин.
Task Buttons — позволяет поместить на строку статуса кнопки и запускать таски по нажатию на них:

TODO Highlight v2 — подсвечивает определённые слова в коде, например, TODO, FIXME, DEBUG. Как в Eclipse, но только более мощно, гибко и настраиваемо.

Ещё приятная настройка — при сохранении файла удалять пробелы в конце строк (как в Eclipse): Ctrl + Shift + P → (ввести user) → Preferences: Open User Settings → (искать files trim) → поставить галку Files: Trim Trailing Whitespace.

Отдельно скажу про плагины для Python и Verilog. Они мне нужны, поскольку требуется кодить на питоне и верилоге.

Verilog‑HDL / SystemVerilog / Bluespec SystemVerilog;
Python (он поставит и остальные в комплекте);
Python debugger;
Pylance.

makefile

Утилита make использует скриптовый файл makefile, в котором написано, что и с какими настройками запускать. И она же запускает исполняемые файлы компилятора, передавая им настройки и исходники. Скрипт makefile — это по сути ещё один язык программирования.

Откуда берётся файл makefile?

В случае Eclipse его генерирует плагин. Плагин анализирует проект и создаёт файлы makefile для каждой папки. Опции makefile задаются галочками в окнах плагина:

Галочек много, поэтому с гибкостью Eclipse я почти не имел проблем. Тут речь про обычный плагин, а не уникальные плагины от производителя — там бывает урезанный набор опций.

Точно так же работают и плагины PlatformIO и EmbeddedIDE: в их настройках можно указать опции, в соответствии с которыми будут генерироваться файлы makefile. Опций удручающе мало (очевидно, чтобы не пугать ардуинщиков и начинающих), и гибкости мне катастрофически не хватило.

Я перебрал несколько вариантов генерации makefile и понял, что make — достаточно мощная система, чтобы решить мои задачи просто на языке makefile, без всяких дополнительных инструментов. Например, в одной из инструкций описано использование CMake с плагином CMake Tools. Но мне тогда нужно было бы изучить его скриптовый язык, чтоб CMake сгенерировал скрипт для генератора Ninja или nmake, чтобы этот генератор сгенерировал нужные скрипты makefile. Логичный вопрос: зачем изучать скриптовый язык CMake, если можно изучить скриптовый язык makefile и сразу написать на нём?

Конечно, есть задачи, для которых CMake является мощным и необходимым инструментом. Например, если у вас здоровенный проект на сотни‑тысячи файлов, которые нужно скомпилировать под три платформы (Windows, Linux, iOS), при этом автоматически подключив нужные библиотеки (для каждой платформы свои). Но это не мой случай: у меня куча проектов, в каждом меньше сотни файлов, единственная платформа и нет внешних библиотек.

Так что я написал свой универсальный makefile (один), который умеет всё нужное. Я просто копирую его из проекта в проект, редактируя только список папок и настройки ядра. Makefile лежит в корневой папке, а make анализирует все подпапки и компилирует все найденные исходники, так что список исходников не нужен.

Угадайте, кто помогал мне писать makefile. Точнее, что: он всё‑таки неодушевлённый.

makefile для ARM

Основы работы make я описывать не буду, поскольку этой информации много и её легко найти здесь же, на Хабре.

Начнём писать на скриптовом языке makefile.

######################### Project Settings #########################
PRJ_NAME = Prj
# What to include, in form dir1 dir2 dir3...
INCLUDE_DIRS = ./ Audio FileSys lib usb yartos
# What to define in form MYDEF1 MYDEF2=18 MYDEF3... 
DEFINS =

Тут всё просто: переменная PRJ_NAME задаёт, как будут называться итоговые файлы .elf, .hex, .bin. Я в конце концов перестал менять это название от проекта к проекту: Prj и Prj, ничем не плохо. Заодно нет нужды при смене имени заменять настройки отладки VScode (об этом дальше).

INCLUDE_DIRS — список папок через пробел, в которых искать файлы, которые нужно инклюдить. (Как это сказать по‑русски? «Подключаемые файлы»? Смысл сильно страдает, так что давайте не будем русифицировать термины в ущерб понятности.)

DEFINS — список defines, если понадобится. В этом проекте он не нужен, поэтому после знака = ничего нет.

Дальше утилите нужно понять, что делать. Обычно для компиляции и сборки вызывают make all. Но у меня несколько конфигураций:

Release, в которой включены все оптимизации и убрана вся отладочная информация.
Debug, где вся оптимизация отключена, а отладочной информации по максимуму.
FromBoot — это как Release, только со смещением адресации. Это нужно для запуска кода бутлоадером. Бутлоадер лежит в начале флешки и занимает, скажем, 32 килобайта. А основной код кладётся дальше, и поэтому его адресация начинается со смещением.

Обычно под каждую конфигурацию делают свой makefile. Но это неудобно: они же похожи как две капли воды и отличаются только парой опций. Внёс изменения в один — изволь не забыть поправить и другие. Можно, конечно, сделать один основной makefile и инклюдить его из других, уникальных для каждой конфигурации. Но зачем всё это? Давайте просто сделаем один универсальный и будем запускать компиляцию в виде make build_Release или make build_Debug.

######################### Figure out what to do #########################
# Target must be in the following form: build_Release, clean_Debug, flash_Fromboot
# The first word is the action (build, clean, flash); 
# the second is the name of the configuration and the name of the OUT_DIR.
INPUT_WORDS = $(subst _, ,$(MAKECMDGOALS)) # Replace '_' with ' '
ACTION = $(word 1,$(INPUT_WORDS))
GOAL_NAME = $(word 2,$(INPUT_WORDS))
OUT_DIR = $(GOAL_NAME)
# Run Action (build_Release -> build; clean_Debug -> clean; flash_Fromboot -> flash)
$(MAKECMDGOALS): $(ACTION)

Опять же всё просто. При вызове таска утилите make передаётся указание build_Release, или clean_Debug, или flash_Fromboot. Указание лежит во встроенной переменной $(MAKECMDGOALS). Заменяем подчёркивание на пробел и получаем пару слов: первое — что делать, второе — название конфигурации. Для упрощения выходная папка OUT_DIR будет называться так же, как конфигурация.

Теперь нужно, чтобы по команде build_Release было запущено собственно то, что делать. В последней строке это и достигается: она превратится в build_Release: build.

######################### Common Cfg Settings #########################
MCU = cortex-m4
FLOAT_FLAGS = -mfloat-abi=hard -mfpu=fpv4-sp-d16 -fsingle-precision-constant -Wdouble-promotion -Wfloat-conversion -Wfloat-equal
WARNING_FLAGS = -Wall -Wlogical-op -Werror
DISABLED_WARNINGS = -Wno-address-of-packed-member -Wno-unknown-pragmas -Wno-volatile
COMMON_FLAGS = -mcpu=$(MCU) -mthumb -fmessage-length=0 -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections -ffreestanding $(FLOAT_FLAGS) $(WARNING_FLAGS)
CPP_FLAGS = -std=gnu++20 -fabi-version=0 -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti -fno-use-cxa-atexit -fno-threadsafe-statics $(DISABLED_WARNINGS) $(OUTPUT_ASM)
C_FLAGS = -std=gnu17 $(OUTPUT_ASM)
# Add this to build commands. Nothing to change here.
OBJ_FLAGS = -MMD -MP -MF"$(@:%.o=%.d)" -MT"$@" -c -o "$@" "$<"
ELF_NAME = $(OUT_DIR)/$(PRJ_NAME).elf
LINKER_FLAGS = -Xlinker --gc-sections --specs=nano.specs --specs=nosys.specs -nostartfiles -Wl,-Map,"$(OUT_DIR)/$(PRJ_NAME).map" -o "$(ELF_NAME)”

В этой части нужно настроить опции компилятора для ядра MCU. Можно было бы всё свалить в одну кучу, то есть длинную строку, но для лучшей читаемости группы флагов помещены в отдельные переменные. Я пройдусь по некоторым опциям.

Тут у нас Cortex‑M4. У него есть сопроцессор для работы с числами с плавающей точкой, поэтому добавлена переменная FLOAT_FLAGS с соответствующими опциями.

WARNING_FLAGS содержит всё про warnings: включить их все, провести логические операции и ещё трактовать warnings как ошибки.

DISABLED_WARNINGS описывает, по каким поводам не беспокоить.

-Wno-address-of-packed-member. Иногда мне нужен адрес элемента упакованной структуры, этот адрес будет не aligned (то есть не кратен 4) — и это нормально. Например, в структуре Color_t {uint8_t R, G, B, W} мне часто нужно обращаться к отдельным компонентам через указатель.

-Wno-unknown-pragmas. В VScode можно сделать сворачивание (folding) части кода при помощи такой конструкции:

#pragma region // ==== Begin of the area ====
...
#pragma endregion // End of the area

Эти две прагмы компилятору неизвестны — и норм, пусть просто игнорирует.

-Wno-volatile. Отключает предупреждение о применении конструкций типа |= и &= к volatile‑объектам. Под спойлером подробное объяснение, как так вышло.

Сага про -Wno-volatile

В стандартах C++20 и C++23 привычные нам конструкции |=, &= и подобные, применяемые к volatile‑объектам, помечены как deprecated. При их обнаружении будет появляться предупреждение: compound assignment with 'volatile'‑qualified left operand is deprecated.

Почему? Я нашёл тому следующее обоснование.

Код A |= B создаёт впечатление атомарности, но это не так, потому что в реальности это три операции:

Прочитать содержимое A в регистр проца R.
Выполнить операцию R | B.
Записать содержимое R в A.

При этом на этапе (2) содержимое A может измениться. Например, это регистр флагов, и там появился новый флаг — но это уже не будет учтено, и этот новый флаг будет затёрт. И результат будет отличаться от ожидаемого.

Именно поэтому регистры флагов во всяких UART, I2C и прочих блоках сделаны хитро — флаг обнуляется при чтении или вообще read‑only. Такой подход позволяет обеспечить атомарность операций с флагами. Но это положение дел платформоспецифично, то есть обеспечивается особенностями железа, а не языка программирования C++, и это непорядок. Поэтому комитет решил ввести такое ограничение с целью принудить программистов использовать std::atomic.

Можно вместо A |= B написать A = A | B, тогда предупреждения не будет: тут видна неатомарность. Но в нашей Embedded сфере бытия конструкции |= и &= широко распространены для установки и чтения бит в регистрах, они точно работают как надо и не хочется их переписывать. Поэтому я отключаю указанное предупреждение опцией ‑Wno‑volatile.

COMMON_FLAGS — это опции и для компилятора С++, и для С, и для линкера.

CPP_FLAGS — опции, которые нужно передать компилятору C++. У нас указан стандарт языка — gnu++20. И сказано не использовать exceptions и RTTI: в рамках embedded‑системы это реализуется настолько трудно и дорого по ресурсам, что эта функциональность на практике не используется. Ещё там есть опция генерировать ассемблер, но про это чуть позже.

C_FLAGS — то, что нужно передать компилятору C. Тут указан только стандарт языка.

OBJ_FLAGS — тут указано, что делать с исходниками и что нужно создавать файлы зависимостей такие же, как объектные.

ELF_NAME — имя.elf‑файла. Оно много где используется, так что я его вынес в переменную для ясности.

LINKER_FLAGS — тут указано не использовать стандартные стартовые файлы, а стандартную библиотеку использовать в минималистичной реализации nano (потому что у нас опять же embedded‑система). А также указано, куда класть выходной.elf‑файл и что нужно сгенерировать.map‑файл (его полезно почитать, если возникает вопрос «кто съел СТОЛЬКО памяти»).

Дальше в файле три конфигурации. Они очень похожи, так что рассмотрим одну и её отличия от других.

######################### Individual Cfg Settings #########################
####### Release Cfg Settings #######
ifeq "$(GOAL_NAME)" "Release"
COMMON_FLAGS += -Os
LINKER_FLAGS += 
LD_SCRIPT = GD32F405RG.ld
# Comment / uncomment the following lines to produce .hex and/or .bin output
HEX_NAME = $(OUT_DIR)/$(PRJ_NAME).hex
# BIN_NAME = $(OUT_DIR)/$(PRJ_NAME).bin
OUTPUT_ASM = -Wa,-adhlns="[email protected]"

В конфигурации Release к пачке COMMON_FLAGS добавляется флаг оптимизации по размеру -Os. И никакой отладочной информации.

А в конфигурации Debug указано, что нужно отключить оптимизацию и обеспечить максимальное количество отладочной информации.

COMMON_FLAGS += -O0 -g3

Cтроки HEX_NAME и BIN_NAME указывают, какой формат должен иметь результирующий файл прошивки. Можно раскомментировать обе строки — тогда получим и .hex, и .bin.

Последняя строка с переменной OUTPUT_ASM указывает, нужно ли генерировать ассемблерный листинг (при этом нужно не забыть отключить, если была включена, опцию оптимизации линкера –flto). Иногда бывает нужно почитать ассемблер, чтобы выяснить, правильно ли компилятор нас понял или на сколько инструкций раскладывается какая-нибудь конструкция. Например, использует ли компилятор специальные эффективные DSP-инструкции при сооружении цифрового фильтра.

Конфигурация Fromboot такая же, как Release, и отличается только файлом скрипта линкера:

LD_SCRIPT = GD32F405RG_FromBoot.ld

…и именем выходных файлов: к ним добавлен префикс fw, по нему бутлоадер ищет файл прошивки.

HEX_NAME = $(OUT_DIR)/fw$(PRJ_NAME).hex
BIN_NAME = $(OUT_DIR)/fw$(PRJ_NAME).bin

Затем находятся настройки компиляторов:

######################### Toolchain ######################### 
CPP_CMP = arm-none-eabi-g++
C_CMP = arm-none-eabi-gcc
OBJCPY = arm-none-eabi-objcopy
SZ = arm-none-eabi-size
GDB = arm-none-eabi-gdb  # Required for flashing using BMP
# GDB COM port: required for flashing using BMP
GDB_COM = \\.\COM5

Указаны имена файлов компиляторов С++ и С, утилиты objcpy (она делает .hex или .bin из .elf), утилиты size для демонстрации размера. Для прошивки мне удобно применить отладчик gdb, поскольку я использую Black Magic Probe — он подключён к COM5, что и указано.

Затем расположены функции и опции, не требующие настройки.

######################### Do not touch #########################
.PHONY: .FORCE print_size clean flash # "virtual" symbols to "rebuild" them always

Тут словом PHONY указано, что нужно всегда выполнять пункты print_size, clean, flash и всё, что помечено словом .FORCE.

# Current datetime
TIMESTAMP = $(shell "date" "+%Y%m%d_%H%M")

В эту переменную помещается время компиляции в форме 20250318_1400.

# Build include flag string out of INCLUDE_DIRS list
INCLUDE_STR = $(addprefix -I./,$(INCLUDE_DIRS))

В эту переменную помещается строка, построенная из INCLUDE_DIRS: каждый путь предваряется префиксом –I./, чтобы, например, из Audio получить –I./Audio.

# Build define flag string out of DEFINS list, surrounding with double quotes
ToUppercase = $(shell echo $(1) | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]')
# add BUILD_CFG_GOALNAME=1 define, uppercasing GOAL_NAME
DEFINS += BUILD_CFG_$(call ToUppercase,$(GOAL_NAME))=1

Тут к переменной DEFINS добавляется название компилируемой конфигурации строчными буквами: RELEASE=1, или DEBUG=1, или FROMBOOT=1. Это нужно, чтобы учесть конфигурацию в коде. Например, для ядра Cortex‑M0 при компиляции FROMBOOT требуется скопировать в RAM таблицу векторов прерываний — поскольку у этого ядра адрес таблицы не настраивается.

DEFINE_STR = $(patsubst %,-D"%",$(DEFINS))
COMMON_FLAGS += $(DEFINE_STR)

Тут к переменной COMMON_FLAGS добавляется DEFINE_STR, а она строится из DEFINS окружением каждого дефайна кавычками и добавлением префикса ‑D. Например, RELEASE=1 превратится в ‑D «RELEASE=1».

Затем нужно найти все исходники (*.cpp, .c, .S) во всех папках проекта, в том числе вложенных. У make для этого есть функция wildcard, но она умеет искать файлы только в указанной папке. Как быть? Задача имеет несколько решений — тут применяется функция «рекурсивной wildcard»:

# Recursive wildcard to iterate subdirs of any depth
rwildcard = $(wildcard $1$2) $(foreach d,$(wildcard $1*),$(call rwildcard,$d/,$2))

Теперь ищем этой функцией все исходники и кладём их имена вместе с путём в SRCS:

# Find all .cpp, .c and .S files in all subfolders of ../ 
SRCS = $(call rwildcard,./,*.c) $(call rwildcard,./,*.cpp) $(call rwildcard,./,*.S)

Убираем из всех полных имён префикс ./:

# Remove leading ./ 
SRCS := $(patsubst ./%,%,$(SRCS))

Заменяем расширение всех файлов на.o и помещаем результат в переменную OBJS. Именно скомпилированные из исходников объектные файлы нам нужны для дальнейшей линковки.

# Replace .cpp, .c, .S with .o
OBJS = $(SRCS:.cpp=.o) # Take all srcs replacing .cpp with .o
OBJS := $(OBJS:.c=.o)  # Replace .c with .o
OBJS := $(OBJS:.S=.o)  # Replace .S with .o

Нам потребуется создать дерево папок проекта в папке компилируемой конфигурации — пусть это в дальнейшем будет Release для упрощения беседы. Например, вот такое:

Для этого нам нужны имена папок.

# Find all source-containing folders; remove ending /; remove .
SUBDIRS = $(filter-out .,$(patsubst %/,%,$(sort $(dir $(SRCS)))))

Читаем справа налево:

Получаем имена папок из полных путей файлов в SRCS.
Сортируем их. При этом удаляются повторяющиеся имена, а их там полно — ведь в каждой папке несколько файлов, значит, и имя папки будет повторяться соответствующее количество раз.
Удаляем символ / в конце каждого пути.
Вычёркиваем из списка корневую папку, обозначаемую точкой.

# Search src here. Nothing to change here.
VPATH := ../

Тут мы указываем, что путь к исходникам начинается с ../, то есть из папки выше — из корня проекта. Логично, мы же работаем в папке Release, так что для получения объектного файла lib/uart.o (полный путь Release/lib/uart.o) исходник будет найден по пути ../lib/uart.cpp.

Далее описан вполне обычный алгоритм билдинга.

######################### Build #########################
# Add OUT_DIR prefix to OBJS
OBJS := $(addprefix $(OUT_DIR)/, $(OBJS))

Тут к пути каждого объектного файла добавляем имя выходной папки.

# Include dependents *.d (ignore if not exist) to rebuild what depends on changed .h
-include $(OBJS:.o=.d)

Тут указываем, что нам нужны не только объектные файлы, но и файлы зависимостей. Они нужны, чтобы перекомпилировать исходник, если изменился один из файлов, от которых он зависит, — например, какой-нибудь .h. Минус перед include означает, что в случае отсутствия файлов нужно их просто игнорировать. И в самом деле — в первый раз никаких .d-файлов ещё нет.

# Build: Require dir tree, .elf file, .hex, .bin, .siz
build: $(OUT_DIR)/out_subdirs $(ELF_NAME) $(HEX_NAME) $(BIN_NAME) print_size

Тут всё как обычно. Чтобы указание build стало выполненным, требуется:

наличие всех папок out_subdirs внутри нашей выходной папки;
файла Release/Prj.elf;
файла Release/Prj.hex (если только HEX_NAME не был закомментирован);
файла Release/Prj.bin (если только BIN_NAME не был закомментирован);
а также выполнение print_size (что нужно делать всегда, поскольку выше мы пометили этот пункт словом .PHONY).

# Construct dir tree: out_dir/dir1, out_dir/dir2, ...
$(OUT_DIR)/out_subdirs:
	@mkdir -p $(addprefix $(OUT_DIR)/, $(SUBDIRS))

Тут создаётся дерево папок. При этом к пути каждой приписывается название выходной папки.

# Construct .elf
$(ELF_NAME): $(OBJS)
	@echo 'Linking $@'
	@$(CPP_CMP) $(COMMON_FLAGS) -T $(LD_SCRIPT) $(LINKER_FLAGS) $(OBJS)

Тут линкуется выходной.elf‑файл. Чтобы это сделать, есть пререквизит — наличие объектных файлов, список которых находится в переменной OBJS. Если это уже выполнено или когда это будет выполнено, запустится линкер с флагами (общими и линкера), указанием скрипта линкера и списка объектных файлов.

А чтобы выполнить пререквизит в виде объектников, их нужно скомпилировать!

### Compile objs ###
# Special rule for version.cpp: always rebuild
VERSION_DEFINS = -D"BUILD_TIME=$(TIMESTAMP)" -D"BUILD_CFG=$(call ToUppercase,$(GOAL_NAME))"
$(OUT_DIR)/version.o: version.cpp .FORCE
	@echo 'Building $<'
	@$(CPP_CMP) $(COMMON_FLAGS) $(VERSION_DEFINS) $(INCLUDE_STR) $(CPP_FLAGS) $(OBJ_FLAGS)

Тут особые условия для файла version.cpp, в котором только и есть, что две строковые константы со временем компиляции и названием конфигурации. Но значения констант известны только во время компиляции, а это значит, их нужно передать компилятору в виде дефайнов. Поэтому мы их помещаем в переменную VERSION_DEFINS и в дальнейшем передаём её компилятору.

Словом .FORCE указываем, что этот файл нужно компилировать всегда — даже если уже есть ранее скомпилированный объектник. Это нужно, чтобы в константе всегда содержалось время последней компиляции.

Затем компилируем все файлы.cpp,.c и.S.

# cpp
$(OUT_DIR)/%.o: %.cpp
	@echo 'Building $<'
	@$(CPP_CMP) $(COMMON_FLAGS) $(INCLUDE_STR) $(CPP_FLAGS) $(OBJ_FLAGS) 
# c
$(OUT_DIR)/%.o: %.c
	@echo 'Building $<'
	@$(C_CMP) $(COMMON_FLAGS) $(INCLUDE_STR) $(C_FLAGS) $(OBJ_FLAGS)
# S
$(OUT_DIR)/%.o: %.S
	@echo 'Building $<'
	@$(C_CMP) -x assembler-with-cpp $(COMMON_FLAGS) $(INCLUDE_STR) $(OBJ_FLAGS)

В итоге у нас получится куча объектных файлов. Таким образом, условие для запуска линкера будет выполнено, и он соберёт .elf-файл.

Затем можно соорудить .hex и .bin:

# Output .hex
$(HEX_NAME): $(ELF_NAME)
	@echo 'Constructing $@'
	@$(OBJCPY) -O ihex "$(ELF_NAME)" "$(HEX_NAME)"

# Output .bin
$(BIN_NAME): $(ELF_NAME)
	@echo 'Constructing $@'
	@$(OBJCPY) -O binary "$(ELF_NAME)" "$(BIN_NAME)"

И вывести объёмы занятых FLASH и RAM:

# Print size
print_size: 
	@echo 'Size:'
	@$(SZ) --format=berkeley "$(ELF_NAME)"

На этом билдинг закончен!

Вот что вызывается при указании clean_Release:

######################### Clean #########################
clean:
	@rm -rf $(OUT_DIR)
	@echo 'Done.'

Очень просто — удаляется выходная папка. Release или Debug, например.

А вот как происходит заливка прошивки при указании flash_Release:

######################### Flash it ######################### Using BlackMagicProbe
flash:
	@$(GDB) -q -ex "target extended-remote $(GDB_COM)" -ex "mon swdp_scan" -ex "att 1" -ex "load $(HEX_NAME)" -ex "det" -ex "quit"

Вызывается arm-none-eabi-gdb с указанием:

подключиться к отладчику через COM5;
просканировать SWD;
подключиться к первому найденному процу (он у нас всегда один);
загрузить Release/Prj.hex;
отключиться;
выйти.

Можно было бы устраивать заливку не через make, а прописать вызов exe с флагами напрямую в таске. Как лучше? В целом без разницы. Можно так, можно эдак.

makefile для RiscV

В наших стендах‑джигах используется ПЛИС GOWIN 2A-18C. В ней сооружено микроконтроллерное ядро picoRV — это форк исходно открытого ядра, которое есть на GitHub. Ядро очень маленькое, занимает всего 2к лутов (для сравнения: ARM Cortex‑M3 съедает 18к). В нём мы даже прерывания не используем, поскольку его задачи — принимать команды по UART и управлять Realtime блоками, реализованными в плисовой части.

Рассмотрим только отличия.

######################### Common Cfg Settings #########################
ARCH = rv32imc_zicsr # Specify MCU arch here

В этой переменной описана архитектура используемого ядра. Их бывает много разных.

WARNING_FLAGS = -Wall -Wlogical-op
DISABLED_WARNINGS = -Wno-address-of-packed-member -Wno-unknown-pragmas -Wno-volatile
RISCV_FLAGS = -march=$(ARCH) -mabi=ilp32 -mtune=size -mcmodel=medany -msmall-data-limit=8 -mstrict-align -msave-restore

Тут — специфичные для RiscV опции.

COMMON_FLAGS =  $(RISCV_FLAGS) -fmessage-length=0 -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections -fno-builtin -ffreestanding $(WARNING_FLAGS)

Здесь вместо типа ядра ARM теперь расположены опции RiscV. Остальное не изменилось.

Вот как выглядят настройки конфигурации Release:

####### Release Cfg Settings #######
ifeq "$(GOAL_NAME)" "Release"
COMMON_FLAGS += -Os
LINKER_FLAGS += 
LD_SCRIPT = sections.lds

Я тут хочу особо отметить отсутствие опции -flto — оптимизации на уровне линкера. При её включении объём кода уменьшается примерно на 6%, но после прошивки ядро не стартует. Почему — я пока не разбирался, нужно почитать выходной ассемблер.

А вот настройки Toolchain:

######################### Toolchain ######################### 
CPP_CMP = riscv-none-elf-g++
C_CMP = riscv-none-elf-gcc
OBJCPY = riscv-none-elf-objcopy
SZ = riscv-none-elf-size
GW_FLASHER = C:/YaStudio/GowinProgrammer/bin/programmer_cli.exe

Помимо изменения имён компиляторов, появился ещё файл прошивальщика от GOWIN. И вот как выглядит команда прошивки:

######################### Flash it #########################
flash:
	@$(GW_FLASHER) -d GW2A-18C -r 38 --spiaddr 0x400000 --mcuFile "$(CURDIR)/$(OUT_DIR)/$(PRJ_NAME).bin"

Тут велено запустить programmer_cli.exe с указанием типа ПЛИС, приказом № 38 — прошить внешнюю SPI FLASH с использованием GAO Bridge, с адреса 0×400 000, ну и дальше полный путь к.bin‑файлу.

На этом закончим наконец с makefile и пойдём дальше.

Папка .vscode

Её я тоже таскаю из проекта в проект, чтобы настройки вместе с проектом лежали в репозитории. Посмотрим на некоторые.

settings.json

В начале расположены настройки пути PATH к исполняемым файлам компиляторов и прочему. Я не люблю настраивать глобальный PATH в Windows, к тому же для компиляторов он будет другим в случае RiscV. Что лучше — локальные настройки или глобальные — не хочу спорить, принципиальной разницы нет, мне удобнее так.

Здесь и в следующих разделах — про json‑файлы.

"C_Cpp.default.intelliSenseMode": "gcc-arm",

Это настройки подсветки С++ кода.

Далее настройки для плагина cortex-debug: пути и названия.

"cortex-debug.gdbPath": "C:/YaStudio/arm-none-eabi-gcc/bin/arm-none-eabi-gdb.exe",
"cortex-debug.armToolchainPath": "C:/YaStudio/arm-none-eabi-gcc/bin",
"cortex-debug.armToolchainPrefix": "arm-none-eabi",
"cortex-debug.openocdPath": "C:/YaStudio/OpenOCD/bin/openocd.exe",

А в следующей опции указывается, в каком формате показывать значения переменных при отладке: десятеричном или шестнадцатеричном. Подробнее про это будет в главе «Отладка».

"cortex-debug.variableUseNaturalFormat": true, // False is hex, true is decimal
"terminal.integrated.env.windows": {
        "PATH": "C:/YaStudio/arm-none-eabi-gcc/bin; C:/YaStudio/build-tools; C:/YaStudio/OpenOCD; C:/YaStudio/OpenOCD/bin"
    },

А тут указан PATH терминала VScode: он используется при запуске тасков. В частности, для запуска make и OpenOCD.

Далее расположены настройки плагина подсветки TODO Highlight, они почти без изменений из примера к плагину.

Для RiscV есть очевидные изменения:

"cortex-debug.armToolchainPath": "C:/YaStudio/riscv-none-elf-gcc/bin",
"cortex-debug.armToolchainPrefix": "riscv-none-elf",
"terminal.integrated.env.windows": {
	"PATH": "C:/YaStudio/riscv-none-elf-gcc/bin;C:/YaStudio/build-tools"
},

tasks.json

Тут расположен список тасков. У меня их по три для каждой конфигурации — Build, Clean и Flash.

{
    "version": "2.0.0",
    "tasks": [
        // ==== Release ====
        {
            "label": "Build Release",

Как этот таск будет называться. Любая строка.

            "type": "shell",

Тип таска — запуск из командной строки.

            "command": "make",

Что запускать, собственно. Путь, в смысле PATH, прописан в settings.json.

            "args": [
                "build_Release"
            ],

С какими аргументами вызывать make. В данном случае будет вызвано make build_Release.

            "group": {
                "kind": "build",
                "isDefault": true
            },

Тут указано, что этот таск нужно поместить в группу Build. Это позволяет нажать Ctrl + Shift + B и выбрать таск из выпадающего списка:

Это удобно, когда пишешь код и не хочешь тянуться за мышью.

"presentation": { 
                "clear": true,
                "showReuseMessage": false
            }

Тут сказано очистить терминал перед вызовом (иначе там будут отображаться результаты всех предыдущих вызовов), а также после завершения не показывать бесящее сообщение, что терминал будет переиспользован в будущем.

Следующие таски отличаются только названием и аргументами вызова:

            "label": "Clean Release",
...
            "args": [
                "clean_Release"
            ],
...
            "label": "Flash Release",
...
            "args": [
                "flash_Release"
            ],

Можно залить прошивку и при помощи OpenOCD, без make.

            "label": "Flash Release w OpenOCD",
            "type": "shell",
            "command": "openocd",

Тут всё очевидно, из интересного только аргументы дальше:

"args": [
"-f interface/stlink.cfg", // Configuration file name
  // Command
   "-c \"program ${workspaceRoot}/Release/Locket.hex verify reset exit\""

Тут указано использовать файл конфигурации stlink.cfg, поскольку прошивать будем через STLink. Далее указан путь к .hex‑файлу и команды: прошить, проверить, отрезетить, выйти.

c_cpp_properties.json

Тут расположены настройки плагина C/C++ и, что важно, IntelliSense — то есть подсветки.

{
    "configurations": [
        {
            "name": "Win32",
            "includePath": [
                "${workspaceFolder}/**"
            ],
            "defines": [
                "-D_GNU_SOURCE"
            ],
            "windowsSdkVersion": "10.0.22621.0",
            "cStandard": "gnu17",
            "cppStandard": "gnu++20",
            "compilerPath": "C:/YaStudio/arm-none-eabi-gcc/bin/arm-none-eabi-g++.exe"
        }
    ],
    "version": 4
}

Всё довольно очевидно: где лежат подключаемые файлы, какие версии С и C++, а также путь к компилятору. Версии С / С++ нужно указать такие же, как в makefile — тогда у IntelliSense мнение об ошибках будет совпадать с мнением компилятора.

launch.json

Тут лежат настройки для отладки. Может быть несколько конфигураций этих настроек, например, для разных программаторов. Рассмотрим для примера настройку для DAPlink.

{
    "version": "0.2.0",
    "configurations": [
        {
            "name": "Debug with OpenOCD DAPLink",

Название — любая строка, для отображения в выпадающем списке:

"type": "cortex-debug",

Какой плагин использовать.

"cwd": "${workspaceRoot}",

В какой папке работать — в корневой папке проекта.

"device": "GD32F4xx", // The name of the MCU, which matches the <name> tag at the top of the svd file.

Эта опция нужна для отображения состояния регистров при наличии .svd‑файла. В процессе отладки это выглядит вот как:

"executable": "./Debug/Prj.elf",

Это путь к файлу .elf. Я потому и использую везде Prj вместо индивидуального названия проекта, чтобы не менять название ещё и в launch.json.

"runToEntryPoint" : "main",

При старте прошивки, до начала выполнения функции main, происходит ещё немало всего: записываются нужные числа в указатели стека, настраивается таблица векторов прерываний, инициализируется FPU, обнуляются глобальные переменные, запускаются конструкторы. Но это всё, как правило, неинтересно и неизменно, а интересное начинается с функции main. В этой опции и указано выполнить всё до main и остановиться в её начале.

Есть подход, при котором инициализация всякой периферии выполняется до main, в рамках функции, например, EarlyInit(). Но я такое не одобряю, потому что при инициализации часты всякие неприятности, и тогда придётся вспомнить, что перед main() есть ещё EarlyInit(). Вопрос вкуса, впрочем.

"showDevDebugOutput": "none",

Это про вывод отладочной информации для отладки отладочного плагина, но мы этим постараемся не заниматься.

"svdFile": "${workspaceRoot}/GD32F4xx.svd",

Путь к .svd-файлу. Эти файлы добываются из утилит ST для STM32, а для GD — из блоков расширения для Keil.

"armToolchainPath": "C:/YaStudio/arm-none-eabi-gcc/bin/",

Путь к компиляторам и gdb.

Далее настройки сервера: прокладки между gdb и аппаратным программатором. В данном случае это OpenOCD.

// Server
"servertype": "openocd",
"configFiles": [ 
    "interface/cmsis-dap.cfg", 
    "target/stm32f4x.cfg" 
],

Тут указано, какой программатор используется и какой проц.

"interface": "swd"

По какому интерфейсу подключаемся.

// "preLaunchTask": "Build Debug",

Тут можно указать, какой таск выполнить перед началом отладки. Я закомментировал, потому что мне удобнее перед запуском отладки вручную запустить сборку Debug‑конфигурации. Но можно было бы собирать автоматически.

// "preLaunchCommands": [ "set output-radix 16" ],

А это команда, указывающая, в каком формате показывать значения переменных: двоичном, десятеричном (по умолчанию), шестнадцатеричном. Про это поговорим позже.

Вот, собственно, и всё.

Давайте посмотрим на другие варианты «сервер + программатор». Для нативного STLink достаточно двух строк:

"servertype": "stlink",
"interface": "swd"

Минус, как я уже говорил, в том, что STLink работает только с МК STM32. Если подсунуть GD32F405 под видом STM32F405 — это будет обнаружено и пресечено.

Для связки STLink + OpenOCD:

"servertype": "openocd",
"configFiles": [ 
	"interface/stlink.cfg", 
	"target/gd32f4xx.cfg"
],
"interface": "swd"

Нужно указать файлы конфигурации — для программатора и микроконтроллера. Так можно отлаживать GD32 при помощи STLink. Авторы OpenOCD молодцы!

Для Black Magic Probe:

"servertype": "bmp",
"BMPGDBSerialPort": "COM5",
"interface": "swd",
"preRestartCommands" : [ "load", "enable breakpoint", "monitor reset" ]

Нужно указать COM-порт, к которому подключён отладчик, и команды: прошить прошивку, разрешить breakpoints, отрезетить МК.

Отладка

Отладка с выбранной конфигурацией запускается кнопкой Launch.

У отладки в VScode есть недостаток по сравнению с Eclipse: все переменные показываются в десятеричном виде (кроме указателей — там только шестнадцатеричный, и это норм). Это неудобно — в Eclipse можно посмотреть значение любой переменной в любом виде: и двоичном, и десятеричном, и шестнадцатеричном.

Как же быть? Нам, эмбеддерам, нужно одно в hex, другое в dec, третье в bin.

Есть такие пути.

А. Завести переменную в окошке watch и через запятую указать формат. Минус в том, что для большого количества переменных это утомительно.

Б. В настройках запуска указать «показывать все переменные в нужном формате». Есть два варианта, где это можно сделать:

settings.json: опция "cortex-debug.variableUseNaturalFormat",
launch.json: задать "preLaunchCommands": [ "set output-radix 16" ].

Минус в том, что тогда все переменные будут в этом формате. Но если нам нужно кучу всего смотреть в hex, а некоторые в dec — то последние можно завести в окне watch.

В. Менять отображение всех переменных при помощи специальной кнопки:

Кнопка появляется только при наведении мыши на строку Watch. И тогда всё переменится:

Минус и его решение такие же, как в пункте Б, но теперь у нас есть интерактив.

Г. А ещё есть сочетание клавиш Ctrl + Shift + X! Эффект тот же.

Мелочи, приятности и неприятности

В этом разделе я расскажу про настройки редактирования и перемещения, с которыми мне стало удобно.

Допустим, у меня в коде есть словечко MySuperMegaClass. Я хочу по нему быстро перемещаться, зажав Ctrl и нажимая стрелочки. Я ожидал, что прыжки будут между частями слова:

Но в VScode курсор прыгает на всё слово целиком.

Это можно исправить в настройках. Заходим туда (Ctrl + K или Ctrl + S), вводим в строку поиска cursorWord. По умолчанию есть команды cursorWordLeft (Ctrl + LeftArrow) и cursorWordRight (Ctrl + RightArrow). Чтобы курсор прыгал по частям слова, находим команды cursorWordPartLeft и cursorWordPartRight и назначаем им Ctrl + LeftArrow и Ctrl + RightArrow соответственно. Эти сочетания клавиш, естественно, пропадают из cursorWordLeft и cursorWordRight. После этого курсор прыгает ожидаемо.

Но не всё так просто. Есть SourceCraft Code Assistant (IntelliBoba) — наш ИИ‑ассистент, и его настройки по умолчанию оказались неудобны. Например, он предлагает кусок кода. Я могу нажать Tab и принять его целиком. Но если я хочу не целый кусок, а его часть?

Исходно можно было нажимать Ctrl + RightArrow и принимать слово за словом:

Но после смены этого сочетания с cursorWordRight на cursorWordPartRight оно перестало работать. Пришлось назначить другое сочетание. Нужная команда — Accept Next Word Of Inline Suggestion. Я выбрал сочетание Alt + Shift + RightArrow.

Ещё одно сочетание — Ctrl + Пробел — это запрос предложения кода от ассистента. Но это же сочетание должно вызывать предложение от IntelliSense. Тут побеждает ассистент, и это нехорошо: IntelliSense мне нужен часто, для всяких мелочей вроде полей структуры. Поэтому я назначил Ctrl + Пробел команде Trigger Suggest, а Ctrl + Enter — команде Yandex Code Assistant Suggest.

Файл .svd и регистры с битовыми полями

Помимо применения во время отладки, которое я описал выше, есть ещё одно.

Инструментарий ST содержит файл с описаниями номеров прерываний, регистров и битовых полей. Для иллюстративности давайте поговорим про I2C. Например, stm32l151xb.h содержит нижеследующую структуру (язык C):

typedef struct
{
  __IO uint32_t CR1; 
  __IO uint32_t CR2;
  __IO uint32_t OAR1;
  __IO uint32_t OAR2; 
  __IO uint32_t DR; 
  __IO uint32_t SR1; 
  __IO uint32_t SR2; 
  __IO uint32_t CCR; 
  __IO uint32_t TRISE;
} I2C_TypeDef;

Ниже есть адреса I2C1 и I2C2:

#define I2C1_BASE             (APB1PERIPH_BASE + 0x00005400U)
#define I2C2_BASE             (APB1PERIPH_BASE + 0x00005800U)

И далее — маппинг структур на эти адреса:

#define I2C1                ((I2C_TypeDef *) I2C1_BASE)
#define I2C2                ((I2C_TypeDef *) I2C2_BASE)

Ещё дальше есть макросы битовых полей регистров, например:

#define I2C_CR1_PE_Pos                      (0U)                               
#define I2C_CR1_PE_Msk                      (0x1U << I2C_CR1_PE_Pos) 
#define I2C_CR1_PE                          I2C_CR1_PE_Msk

Этот набор — структуры, их маппинг и битовые поля — позволяет довольно удобно писать «свой HAL на регистрах». Для установки в единицу бита PE в регистре CR1 блока I2C2 мы напишем следующее:

I2C2->CR1 |= I2C_CR1_PE;

Но не таковы GigaDevice. Их инструментарий не содержит структур: I2C0 или I2C1 — это просто число, базовый адрес соответствующего блока I2C. Регистры — тоже числа: это абсолютные адреса регистров. Есть дефайны битов. Для работы с этим можно либо использовать функции HAL, либо писать хотя и похоже, но непривычно:

I2C_CTL0(I2C1) |= I2C_CTL0_I2CEN;

Мне так неудобно. Переучиваться лень. Но писать руками файл периферии — ещё больше лень (я как‑то писал, не понравилось). Что же делать?

Так вот, есть утилита SVDConv.exe, которая принимает на вход.svd‑файл и генерирует.h‑файл со структурами и битовыми полями. Можно указать вид этих битовых полей: просто макросы, как у ST, или enum, или в виде битовых структур. В последнем случае это выглядит так:

union {
    __IOM uint32_t CTL1;
    
    struct {
      __IOM uint32_t I2CCLK     : 6;
            uint32_t            : 2;
      __IOM uint32_t ERRIE      : 1;
      __IOM uint32_t EVIE       : 1;
      __IOM uint32_t BUFIE      : 1;
      __IOM uint32_t DMAON      : 1;
      __IOM uint32_t DMALST     : 1;
            uint32_t            : 19;
    } CTL1_b;
} ;

Тут __IOM — это макрос для volatile.

Тогда для записи числа clk_MHz в поле I2CCLK можно написать в «стиле ST»:

I2C1->CTL1 = (I2C1->CTL1 & ~I2C_CTL1_I2CCLK) | clk_MHz;

Тут велено прочитать текущее значение регистра, очистить младшие 6 бит, выполнить побитовое ИЛИ с числом clk_MHz. Оно тут в младших битах, поэтому смещение не требуется.

А можно проще и нагляднее:

I2C1->CTL1_b.I2CCLK = clk_MHz;

Я не поленился посмотреть ассемблер и сравнить код в обоих случаях. Оказывается, второй вариант ещё и эффективнее: три инструкции против четырёх. Потому что в первом случае, как и написано, сначала делается побитовое И, а потом побитовое ИЛИ; а во втором — используется специальная инструкция установки битового значения со смещением.

SourceCraft Code Assistant — это мощный инструмент, который позволяет избавиться от рутинной работы и сильно ускоряет написание кода. Тот самый лозунг IBM «Машина должна работать, человек — думать» обрёл новое значение. Моя задача — отсеять плохие варианты и принять хорошие, а если машина не справляется со спецификой — написать самому. И наконец не нужно набивать длинные скучные строки, которые необходимы, но суть их очевидна.

Говорят, по мере роста профессионализма программиста он всё меньше печатает и всё больше думает. И ИИ помогает мне расти ещё быстрее. Так что теперь VScode в паре с ИИ‑ассистентом — мой рабочий тандем для написания кода. И мне удобно — удобнее, чем было в Eclipse.

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27 мар. 2025 г.

22.06.26 21:51 kimberlyhebert786

I invested in bitcoin trading After losing $78.4 USDT) linked to a romance fraud scam worth of cryptocurrency through an online investment platform and later discovered it was a scam. After extensive research for recovery options, I contacted CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER based on positive client reviews and recommendations. Their professional security team guided me through the recovery process using advanced technology, and I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency successfully. I am truly grateful for their support and assistance during such a difficult experience. I will advise you to contact CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER helped me recover my funds. For anyone facing similar issues, Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1 Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] Call/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684
24.06.26 01:25 Fraddy Pual

I never thought it would happen to me—but I lost $256,100 in Bitcoin through a shady investment deal. I was shattered, panicked, and convinced my savings were gone forever. Just when I was about to give up, I stumbled upon reviews for FUNDSRETRIEVER, a cyber recovery team with a solid reputation. I decided to give it a shot, and to my absolute shock, they recovered every single cent in record time. Working with them was a lifesaver. If you've been tricked by fake investment platforms, don't lose hope—FUNDSRETRIEVER can help. Contact them here: Email: [email protected] | WhatsApp: +1603512144 8| Telegram: @Fundsretriever
24.06.26 01:27 Fraddy Pual

I never thought it would happen to me—but I lost $256,100 in Bitcoin through a shady investment deal. I was shattered, panicked, and convinced my savings were gone forever. Just when I was about to give up, I stumbled upon reviews for FUNDSRETRIEVER, a cyber recovery team with a solid reputation. I decided to give it a shot, and to my absolute shock, they recovered every single cent in record time. Working with them was a lifesaver. If you've been tricked by fake investment platforms, don't lose hope—FUNDSRETRIEVER can help. Contact them here: Email: [email protected] | WhatsApp: +16035121448 | Telegram: @Fundsretriever
24.06.26 01:28 Fraddy Pual

I never thought it would happen to me—but I lost $256,100 in Bitcoin through a shady investment deal. I was shattered, panicked, and convinced my savings were gone forever. Just when I was about to give up, I stumbled upon reviews for FUNDSRETRIEVER, a cyber recovery team with a solid reputation. I decided to give it a shot, and to my absolute shock, they recovered every single cent in record time. Working with them was a lifesaver. If you've been tricked by fake investment platforms, don't lose hope—FUNDSRETRIEVER can help. Contact them here: Email: [email protected] | WhatsApp: +16035121448 | Telegram: @Fundsretriever.
24.06.26 01:58 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
24.06.26 01:58 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
24.06.26 14:16 Universina da Mota

Becoming a victim of an investment scam is never anyone's intention it often happens because fraudsters exploit trust and a lack of awareness. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the dedicated team at ResQpro for their professionalism and commitment to helping victims of online investment fraud. Their efforts in assisting individuals with the recovery of stolen assets and holding scammers accountable are truly commendable. If you need assistance or would like to learn more, you can contact them through: Email: [email protected] Alternative Email: [email protected] Telegram: @ResQprofirm WhatsApp: +1 (985) 296-9146
24.06.26 14:21 Elizabeth Thompson

If you believe you have been the victim of an investment scam, it is important to act promptly and gather all relevant information. Keep records of transaction receipts, wallet addresses, communication logs, account details, and any other evidence related to the incident. Providing accurate documentation can help investigators, financial institutions, legal professionals, or recovery specialists review your case and determine what options may be available. Be cautious of anyone who guarantees the recovery of lost funds or requests large upfront payments. For additional information, you may contact: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @ResQprofirm WhatsApp: +1 (985) 296-9146
24.06.26 15:33 Júlia Castro

If you have fallen victim to an investment scam, it is important to act quickly and gather all available evidence related to the incident. This may include transaction records, wallet addresses, screenshots of conversations, emails, account details, and any information connected to the individuals or entities involved. Having complete documentation can help professionals assess your situation and explore possible recovery options. Always exercise caution when seeking assistance and carefully verify the credentials of any service provider before proceeding. For further information, you may contact: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @ResQprofirm WhatsApp: +1 (985) 296-9146
24.06.26 22:01 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
24.06.26 22:01 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
25.06.26 21:13 Emilie Safi

A fraudulent investment scheme operated by BTCMining.limited functions as a fake return scam. In this setup, scammers lure victims with false promises of high returns. Through manipulative tactics, they gain individuals' trust and convince them to invest, ultimately leading to financial loss. If you have ever faced a cyber threat or fallen victim to an online crypto scam and need to reach the authorities, I recommend contacting [email protected], [email protected], WhatsApp +19852969146, telegram @resqprofirm. They are a legitimate team that helps victims of online crypto scams using advanced tools.
25.06.26 21:25 Emilie Safi

So I ended up losing $38,000 to this platform. At first, they kept asking me to put in more money so I could get into my portfolio. I did that, but then they wouldn’t let me withdraw anything—just kept asking for more deposits. It got way too suspicious, so I stopped. I found this company called ResQProfirm on Google and told them what happened. They got in touch, asked me to walk them through everything, and I gave them all the proof I had. They did an amazing job tracking down my money and getting it back. Big thanks to them at [email protected] and on WhatsApp at +19852969146. Please be careful out there and always research before investing.
26.06.26 01:04 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
26.06.26 01:04 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
26.06.26 02:48 Miriam Rocha

I trusted this platform with $120,000 of my hard-earned money. Then they started asking for more deposits just so I could access my own portfolio. I paid, but every withdrawal request was denied. They kept pushing for more money. I finally stopped it just felt wrong. Desperate, I found ResQProfirm on Google. They didn't just hear me out; they truly listened. I shared all my proof, and they launched an investigation. Thanks to their hard work, they tracked and returned my funds. From the bottom of my heart, thank you to [email protected] and their WhatsApp +19852969146. Please stay safe and always verify a platform before investing
26.06.26 02:52 Miško Bakić

I got my $232,000 refund thanks to [email protected] and WhatsApp +19852969146. Highly recommended for anyone in a similar situation.
26.06.26 02:56 Asunción Herrera

A recovery of $48,330 was facilitated by [email protected]. Individuals who have experienced financial fraud may consider contacting this service.
26.06.26 15:05 Riley Stephens

If withdrawals keep getting denied, stay calm. I went through the same, and this firm helped me recover everything. Their assistance was outstanding. Contact: [ResQProFirm @Gmail|•|com], Telegram: ResQprofirm, WhatsApp: <+198> <5296> <9146>.
26.06.26 15:09 Antonio Riley

Withdrawal troubles shouldn’t stress you out. I faced a similar problem, and this firm stepped in and recovered my funds. Their support truly mattered. Contact them: [[email protected], ResQprofirm @aol.com], Telegram: ResQprofirm, WhatsApp: +19852969146.
28.06.26 00:37 kimberlyhebertt673

I invested in bitcoin trading After losing $78.4 USDT) linked to a romance fraud scam worth of cryptocurrency through an online investment platform and later discovered it was a scam. After extensive research for recovery options, I contacted CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER based on positive client reviews and recommendations. Their professional security team guided me through the recovery process using advanced technology, and I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency successfully. I am truly grateful for their support and assistance during such a difficult experience. I will advise you to contact CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER helped me recover my funds. For anyone facing similar issues, Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1 Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] Call/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684
28.06.26 00:37 kimberlyhebertt673

I invested in bitcoin trading After losing $78.4 USDT) linked to a romance fraud scam worth of cryptocurrency through an online investment platform and later discovered it was a scam. After extensive research for recovery options, I contacted CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER based on positive client reviews and recommendations. Their professional security team guided me through the recovery process using advanced technology, and I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency successfully. I am truly grateful for their support and assistance during such a difficult experience. I will advise you to contact CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER helped me recover my funds. For anyone facing similar issues, Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1 Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] Call/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684
29.06.26 11:57 Lisadonato0726

For 43 years, I struggled with bad credit due to my own poor decisions, and my credit score was around 490. When my girlfriend and I decided to buy a house, a mortgage broker informed us that it would be impossible to secure a mortgage with my credit score. As a result, she referred me to a company called HACK MAVENS CREDIT SPECIALIST, assuring me of their professionalism and ability to assist with credit improvement. Upon contacting them, I was impressed by their professionalism and they assured me that they could help. In less than 6 days, my credit score skyrocketed to 785, and they also successfully resolved issues in my credit report, including the bankruptcy. I am incredibly satisfied with their service and would highly recommend HACK MAVENS CREDIT SPECIALIST for reliable credit repairs. You can reach them at H A C K M A V E N S 5 [AT] G M A I L [DOT] COM or at [+] [1] [2 0 9] [4 1 7] – [1 9 5 7]. Thanks to their help, my girlfriend and I are now proud homeowners.
29.06.26 22:37 riley777

Back in 2025, I watched my life savings vanish. A thief took every cent. I felt desperate and went looking for a way to get it back. I found a guy here who said he was an expert haha. He talked about special software that could find my missing cash. I trusted him. That was a big mistake. He was just another scammer. I paid him a software fee and then he just stopped answering my texts and ran off with my money too. I felt so ashamed that I kept quiet about it for months. It is hard to admit you got fooled twice. Later on, I found a real pro. she did not use a fancy sales pitch. she just looked at the trans screenshots and followed the path the money took. she worked fast and got my funds back into my account. Having that money back changed everything. I can sleep again. her info; [email protected]. Call/chatroom on Whtasapp/ +44 7476618364.
30.06.26 15:08 wendytaylor015

My name is Wendy Taylor, I'm from Los Angeles, i want to announce to you Viewer how Capital Crypto Recover help me to restore my Lost Bitcoin, I invested with a Crypto broker without proper research to know what I was hoarding my hard-earned money into scammers, i lost access to my crypto wallet or had your funds stolen? Don’t worry Capital Crypto Recover is here to help you recover your cryptocurrency with cutting-edge technical expertise, With years of experience in the crypto world, Capital Crypto Recover employs the best latest tools and ethical hacking techniques to help you recover lost assets, unlock hacked accounts, Whether it’s a forgotten password, Capital Crypto Recover has the expertise to help you get your crypto back. a security company service that has a 100% success rate in the recovery of crypto assets, i lost wallet and hacked accounts. I provided them the information they requested and they began their investigation. To my surprise, Capital Crypto Recover was able to trace and recover my crypto assets successfully within 24hours. Thank you for your service in helping me recover my $647,734 worth of crypto funds and I highly recommend their recovery services, they are reliable and a trusted company to any individuals looking to recover lost money. Contact email [email protected] OR Telegram @Capitalcryptorecover Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
30.06.26 15:08 wendytaylor015

My name is Wendy Taylor, I'm from Los Angeles, i want to announce to you Viewer how Capital Crypto Recover help me to restore my Lost Bitcoin, I invested with a Crypto broker without proper research to know what I was hoarding my hard-earned money into scammers, i lost access to my crypto wallet or had your funds stolen? Don’t worry Capital Crypto Recover is here to help you recover your cryptocurrency with cutting-edge technical expertise, With years of experience in the crypto world, Capital Crypto Recover employs the best latest tools and ethical hacking techniques to help you recover lost assets, unlock hacked accounts, Whether it’s a forgotten password, Capital Crypto Recover has the expertise to help you get your crypto back. a security company service that has a 100% success rate in the recovery of crypto assets, i lost wallet and hacked accounts. I provided them the information they requested and they began their investigation. To my surprise, Capital Crypto Recover was able to trace and recover my crypto assets successfully within 24hours. Thank you for your service in helping me recover my $647,734 worth of crypto funds and I highly recommend their recovery services, they are reliable and a trusted company to any individuals looking to recover lost money. Contact email [email protected] OR Telegram @Capitalcryptorecover Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
02.07.26 01:22 Lieneke Bonnema

I highly recommend ResQprofirm for their professional asset recovery services of my $120,000 scammed funds. Their expertise, professionalism, and commitment to achieving results make them a reliable choice for anyone seeking dependable recovery assistance. [email protected], WhatsApp +19852969146, telegram @resqprofirm
02.07.26 01:26 Clara Morin

I want to extend my deepest appreciation for showing that circumstances do not define one’s potential for greatness. Your support has been a major source of inspiration during my trading journey, and I am sincerely grateful for your insight and mentorship. Thank you so much. [email protected], WhatsApp +19852969146, telegram ResQprofirm
02.07.26 01:31 Robin Hale

I sincerely want to thank you for demonstrating that anyone can rise above their circumstances and achieve success. Your constant support has been incredibly inspiring during my trading journey, and your wisdom and advice mean so much to me. I appreciate you deeply. [email protected], WhatsApp +19852969146, telegram Resqprofirm
04.07.26 15:32 Fraddy Pual

There are few companies I trust as much as FUNDSRETRIEVER. When I lost $653,000 in Ethereum to a ruthless scam, I thought my life would never be the same. The betrayal cut deep, but I refused to give up. I searched tirelessly for a legitimate way to recover what was stolen, and finally found FUNDSRETRIEVER—the most competent and compassionate recovery team I could have imagined. They handled my case with precision and care, and in the end, my entire ETH wallet was restored. More than the money, they gave me back my hope and happiness. I'm sharing my story because I want others to know that recovery is possible. If a scam has taken from you, don't hesitate—contact FUNDSRETRIEVER today. Email: FUNDSRETRIEVER1@ Gmail.com | WhatsApp: +1 603-512-1448 | Telegram: @FUNDSRETRIEVER
05.07.26 14:44 lydiassmith567

HIRE A HACKER YOUR STOLEN CRYPTO RECOVERY / BTC / USDT / ETH WITH THE HELP OF CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER. I want to share my experience publicly regarding cryptocurrency wallet recovery, I highly recommend you to contact CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER, a professional private investigator in the Bitcoin world. They have a certified expert security team specializing in Bitcoin Recovery Services and have helped many people worldwide recover their lost funds. My wife and I were defrauded by an online manipulator posing as an experienced crypto investment professional. We lost $9.2 Million Stolen BTC in cryptocurrency and were left feeling homeless. After spending hours searching for a reliable crypto recovery service, I discovered CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER online. By patiently explaining my situation to their team, I was able to recover all my funds. Remarkably, my money was returned to my wallet in less than 24 hours. I am extremely grateful to CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER for their excellent assistance—they truly were a godsend in my difficult situation. If you have fallen victim to a cryptocurrency scam, you can reach CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER through the following channels Email: [email protected] OR Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 Contact: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
05.07.26 14:44 lydiassmith567

HIRE A HACKER YOUR STOLEN CRYPTO RECOVERY / BTC / USDT / ETH WITH THE HELP OF CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER. I want to share my experience publicly regarding cryptocurrency wallet recovery, I highly recommend you to contact CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER, a professional private investigator in the Bitcoin world. They have a certified expert security team specializing in Bitcoin Recovery Services and have helped many people worldwide recover their lost funds. My wife and I were defrauded by an online manipulator posing as an experienced crypto investment professional. We lost $9.2 Million Stolen BTC in cryptocurrency and were left feeling homeless. After spending hours searching for a reliable crypto recovery service, I discovered CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER online. By patiently explaining my situation to their team, I was able to recover all my funds. Remarkably, my money was returned to my wallet in less than 24 hours. I am extremely grateful to CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER for their excellent assistance—they truly were a godsend in my difficult situation. If you have fallen victim to a cryptocurrency scam, you can reach CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER through the following channels Email: [email protected] OR Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 Contact: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
06.07.26 16:20 Olga Ognjanović

Having trouble withdrawing funds from an investment platform? ResQprofirm provides fund recovery assistance for individuals seeking help with investment-related disputes. I reached out to them after experiencing problems with an investment platform, and I appreciated their professionalism and support throughout the process. If you're facing a similar situation, act promptly, keep records of your transactions and communications, and seek assistance from a qualified recovery service or the appropriate authorities. Contact: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @ResQprofirm WhatsApp: +1 985 296 9146
06.07.26 16:31 Joseph Weigl

Invest wisely and stay cautious. Don't be influenced by promises of unusually high returns or convincing sales pitches from brokers. I learned this the hard way after falling victim to an investment scam that promised huge profits. Fortunately, I acted quickly and reported the incident to a recovery firm for assistance. Contact: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Resqprofirm WhatsApp: +1 985 296 9146
06.07.26 16:33 Jaran Løvlien

A heartfelt thank you to RESQPRO FIRM for their commitment and professionalism throughout the investigation of my case. Their team worked diligently and helped recover assets valued at $88,000, which were returned to my wallet. I truly appreciate their support, clear communication, and dedication, and I'm grateful for the assistance I received. Contact: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Resqprofirm WhatsApp: +1 985 296 9146
07.07.26 18:00 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
07.07.26 18:01 robertalfred175

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16.07.26 21:38 patricialovick86

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16.07.26 21:38 patricialovick86

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18.07.26 17:12 Malthe Larsen

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18.07.26 23:51 bernalzenaida

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19.07.26 04:10 Fraddy Pual

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19.07.26 19:53 kimberlyhebertt6877

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19.07.26 19:53 kimberlyhebertt6877

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19.07.26 19:54 kimberlyhebertt6877

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30.07.26 00:04 Ahmed

A really cool analysis, thank you. I was especially struck by how strictly the order is defined: data processing and formatting come first, with color only at the very end. This really saves you from the typical mistake of "first a pretty palette, then we figure out what the chart is for." And the palette validator with OKLCH + colorblindness check is absolutely fantastic; you almost never see that in regular tools. By the way, while reading about rank-trajectory and the logarithmic scale, I immediately remembered how convenient it is to analyze dynamics on charts in ExpertOption—I've been trading there for quite some time now. When the data is well visualized, decisions are noticeably easier and more relaxed. I also liked the point about "no more than eight colors" and the dual-axis ban. Strict restrictions sometimes actually produce better results than complete freedom. I'll try this approach myself.
30.07.26 17:27 wendytaylor015

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30.07.26 17:27 wendytaylor015

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31.07.26 16:21 rssllhrnsb

I learned an important lesson after investing in what appeared to be a genuine opportunity. Unfortunately, I was unable to access my funds, which reinforced the importance of carrying out thorough due diligence, checking whether an investment is appropriately regulated, and seeking qualified professional advice rather than relying solely on online reviews or testimonials. During the process of addressing my case, I worked with Mrs. Doris Ashley, who communicated clearly, provided regular updates, and handled the matter in a professional manner. According to my experience, I have recovered $50,000 so far, while efforts to resolve the remaining balance are still in progress. If you wish to contact her, the details I used are: Mrs. Tatiana Sorina TEXT : (tatianasorina06 at G.Ma IL ..c 0 m ) Before committing money to any investment, take time to verify the legitimacy of the platform, confirm any relevant regulatory authorisations, and avoid investing more than you can comfortably afford to lose.
01.08.26 15:05 keithwilson9899

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01.08.26 15:05 keithwilson9899

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03.08.26 20:05 Philip

I was a victim of a crypto theft involving a Pink Drainer, which resulted in the theft of my Wrapped Bitcoin (WBTC) from my Polygon network. The experience was incredibly frustrating and distressing, as I had no idea how to recover my funds. Unfortunately, by the time I noticed the theft, the funds had already been drained to an address that I had no control over, making it seem like an irreversible situation.The attack happened when I clicked on what appeared to be a legitimate link. I didn’t realize at the time that it was a phishing attempt designed to siphon off my private keys and access my wallet. The Pink Drainer, a type of malicious script used by attackers, is specifically designed to exploit such vulnerabilities in crypto wallets. The moment I realized that my WBTC had been drained from my Polygon network. I felt completely helpless, as I didn’t have direct access to the thief's address, and there was no way to reverse the transaction on my own at that point, I started searching for ways to recover my funds, but most resources only offered generic advice that wasn’t practical in this particular case. I quickly realized that if I wanted to have any hope of getting my assets back, I would need professional assistance. After some research, I came across a reliable and trusted recovery team called Aspen Recovery Experts. Their expertise in cryptocurrency recovery, especially in cases like mine, seemed promising.I decided to reach out to Aspen Recovery Experts, and I’m incredibly grateful that I did. Their team of crypto recovery experts was able to help me trace the stolen funds and identify the path the funds took after they left my wallet. Using advanced tools and techniques, they were able to track the transactions on the blockchain, helping me understand where my WBTC had been sent. More importantly, they worked tirelessly to assist me in contacting the necessary parties and even interfaced with blockchain analysts to help facilitate the recovery process.Thanks to their efforts, I was able to successfully recover my stolen funds. The entire process took some time, but the Aspen Recovery Experts dedicated team provided regular updates and kept me informed throughout the process, which gave me a sense of hope and relief during an otherwise stressful time. If you’re ever in a similar situation, I highly recommend reaching out to a trusted recovery team like Aspen Recovery Expertshhh . Their professionalism, knowledge, and expertise were critical in helping me recover my funds and regain control of my crypto assets. Whatsapp : +1 747 231 9036 Telegram : @ prohackerspy Email : [email protected]
03.08.26 20:06 Philip

I was a victim of a crypto theft involving a Pink Drainer, which resulted in the theft of my Wrapped Bitcoin (WBTC) from my Polygon network. The experience was incredibly frustrating and distressing, as I had no idea how to recover my funds. Unfortunately, by the time I noticed the theft, the funds had already been drained to an address that I had no control over, making it seem like an irreversible situation.The attack happened when I clicked on what appeared to be a legitimate link. I didn’t realize at the time that it was a phishing attempt designed to siphon off my private keys and access my wallet. The Pink Drainer, a type of malicious script used by attackers, is specifically designed to exploit such vulnerabilities in crypto wallets. The moment I realized that my WBTC had been drained from my Polygon network. I felt completely helpless, as I didn’t have direct access to the thief's address, and there was no way to reverse the transaction on my own at that point, I started searching for ways to recover my funds, but most resources only offered generic advice that wasn’t practical in this particular case. I quickly realized that if I wanted to have any hope of getting my assets back, I would need professional assistance. After some research, I came across a reliable and trusted recovery team called Aspen Recovery Experts. Their expertise in cryptocurrency recovery, especially in cases like mine, seemed promising.I decided to reach out to Aspen Recovery Experts, and I’m incredibly grateful that I did. Their team of crypto recovery experts was able to help me trace the stolen funds and identify the path the funds took after they left my wallet. Using advanced tools and techniques, they were able to track the transactions on the blockchain, helping me understand where my WBTC had been sent. More importantly, they worked tirelessly to assist me in contacting the necessary parties and even interfaced with blockchain analysts to help facilitate the recovery process.Thanks to their efforts, I was able to successfully recover my stolen funds. The entire process took some time, but the Aspen Recovery Experts dedicated team provided regular updates and kept me informed throughout the process, which gave me a sense of hope and relief during an otherwise stressful time. If you’re ever in a similar situation, I highly recommend reaching out to a trusted recovery team like Aspen Recovery Expertshhh . Their professionalism, knowledge, and expertise were critical in helping me recover my funds and regain control of my crypto assets. Whatsapp : +1 747 231 9036 Telegram : @ prohackerspy Email : [email protected]
04.08.26 11:05 Kisnoles

Excellent analysis, thank you. I was particularly struck by how rigidly the skill sets the order: data processing and form come first, with color coming last. This really cures the habit of "first a pretty palette, then we'll figure it out." A palette validator using OKLCH + color blindness + WCAG is something most chart generators lack. And regarding the boundaries of competence, it's very clear. Where there's a self-checking loop (color), you delegate freely. Where there's a heuristic (form, data interpretation), you remain the final filter. This is a universal principle, not just for /dataviz. By the way, when you look at trading dashboards (including those of decent platforms like ExpertOption), it's immediately clear who thought about readability and who just threw in rainbow lines. Tools like this skill could greatly improve the quality of analytics. Thanks again for the detailed analysis – saved.
04.08.26 12:37 kimberlyhebertt6877

I invested in bitcoin trading After losing $78.4 USDT) linked to a romance fraud scam worth of cryptocurrency through an online investment platform and later discovered it was a scam. After extensive research for recovery options, I contacted CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER based on positive client reviews and recommendations. Their professional security team guided me through the recovery process using advanced technology, and I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency successfully. I am truly grateful for their support and assistance during such a difficult experience. I will advise you to contact CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER helped me recover my funds. For anyone facing similar issues, Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1 Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] Call/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684
04.08.26 12:37 kimberlyhebertt6877

I invested in bitcoin trading After losing $78.4 USDT) linked to a romance fraud scam worth of cryptocurrency through an online investment platform and later discovered it was a scam. After extensive research for recovery options, I contacted CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER based on positive client reviews and recommendations. Their professional security team guided me through the recovery process using advanced technology, and I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency successfully. I am truly grateful for their support and assistance during such a difficult experience. I will advise you to contact CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER helped me recover my funds. For anyone facing similar issues, Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1 Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] Call/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684
06.08.26 08:11 ROMMYHENDERSON344

All you need is to hire an expert to help you accomplish that. If there's any need to spy on your partner's phone. From my experience I lacked evidence to confront my husband on my suspicion on his infidelity, until I came across REALCYBERHACKERS which many commend him of assisting them in their spying mission. So I contacted him and he provided me with access into his phone to view all text messages, call logs, WhatsApp messages and even her location. This evidence helped me move him off my life . I recommend you consult REALCYBERHACKERS AT gmail com or whatsapp +14106350697 if you need access to your partner's phone or any kind of hacking, they carry out all kinds of hacking job
06.08.26 13:56 lydiassmith567

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06.08.26 13:56 lydiassmith567

HIRE A HACKER YOUR STOLEN CRYPTO RECOVERY / BTC / USDT / ETH WITH THE HELP OF CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER. I want to share my experience publicly regarding cryptocurrency wallet recovery, I highly recommend you to contact CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER, a professional private investigator in the Bitcoin world. They have a certified expert security team specializing in Bitcoin Recovery Services and have helped many people worldwide recover their lost funds. My wife and I were defrauded by an online manipulator posing as an experienced crypto investment professional. We lost $9.2 Million Stolen BTC in cryptocurrency and were left feeling homeless. After spending hours searching for a reliable crypto recovery service, I discovered CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER online. By patiently explaining my situation to their team, I was able to recover all my funds. Remarkably, my money was returned to my wallet in less than 24 hours. I am extremely grateful to CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER for their excellent assistance—they truly were a godsend in my difficult situation. If you have fallen victim to a cryptocurrency scam, you can reach CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER through the following channels Email: [email protected] OR Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 Contact: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
11.08.26 03:43 raymont0714

I recommend a trusted cybersecurity PRO with experience in authorized device access, security testing, and data recovery. SHE work only with the owner's consent and follow all legal and privacy rules on meta data. With permission, this specialist can recover lost files, check device security offline & online, and review texts, call records, or hidden data (spy or lurk around a cheating partner or colleuge). Strict confidentiality agreements protect the information, and client details remain private. The work is careful, efficient, and suited to complex cases. For help securing or recovering information from a phone or another electronic device, use the details below 2 consult [email protected] +44 7476618364 I trust her secrecy a living witness. Her discretion is unmatched, ensuring your privacy is always maintained
12.08.26 16:37 rssllhrnsb

I learned an important lesson after investing in what appeared to be a genuine opportunity. Unfortunately, I was unable to access my funds, which reinforced the importance of carrying out thorough due diligence, checking whether an investment is appropriately regulated, and seeking qualified professional advice rather than relying solely on online reviews or testimonials. During the process of addressing my case, I worked with Mrs. Tatiana Sorina , who communicated clearly, provided regular updates, and handled the matter in a professional manner. According to my experience, I have recovered $50,000 so far, while efforts to resolve the remaining balance are still in progress. If you wish to contact her, the details I used are: Mrs. Tatiana Sorina TEXT : (tatianasorina06 at G_Ma IL dot ..c 0 m)…. Before committing money to any investment, take time to verify the legitimacy of the platform, confirm any relevant regulatory authorisations, and avoid investing more than you can comfortably afford to lose.
16.08.26 01:44 Matt Kegan

CapitalNode Analytics. They help to investigate and recover stolen digital assets from fake trading platforms. Great firm i must say.
18.08.26 04:59 marcushenderson624

Bitcoin Recovery Testimonial After falling victim to a cryptocurrency scam group, I lost $354,000 worth of USDT. I thought all hope was lost from the experience of losing my hard-earned money to scammers. I was devastated and believed there was no way to recover my funds. Fortunately, I started searching for help to recover my stolen funds and I came across a lot of testimonials online about Capital Crypto Recovery, an agent who helps in recovery of lost bitcoin funds, I contacted Capital Crypto Recover Service, and with their expertise, they successfully traced and recovered my stolen assets. Their team was professional, kept me updated throughout the process, and demonstrated a deep understanding of blockchain transactions and recovery protocols. They are trusted and very reliable with a 100% successful rate record Recovery bitcoin, I’m grateful for their help and highly recommend their services to anyone seeking assistance with lost crypto. Contact: [email protected] Phone WhatsApp/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Email: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
18.08.26 04:59 marcushenderson624

Bitcoin Recovery Testimonial After falling victim to a cryptocurrency scam group, I lost $354,000 worth of USDT. I thought all hope was lost from the experience of losing my hard-earned money to scammers. I was devastated and believed there was no way to recover my funds. Fortunately, I started searching for help to recover my stolen funds and I came across a lot of testimonials online about Capital Crypto Recovery, an agent who helps in recovery of lost bitcoin funds, I contacted Capital Crypto Recover Service, and with their expertise, they successfully traced and recovered my stolen assets. Their team was professional, kept me updated throughout the process, and demonstrated a deep understanding of blockchain transactions and recovery protocols. They are trusted and very reliable with a 100% successful rate record Recovery bitcoin, I’m grateful for their help and highly recommend their services to anyone seeking assistance with lost crypto. Contact: [email protected] Phone WhatsApp/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Email: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
19.08.26 14:50 BAYER7043

My account was locked, and I couldn’t access my own information until [email protected] +447476618364 whats?up? helped me recover it. This lady hacker was kind and professional, but this experience showed me how risky account lockouts can be. If you’re facing the same problem, do not panic consult her A. S. A. P. Be careful with recovery agents outchea, and research their name, business, and reviews before sharing any details. Never send passwords, security codes, banking information, or copies of your ID unless you’ve confirmed who you’re dealing with. Be wary of promises that sound too good to be true, especially claims that require little information or guarantee instant access with outrageous fees.
20.08.26 11:32 michaeldavenport218

I was recently scammed out of $53,000 by a fraudulent Bitcoin investment scheme, which added significant stress to my already difficult health issues, as I was also facing cancer surgery expenses. Desperate to recover my funds, I spent hours researching and consulting other victims, which led me to discover the excellent reputation of Capital Crypto Recover, I came across a Google post It was only after spending many hours researching and asking other victims for advice that I discovered Capital Crypto Recovery’s stellar reputation. I decided to contact them because of their successful recovery record and encouraging client testimonials. I had no idea that this would be the pivotal moment in my fight against cryptocurrency theft. Thanks to their expert team, I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency back. The process was intricate, but Capital Crypto Recovery's commitment to utilizing the latest technology ensured a successful outcome. I highly recommend their services to anyone who has fallen victim to cryptocurrency fraud. For assistance contact [email protected] and on Telegram OR WhatsApp Number +1 (336)390-6684 via email: [email protected] you can visit his website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
20.08.26 11:32 michaeldavenport218

I was recently scammed out of $53,000 by a fraudulent Bitcoin investment scheme, which added significant stress to my already difficult health issues, as I was also facing cancer surgery expenses. Desperate to recover my funds, I spent hours researching and consulting other victims, which led me to discover the excellent reputation of Capital Crypto Recover, I came across a Google post It was only after spending many hours researching and asking other victims for advice that I discovered Capital Crypto Recovery’s stellar reputation. I decided to contact them because of their successful recovery record and encouraging client testimonials. I had no idea that this would be the pivotal moment in my fight against cryptocurrency theft. Thanks to their expert team, I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency back. The process was intricate, but Capital Crypto Recovery's commitment to utilizing the latest technology ensured a successful outcome. I highly recommend their services to anyone who has fallen victim to cryptocurrency fraud. For assistance contact [email protected] and on Telegram OR WhatsApp Number +1 (336)390-6684 via email: [email protected] you can visit his website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
23.08.26 20:02 leslieyee

Excellent analysis by /dataviz! I was particularly struck by how strictly the order is defined: "data meaning first, color last" and how the validator actually adjusts the palette according to OKLCH, color blindness, and WCAG standards. These rules greatly improve the quality of charts. By the way, a similar approach to clean and legible charts is highly valued in trading—for example, on the ExpertOption platform, the interface and price visualization are designed to ensure information is read instantly and without unnecessary noise.
25.08.26 13:44 lydiassmith567

HIRE A HACKER YOUR STOLEN CRYPTO RECOVERY / BTC / USDT / ETH WITH THE HELP OF CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER. I want to share my experience publicly regarding cryptocurrency wallet recovery, I highly recommend you to contact CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER, a professional private investigator in the Bitcoin world. They have a certified expert security team specializing in Bitcoin Recovery Services and have helped many people worldwide recover their lost funds. My wife and I were defrauded by an online manipulator posing as an experienced crypto investment professional. We lost $9.2 Million Stolen BTC in cryptocurrency and were left feeling homeless. After spending hours searching for a reliable crypto recovery service, I discovered CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER online. By patiently explaining my situation to their team, I was able to recover all my funds. Remarkably, my money was returned to my wallet in less than 24 hours. I am extremely grateful to CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER for their excellent assistance—they truly were a godsend in my difficult situation. If you have fallen victim to a cryptocurrency scam, you can reach CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER through the following channels Email: [email protected] OR Call/WhatsApp: +1 (336) 390-6684 Contact: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
25.08.26 13:44 lydiassmith567

HIRE A HACKER YOUR STOLEN CRYPTO RECOVERY / BTC / USDT / ETH WITH THE HELP OF CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER. I want to share my experience publicly regarding cryptocurrency wallet recovery, I highly recommend you to contact CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER, a professional private investigator in the Bitcoin world. They have a certified expert security team specializing in Bitcoin Recovery Services and have helped many people worldwide recover their lost funds. My wife and I were defrauded by an online manipulator posing as an experienced crypto investment professional. We lost $9.2 Million Stolen BTC in cryptocurrency and were left feeling homeless. After spending hours searching for a reliable crypto recovery service, I discovered CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER online. By patiently explaining my situation to their team, I was able to recover all my funds. Remarkably, my money was returned to my wallet in less than 24 hours. I am extremely grateful to CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER for their excellent assistance—they truly were a godsend in my difficult situation. If you have fallen victim to a cryptocurrency scam, you can reach CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER through the following channels Email: [email protected] OR Call/WhatsApp: +1 (336) 390-6684 Contact: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
30.08.26 15:37 [email protected]

Discovering I had been defrauded, I searched online for services claiming to recover stolen ETH. I contacted several companies, but none succeeded. Although some claimed they could trace assets or recover funds, I could not verify their success or recover my money. I later found SYLVESTER BRYANT Recovery through Google. After contacting him, he recovered 450,000,00. He can be reached at [email protected] or WhatsApp at +1 512 577 7957.
30.08.26 15:37 [email protected]

Discovering I had been defrauded, I searched online for services claiming to recover stolen ETH. I contacted several companies, but none succeeded. Although some claimed they could trace assets or recover funds, I could not verify their success or recover my money. I later found SYLVESTER BRYANT Recovery through Google. After contacting him, he recovered 450,000,00. He can be reached at [email protected] or WhatsApp at +1 512 577 7957.
01.09.26 11:16 lisawerth897

My Experience With Cryptocurrency — CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER I lost over $82,000 in Bitcoin after falling victim to a fraudulent online investment scheme. After realizing I had been scammed, I spent considerable time researching possible ways to recover my funds. During my research, I came across CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER and decided to contact them after reading their reported success record and encouraging client positive reviews and testimonials. Their team guided me through the recovery process, and I was grateful to successfully recover my lost cryptocurrency. The experience was challenging, but I appreciated the assistance and support I received throughout the process. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it may encourage other victims to carefully research their options and verify any recovery service before proceeding. I will forever be thankful to you CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER 📧 [email protected] 🌐 Website: recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1 📧 [email protected] 📞 Call/WhatsApp: +1 (336) 390-6684
01.09.26 11:16 lisawerth897

My Experience With Cryptocurrency — CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER I lost over $82,000 in Bitcoin after falling victim to a fraudulent online investment scheme. After realizing I had been scammed, I spent considerable time researching possible ways to recover my funds. During my research, I came across CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER and decided to contact them after reading their reported success record and encouraging client positive reviews and testimonials. Their team guided me through the recovery process, and I was grateful to successfully recover my lost cryptocurrency. The experience was challenging, but I appreciated the assistance and support I received throughout the process. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it may encourage other victims to carefully research their options and verify any recovery service before proceeding. I will forever be thankful to you CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER 📧 [email protected] 🌐 Website: recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1 📧 [email protected] 📞 Call/WhatsApp: +1 (336) 390-6684
01.09.26 17:34 Garry42

Really crazy world. These fraudsters go at any length to steal your hard earned funds. I have been a victim of a bitcoin scam about 7 months back. A Con artist gained access to my cashapp account through a phishing scam. They stole $409,000. I was really devastated. I did everything to get back my funds by contacting the FBI but they claimed there was nothing they could do. A friend told me about a recovery expert. He helps fight against various phishing and investment scams and they were able to help trace and recover my funds even though it took over 2 days. you can reach out to him through recoverydarek@gmail. com . I can guarantee his services are still active.
01.09.26 17:34 Garry42

Really crazy world. These fraudsters go at any length to steal your hard earned funds. I have been a victim of a bitcoin scam about 7 months back. A Con artist gained access to my cashapp account through a phishing scam. They stole $409,000. I was really devastated. I did everything to get back my funds by contacting the FBI but they claimed there was nothing they could do. A friend told me about a recovery expert. He helps fight against various phishing and investment scams and they were able to help trace and recover my funds even though it took over 2 days. you can reach out to him through recoverydarek@gmail. com . I can guarantee his services are still active.
02.09.26 03:43 kimberlyhebertt6877

I invested in bitcoin trading After losing $78.4 USDT) linked to a romance fraud scam worth of cryptocurrency through an online investment platform and later discovered it was a scam. After extensive research for recovery options, I contacted CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER based on positive client reviews and recommendations. Their professional security team guided me through the recovery process using advanced technology, and I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency successfully. I am truly grateful for their support and assistance during such a difficult experience. I will advise you to contact CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER helped me recover my funds. For anyone facing similar issues, Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1 Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] WhatsApp/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684
02.09.26 03:43 kimberlyhebertt6877

I invested in bitcoin trading After losing $78.4 USDT) linked to a romance fraud scam worth of cryptocurrency through an online investment platform and later discovered it was a scam. After extensive research for recovery options, I contacted CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER based on positive client reviews and recommendations. Their professional security team guided me through the recovery process using advanced technology, and I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency successfully. I am truly grateful for their support and assistance during such a difficult experience. I will advise you to contact CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER helped me recover my funds. For anyone facing similar issues, Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1 Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] WhatsApp/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684
04.09.26 21:51 Kovengray

Recovering your lost investment funds as the case might be, is not what you can do alone, you’d require the service of a trained recovery specialist. A recovery specialist is a person or a group of people who are well equipped to work around the brokerage network. They have vast knowledge about the whole network and have the right software and private keys to follow any transaction. I was ripped off trading online to an investment broker, good thing I got every penny back through the help of Gavin ray he’s a genius Contact : Gavinray78 at gmail com or WhatsApp +1 352 322 2096 It is also important to be patient and really calm during the process.
05.09.26 21:38 [email protected]

I invested 45,000 Euro, and later aggreviated to 198,000 Euro. I requested to place ‎Withdrawal of my funds to be paid to my Bank account. But nothing happened I was subjected to pay more fee until I can get my funds on my account, i got in touch with Theodore ryan here on this platform who had helped a lot of people, I followed all instructions and he legally got back my withheld funds, I got threatened by the company that if I don’t pay they will get my account frozen, all thanks to Theodore ryan and I highly recommend him to anyone dealing with an unregulated broker company… contact him on his Gmail - theodoreryan318@ gmail . com
09.09.26 21:31 lisawerth897

My Experience With Cryptocurrency — CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER I lost over $82,000 in Bitcoin after falling victim to a fraudulent online investment scheme. After realizing I had been scammed, I spent considerable time researching possible ways to recover my funds. During my research, I came across CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER and decided to contact them after reading their reported success record and encouraging client positive reviews and testimonials. Their team guided me through the recovery process, and I was grateful to successfully recover my lost cryptocurrency. The experience was challenging, but I appreciated the assistance and support I received throughout the process. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it may encourage other victims to carefully research their options and verify any recovery service before proceeding. I will forever be thankful to you CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER 📧 [email protected] 🌐 Website: recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1 📧 [email protected] 📞 Call/WhatsApp: +1 (336) 390-6684
09.09.26 21:31 lisawerth897

My Experience With Cryptocurrency — CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER I lost over $82,000 in Bitcoin after falling victim to a fraudulent online investment scheme. After realizing I had been scammed, I spent considerable time researching possible ways to recover my funds. During my research, I came across CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER and decided to contact them after reading their reported success record and encouraging client positive reviews and testimonials. Their team guided me through the recovery process, and I was grateful to successfully recover my lost cryptocurrency. The experience was challenging, but I appreciated the assistance and support I received throughout the process. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it may encourage other victims to carefully research their options and verify any recovery service before proceeding. I will forever be thankful to you CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER 📧 [email protected] 🌐 Website: recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1 📧 [email protected] 📞 Call/WhatsApp: +1 (336) 390-6684
09.09.26 23:22 Fraddy Pual

Hearing that these individuals are focusing on other people makes me very sad. I had a similar situation with them and lost a lot of money, but after learning about (Cruxcipherteam @ proton DoT me), whataqq:+168160-15021, telegram: @Cruxcipherteam I was able to get my money back. It's critical that we all be watchful and keep reporting these occurrences.
11.09.26 03:23 kimberlyhebertt6877

I invested in bitcoin trading After losing $78.4 USDT) linked to a romance fraud scam worth of cryptocurrency through an online investment platform and later discovered it was a scam. After extensive research for recovery options, I contacted CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER based on positive client reviews and recommendations. Their professional security team guided me through the recovery process using advanced technology, and I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency successfully. I am truly grateful for their support and assistance during such a difficult experience. I will advise you to contact CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER helped me recover my funds. For anyone facing similar issues, Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1 Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] WhatsApp/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684
11.09.26 03:23 kimberlyhebertt6877

I invested in bitcoin trading After losing $78.4 USDT) linked to a romance fraud scam worth of cryptocurrency through an online investment platform and later discovered it was a scam. After extensive research for recovery options, I contacted CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER based on positive client reviews and recommendations. Their professional security team guided me through the recovery process using advanced technology, and I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency successfully. I am truly grateful for their support and assistance during such a difficult experience. I will advise you to contact CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER helped me recover my funds. For anyone facing similar issues, Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1 Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] WhatsApp/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684
15.09.26 03:35 elioduncan

I fell victim to a freelance web development contract scam that ultimately cost me CAD 4,000. It all started when I came across a job posting on Indeed Canada, a popular online job portal. The position seemed perfect: a freelance web developer role for an established company looking for someone to design and build a fully functional e-commerce website. The job promised a high payment of CAD 20,000 upon successful completion, which sounded like a great opportunity for me to gain experience and earn decent pay.The employer, who introduced himself as a project manager from a "well-known" tech company, was very persuasive and professional in our initial communication. He explained that the project involved developing a user-friendly, responsive online store for their client and that they had a strict timeline to meet. He assured me that the payment would be made promptly after completing the tasks. However, before starting the work, he told me that I would need to pay an upfront fee of CAD 4,000 to cover certain software tools and licensing fees required for the project. This was supposedly a part of their company policy for freelance contractors, ensuring access to their premium resources. The idea of working on a professional project, coupled with the promise of a substantial payout, convinced me to pay the upfront fee.As soon as I made the payment, the project manager became increasingly difficult to reach. He initially responded to my emails and provided some vague instructions on what the project would entail, but as time went on, communication slowed to a complete halt. I never received the required tools or any proper project details. My emails went unanswered, and any attempts to contact the company were met with silence. After waiting for weeks, I realized that I had been scammed.Desperate to recover my money, I turned to TechY Force Cyber Retrieval, a service that specializes in helping victims of online scams. They helped me track the payment and took legal steps to pursue the fraudsters. Through their guidance, I was able to recover the full CAD 4,000. TechY Force Cyber Retrieval worked with my bank to reverse the transaction and liaised with the authorities to trace the scammer's details.This was a hard lesson, and I now know to be highly cautious about online job offers that require upfront payments. It is crucial to research companies thoroughly and avoid any job that seems too good to be true, especially when it involves paying money upfront. WhatsApp https://wa.link/2x6ktp Mail. [email protected]
15.09.26 15:45 lydiassmith567

HIRE A HACKER YOUR STOLEN CRYPTO RECOVERY / BTC / USDT / ETH WITH THE HELP OF CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER. I want to share my experience publicly regarding cryptocurrency wallet recovery, I highly recommend you to contact CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER, a professional private investigator in the Bitcoin world. They have a certified expert security team specializing in Bitcoin Recovery Services and have helped many people worldwide recover their lost funds. My wife and I were defrauded by an online manipulator posing as an experienced crypto investment professional. We lost $9.2 Million Stolen BTC in cryptocurrency and were left feeling homeless. After spending hours searching for a reliable crypto recovery service, I discovered CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER online. By patiently explaining my situation to their team, I was able to recover all my funds. Remarkably, my money was returned to my wallet in less than 24 hours. I am extremely grateful to CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER for their excellent assistance—they truly were a godsend in my difficult situation. If you have fallen victim to a cryptocurrency scam, you can reach CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER through the following channels Email: [email protected] OR Call/WhatsApp: +1 (336) 390-6684 Contact: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
15.09.26 15:45 lydiassmith567

HIRE A HACKER YOUR STOLEN CRYPTO RECOVERY / BTC / USDT / ETH WITH THE HELP OF CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER. I want to share my experience publicly regarding cryptocurrency wallet recovery, I highly recommend you to contact CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER, a professional private investigator in the Bitcoin world. They have a certified expert security team specializing in Bitcoin Recovery Services and have helped many people worldwide recover their lost funds. My wife and I were defrauded by an online manipulator posing as an experienced crypto investment professional. We lost $9.2 Million Stolen BTC in cryptocurrency and were left feeling homeless. After spending hours searching for a reliable crypto recovery service, I discovered CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER online. By patiently explaining my situation to their team, I was able to recover all my funds. Remarkably, my money was returned to my wallet in less than 24 hours. I am extremely grateful to CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER for their excellent assistance—they truly were a godsend in my difficult situation. If you have fallen victim to a cryptocurrency scam, you can reach CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER through the following channels Email: [email protected] OR Call/WhatsApp: +1 (336) 390-6684 Contact: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1