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VSCode, SourceCraft Code Assistant и микроконтроллеры

Сегодня разработка прошивок для микроконтроллеров обычно требует заметно больше времени и ресурсов, чем создание собственно схемы и платы. Со времён ковида прошли времена безраздельного владычества STM32, и теперь регулярно приходится осваивать новые железки. При этом для них зачастую приходится ваять программный инструментарий и библиотеки — поскольку предоставленное производителем обычно неудобно.

В этой статье я расскажу, как использовать VSCode для разработки прошивок под разные архитектуры и как мне в этом помогает SourceCraft Code Assistant от Яндекса.

Зачем нужна ещё одна статья, как настроить VSCode для разработки под микроконтроллеры

В сети (и в том числе на Хабре) существует масса инструкций про настройку VScode для работы с микроконтроллерами. Зачем yet another one? Потому что в тех, что есть, я не обрёл детального и полного решения для своих требований. Тем не менее — спасибо авторам!

Я люблю, когда мне удобно, и не люблю, когда мне неудобно. Поэтому тут я описал, как я делал себе удобно. Возможно (скорее всего), для других начальных данных и других предпочтений мой опыт будет неприменим — и это нормально.

Я разработчик электроники, и практически весь нужный мне инструментарий существует только под Windows. Поэтому про Windows в дальнейшем и будет идти речь.

Требования же диктуются решаемыми задачами. Моя деятельность состоит в написании и поддержке десятков прошивок в год для разных железок с микроконтроллерами от различных производителей, с разными ядрами. Конечно, есть разработчики, которые годами пилят один и тот же проект под одну и ту же железку — им мой дискомфорт чужд. Я работаю с STM32, GD32, WCH, а также софтверным RISC‑V ядром в ПЛИС GOWIN. И ещё пишу на Verilog для тех же GOWIN. А ещё мне зачастую нужно кодить всякие штуки на Python.

Кратко скажу, что описанные ниже примеры взяты из реальных, а не синтетических проектов. Verilog и Risc‑V — это код для наших заводских стендов‑джиг, которые тестируют тысячи плат Яндекс Станций в день. Код для STM32, GD32 и WCH — в основном RND‑проекты для Яндекса, а также Pet Projects, разошедшиеся по всей стране, типа плат для школьных соревнований на квадрокоптерах под эгидой «Кружкового движения». И ещё мне нужно рассказывать про это всё студентам и помогать им с железом и прошивками. Поэтому я избегаю дорогих решений типа J‑Link и CLion, да и вообще платные типа Keil не жалую.

Я не пользуюсь HAL от производителей: пишу на регистрах или делаю свой, который мне удобен. HAL от ST мне противен, HAL от GD ещё хуже, а HAL от GOWIN содержит неприятные баги типа uint8_t для адресов, которые могут быть 16-битными. Впрочем, «HAL или не HAL» — это тема для священной войны, не будем об этом.

Обычно производитель предоставляет свою среду разработки: как правило, на основе Eclipse со своим плагином, компилятором GCC и своим отладчиком — например, форком OpenOCD. У ST это CubeIDE, у GOWIN — MCU Designer, у WCH — MounRiver Studio (с форком GCC, в котором поддерживается реализованное в их MCU аппаратное ускорение переключения стека при прерывании attribute((interrupt("WCH-Interrupt-fast")) ). При этом, конечно же, плагины несовместимы между собой, поэтому предполагается держать на компе несколько этих Eclipse. А версия компилятора в комплекте та, которую производитель заложил семь лет назад и с тех пор не трогал, потому что кому нужен этот С++20. А мне нужен (например, std::span), и вообще я не люблю искусственных ограничений.

Более того, в плагинах порой выпилено удобное и добавлено ненужное. Например, в плагине MCU Designer от GOWIN убрана возможность по кнопке запускать произвольный exe, а значит, нельзя сделать заливку прошивки прямо из IDE по кнопке. Нужно переключаться на окно их утилиты программатора и мышью в GUI запускать процесс заливки. Меня такое, признаться, бесит. Но зато в указанном плагине сделана проверка лицензии! А больше там ничего и нет.

GigaDevice стоят особняком: они предоставляют не IDE, а расширения для Keil, который пользователям предлагается купить самостоятельно. Мне не нравится Keil, я не хочу изучать отдельную IDE ради GD, меня вполне устраивает бесплатный инструментарий.

В итоге я многие годы жил на наборе: стандартный Eclipse IDE for Embedded C/C++ Developers без всяких сторонних плагинов + скачанные GCC‑компиляторы для ARM и RiscV. Не всё гладко с Eclipse: он очень долго запускается, нередко виснет, отладка работает медленно и ненадёжно, а ещё там есть бага с Code Folding, которую за последние 15 лет так и не поправили:

Эта функция была свёрнута, но самопроизвольно как бы развернулась. Но не совсем, а как‑то половинчато, с квадратиками этими. Бесит, знаете ли.

Друзья не раз советовали мне перебираться на VScode. Я делал несколько подходов к этому снаряду, но всякий раз отступал. Несмотря на обилие инструкций о настройке, построить удобную систему не получалось.

Вообще, VScode — это продвинутый текстовый редактор, который умеет запускать внешние исполняемые файлы при помощи механизма tasks и у которого есть мощный магазин плагинов. Поэтому подходов к задаче «VScode + MCU» есть два: находим Единый‑Правильный‑Плагин‑Для‑Всего или качаем кучу специализированных плагинов и настраиваем их.

Проблема Плагина‑Для‑Всего в том, что он содержит не Всё, а то, что разработчики сочли нужным и полезным. А остальное осталось под капотом, и это никак не настроить. Например, мне нужны разные компиляторы для ARM и RiscV — причём порой разных версий для разных проектов. Или настройки выходного формата: выберите что‑то одно — bin или hex. А если мне нужны оба? Увы мне. Или поддержка железных программаторов‑отладчиков: есть STLink, J‑Link, но нет Black Magic Probe (а у меня именно он, благодаря универсальности).

Я попробовал — с одинаковым результатом неприменимости к моим требованиям — EmbeddedIDE и PlatformIO.

Куча специализированных плагинов норм, но в инструкциях я не нашёл, как сделать себе удобно. Я хочу, чтоб я мог добавить‑удалить‑переименовать файлы в проекте и чтобы при этом не нужно было каждый раз что‑то настраивать. Например, мне претит изучать ещё один язык программирования, чтобы написать скрипт CMake, класть в каждую папку проекта CMakeLists.txt и редактировать его при каждом изменении. В Eclipse в этом смысле всё удобно.

И тут я познакомился с AI-ассистентом

В сентябре прошлого года Яндекс выпустил в публичную бету Code Assistant. На Хабре об этом тоже есть отдельный рассказ. Если кратко, это AI‑помощник для разработчиков, который совместим с популярными интегрированными средами разработки.

Для работы с ассистентом были плагины под PyCharm Community и VScode. Я спросил: «А под Eclipse?» «Нет, — ответили мне. — Но если нужен, то можешь помочь нам с этим».

Тогда коллеги выразили сомнение, что нейросеть будет хорошо справляться с кодом для микроконтроллеров — учили‑то её на более высокоуровневом коде. Ха, не попробуешь — не узнаешь. Но ладно человеческий С++, а как насчёт верилога? Мне как раз нужно было соорудить сигма‑дельта‑модулятор.

Я поставил VScode, нашёл плагин для подсветки верилога и начал писать. Просто как в текстовом редакторе. SourceCraft Code Assistant стал предлагать приятную мелочь:

Как он догадался, что я именно так хотел назвать этот регистр?

Потом блоки покрупнее:

Потом он предложил целый блок для синхронизации: почитав предложенное, я понял, что оно лучше, чем собирался написать я.

Дальше я попробовал уже С++, тоже используя VScode просто как редактор, переключаясь в Eclipse для компиляции и прошивки.

И более крупные блоки:

Конечно, нужно внимательно смотреть, что он предлагает, потому что эта штука всё же не читает мысли и нередко промахивается в своих предположениях. Но процесс написания кода ускорился многократно. Исчезла необходимость вручную писать простыни следующего толка:

Там ещё 15 подобных строк, и SourceCraft Code Assistant мне их последовательно предлагает. Остаётся принимать предложенное и править делитель — ИИ просто не знает, какой у меня на какой цепи стоит.

Попробовав на следующий день кодить в Eclipse по‑старому, я понял, что всё — по‑старому мне неудобно. Это что, нужно руками писать этот вот очевидный кусок?

Ещё я попробовал другой ИИ‑плагин под Eclipse. Их есть с десяток во главе с Copilot от GitHub, но почти все обложены санкциями, а меня бесит идея включать VPN, чтоб покодить. Тот плагин, который заработал, мне понравился гораздо меньше, чем AI‑ассистент Яндекса, — хуже угадывает.

В общем, я пришёл к необходимости всё же сделать VScode рабочим инструментом.

Компоненты и инструментарий

Общий обзор

Для начала нам понадобятся компиляторы и смежные инструменты типа OpenOCD, то есть tools, или Toolchain. В корне диска С создаётся папка, инструменты скачиваются из открытых источников или комплектов софта производителей и складываются в эту папку.

Я пробовал использовать x‑packs, но мне не понравилось: для этого нужно поставить менеджер пакетов xpm, а для этого нужно поставить менеджер пакетов npm от Node.js, а для этого нужно поставить ещё что‑то. Важно внимательно следить, чтобы инструменты ставились в нужную папку, в пути которой нет пробелов и русских букв. Ещё я не люблю напихивать кучу путей в системный PATH, особенно длинных.

Кроме того, производители пишут свои утилиты, а также не стесняются делать уникальные форки инструментов — и всё это отсутствует в x‑packs. Эти инструменты нужно положить в удобное место — причём так, чтобы они не подрались с ранее установленными. Например, компилятор от WCH, OpenOCD от GigaDevice и прошивальщик от GOWIN.

Теперь про проекты. В корне папки проекта есть папка для VSCode и несколько файлов, которые копируются из проекта в проект без изменений или с минимальными изменениями:

папка.vscode, в которой лежат четыре файла настроек VScode:
- tasks.json — набор тасков для билдинга, очистки и заливки прошивки;
- settings.json — настройки разных плагинов;
- launch.json — настройки для запуска отладки;
- c_cpp_properties.json — настройки плагина C/C++, в частности, особенности анализа кода;
самописный makefile;
файлы version.h и version.cpp, в которых есть строковые константы с временем компиляции и названием конфигурации;
файл.svd (если удалось найти).

Примеры всех этих файлов есть на Gitverse. Уточнение: это по большей части мои Pet Projects и проекты для Бауманки, к Яндексу они прямого отношения не имеют.

Переходим к железным программаторам‑отладчикам. Я проверил работу с STLink + stlink_server (нативный, поддерживает только STM32), STLink + OpenOCD (работает и с GD32), DAP‑Link + OpenOCD, Black Magic Probe. Всё работает, то есть позволяет прошивать и построчно отлаживаться. Есть ощущение, что Black Magic Probe работает немного быстрее. И это логично — здесь нет дополнительной прокладки в виде сервера OpenOCD. Всё при этом работает быстрее и надёжнее, чем в Eclipse.

И немного про процессы разработки:

компиляция и очистка — вызов make через таски VSCode;
прошивка — через таски: вызов make или нужной прошивальной утилиты;
отладка — Launch с нужными опциями.

А теперь подробности.

Папка с компиляторами и прочим

Папку я назвал YaStudio (Yet Another Studio). И вот что в ней есть:

arm‑none‑eabi‑gcc — набор компиляторов для ARM;
build‑tools — там лежит make.exe и присные;
Gowin Programmer — прошиватор для ПЛИС GOWIN;
OpenOCD — сервер для прошивки и отладки;
Quetima — наш терминал, написанный для удобства, потому что другие не так хороши, типа того же Terminal_bray.exe (который лежит ниже просто на всякий случай);
riscv‑none‑elf‑gcc — набор компиляторов для RiscV;
versions.txt — файл с версиями компиляторов в папке.

Плагины VSCode

Необходимое:

C/C++ Extension Pack;
Cortex‑Debug;
RTOS Views (ставится вместе с Cortex‑Debug, нужно для удобной отладки RTOS).

Полезное:

IntelliBoba — SourceCraft Code Assistant от Яндекса, ради него всё и затевалось;
ARM assembly editor — если нужно редактировать ассемблерные файлы;
GNU Linker Map files — подсветка для.map‑файлов, если нужно их анализировать;
ELFInsight — анализатор.elf‑файлов с удобной таблицей ресурсов и графом вызовов;
LinkerScript — если хочется удобно редактировать скрипты линкера;
MemoryView — для удобного вида содержимого памяти при отладке;
Peripheral View — анализирует.svd‑файл, в котором содержится информация про все регистры и все биты, и во время отладки показывает их значения (увы, не для всех МК получается добыть такой файл).

Приятные мелочи:

Overtype — по кнопке Insert переключает режим ввода: вставка или замена. Я часто пользуюсь режимом замены, а в VScode его исходно нет. Но вот есть плагин.
Task Buttons — позволяет поместить на строку статуса кнопки и запускать таски по нажатию на них:

TODO Highlight v2 — подсвечивает определённые слова в коде, например, TODO, FIXME, DEBUG. Как в Eclipse, но только более мощно, гибко и настраиваемо.

Ещё приятная настройка — при сохранении файла удалять пробелы в конце строк (как в Eclipse): Ctrl + Shift + P → (ввести user) → Preferences: Open User Settings → (искать files trim) → поставить галку Files: Trim Trailing Whitespace.

Отдельно скажу про плагины для Python и Verilog. Они мне нужны, поскольку требуется кодить на питоне и верилоге.

Verilog‑HDL / SystemVerilog / Bluespec SystemVerilog;
Python (он поставит и остальные в комплекте);
Python debugger;
Pylance.

makefile

Утилита make использует скриптовый файл makefile, в котором написано, что и с какими настройками запускать. И она же запускает исполняемые файлы компилятора, передавая им настройки и исходники. Скрипт makefile — это по сути ещё один язык программирования.

Откуда берётся файл makefile?

В случае Eclipse его генерирует плагин. Плагин анализирует проект и создаёт файлы makefile для каждой папки. Опции makefile задаются галочками в окнах плагина:

Галочек много, поэтому с гибкостью Eclipse я почти не имел проблем. Тут речь про обычный плагин, а не уникальные плагины от производителя — там бывает урезанный набор опций.

Точно так же работают и плагины PlatformIO и EmbeddedIDE: в их настройках можно указать опции, в соответствии с которыми будут генерироваться файлы makefile. Опций удручающе мало (очевидно, чтобы не пугать ардуинщиков и начинающих), и гибкости мне катастрофически не хватило.

Я перебрал несколько вариантов генерации makefile и понял, что make — достаточно мощная система, чтобы решить мои задачи просто на языке makefile, без всяких дополнительных инструментов. Например, в одной из инструкций описано использование CMake с плагином CMake Tools. Но мне тогда нужно было бы изучить его скриптовый язык, чтоб CMake сгенерировал скрипт для генератора Ninja или nmake, чтобы этот генератор сгенерировал нужные скрипты makefile. Логичный вопрос: зачем изучать скриптовый язык CMake, если можно изучить скриптовый язык makefile и сразу написать на нём?

Конечно, есть задачи, для которых CMake является мощным и необходимым инструментом. Например, если у вас здоровенный проект на сотни‑тысячи файлов, которые нужно скомпилировать под три платформы (Windows, Linux, iOS), при этом автоматически подключив нужные библиотеки (для каждой платформы свои). Но это не мой случай: у меня куча проектов, в каждом меньше сотни файлов, единственная платформа и нет внешних библиотек.

Так что я написал свой универсальный makefile (один), который умеет всё нужное. Я просто копирую его из проекта в проект, редактируя только список папок и настройки ядра. Makefile лежит в корневой папке, а make анализирует все подпапки и компилирует все найденные исходники, так что список исходников не нужен.

Угадайте, кто помогал мне писать makefile. Точнее, что: он всё‑таки неодушевлённый.

makefile для ARM

Основы работы make я описывать не буду, поскольку этой информации много и её легко найти здесь же, на Хабре.

Начнём писать на скриптовом языке makefile.

######################### Project Settings #########################
PRJ_NAME = Prj
# What to include, in form dir1 dir2 dir3...
INCLUDE_DIRS = ./ Audio FileSys lib usb yartos
# What to define in form MYDEF1 MYDEF2=18 MYDEF3... 
DEFINS =

Тут всё просто: переменная PRJ_NAME задаёт, как будут называться итоговые файлы .elf, .hex, .bin. Я в конце концов перестал менять это название от проекта к проекту: Prj и Prj, ничем не плохо. Заодно нет нужды при смене имени заменять настройки отладки VScode (об этом дальше).

INCLUDE_DIRS — список папок через пробел, в которых искать файлы, которые нужно инклюдить. (Как это сказать по‑русски? «Подключаемые файлы»? Смысл сильно страдает, так что давайте не будем русифицировать термины в ущерб понятности.)

DEFINS — список defines, если понадобится. В этом проекте он не нужен, поэтому после знака = ничего нет.

Дальше утилите нужно понять, что делать. Обычно для компиляции и сборки вызывают make all. Но у меня несколько конфигураций:

Release, в которой включены все оптимизации и убрана вся отладочная информация.
Debug, где вся оптимизация отключена, а отладочной информации по максимуму.
FromBoot — это как Release, только со смещением адресации. Это нужно для запуска кода бутлоадером. Бутлоадер лежит в начале флешки и занимает, скажем, 32 килобайта. А основной код кладётся дальше, и поэтому его адресация начинается со смещением.

Обычно под каждую конфигурацию делают свой makefile. Но это неудобно: они же похожи как две капли воды и отличаются только парой опций. Внёс изменения в один — изволь не забыть поправить и другие. Можно, конечно, сделать один основной makefile и инклюдить его из других, уникальных для каждой конфигурации. Но зачем всё это? Давайте просто сделаем один универсальный и будем запускать компиляцию в виде make build_Release или make build_Debug.

######################### Figure out what to do #########################
# Target must be in the following form: build_Release, clean_Debug, flash_Fromboot
# The first word is the action (build, clean, flash); 
# the second is the name of the configuration and the name of the OUT_DIR.
INPUT_WORDS = $(subst _, ,$(MAKECMDGOALS)) # Replace '_' with ' '
ACTION = $(word 1,$(INPUT_WORDS))
GOAL_NAME = $(word 2,$(INPUT_WORDS))
OUT_DIR = $(GOAL_NAME)
# Run Action (build_Release -> build; clean_Debug -> clean; flash_Fromboot -> flash)
$(MAKECMDGOALS): $(ACTION)

Опять же всё просто. При вызове таска утилите make передаётся указание build_Release, или clean_Debug, или flash_Fromboot. Указание лежит во встроенной переменной $(MAKECMDGOALS). Заменяем подчёркивание на пробел и получаем пару слов: первое — что делать, второе — название конфигурации. Для упрощения выходная папка OUT_DIR будет называться так же, как конфигурация.

Теперь нужно, чтобы по команде build_Release было запущено собственно то, что делать. В последней строке это и достигается: она превратится в build_Release: build.

######################### Common Cfg Settings #########################
MCU = cortex-m4
FLOAT_FLAGS = -mfloat-abi=hard -mfpu=fpv4-sp-d16 -fsingle-precision-constant -Wdouble-promotion -Wfloat-conversion -Wfloat-equal
WARNING_FLAGS = -Wall -Wlogical-op -Werror
DISABLED_WARNINGS = -Wno-address-of-packed-member -Wno-unknown-pragmas -Wno-volatile
COMMON_FLAGS = -mcpu=$(MCU) -mthumb -fmessage-length=0 -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections -ffreestanding $(FLOAT_FLAGS) $(WARNING_FLAGS)
CPP_FLAGS = -std=gnu++20 -fabi-version=0 -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti -fno-use-cxa-atexit -fno-threadsafe-statics $(DISABLED_WARNINGS) $(OUTPUT_ASM)
C_FLAGS = -std=gnu17 $(OUTPUT_ASM)
# Add this to build commands. Nothing to change here.
OBJ_FLAGS = -MMD -MP -MF"$(@:%.o=%.d)" -MT"$@" -c -o "$@" "$<"
ELF_NAME = $(OUT_DIR)/$(PRJ_NAME).elf
LINKER_FLAGS = -Xlinker --gc-sections --specs=nano.specs --specs=nosys.specs -nostartfiles -Wl,-Map,"$(OUT_DIR)/$(PRJ_NAME).map" -o "$(ELF_NAME)”

В этой части нужно настроить опции компилятора для ядра MCU. Можно было бы всё свалить в одну кучу, то есть длинную строку, но для лучшей читаемости группы флагов помещены в отдельные переменные. Я пройдусь по некоторым опциям.

Тут у нас Cortex‑M4. У него есть сопроцессор для работы с числами с плавающей точкой, поэтому добавлена переменная FLOAT_FLAGS с соответствующими опциями.

WARNING_FLAGS содержит всё про warnings: включить их все, провести логические операции и ещё трактовать warnings как ошибки.

DISABLED_WARNINGS описывает, по каким поводам не беспокоить.

-Wno-address-of-packed-member. Иногда мне нужен адрес элемента упакованной структуры, этот адрес будет не aligned (то есть не кратен 4) — и это нормально. Например, в структуре Color_t {uint8_t R, G, B, W} мне часто нужно обращаться к отдельным компонентам через указатель.

-Wno-unknown-pragmas. В VScode можно сделать сворачивание (folding) части кода при помощи такой конструкции:

#pragma region // ==== Begin of the area ====
...
#pragma endregion // End of the area

Эти две прагмы компилятору неизвестны — и норм, пусть просто игнорирует.

-Wno-volatile. Отключает предупреждение о применении конструкций типа |= и &= к volatile‑объектам. Под спойлером подробное объяснение, как так вышло.

Сага про -Wno-volatile

В стандартах C++20 и C++23 привычные нам конструкции |=, &= и подобные, применяемые к volatile‑объектам, помечены как deprecated. При их обнаружении будет появляться предупреждение: compound assignment with 'volatile'‑qualified left operand is deprecated.

Почему? Я нашёл тому следующее обоснование.

Код A |= B создаёт впечатление атомарности, но это не так, потому что в реальности это три операции:

Прочитать содержимое A в регистр проца R.
Выполнить операцию R | B.
Записать содержимое R в A.

При этом на этапе (2) содержимое A может измениться. Например, это регистр флагов, и там появился новый флаг — но это уже не будет учтено, и этот новый флаг будет затёрт. И результат будет отличаться от ожидаемого.

Именно поэтому регистры флагов во всяких UART, I2C и прочих блоках сделаны хитро — флаг обнуляется при чтении или вообще read‑only. Такой подход позволяет обеспечить атомарность операций с флагами. Но это положение дел платформоспецифично, то есть обеспечивается особенностями железа, а не языка программирования C++, и это непорядок. Поэтому комитет решил ввести такое ограничение с целью принудить программистов использовать std::atomic.

Можно вместо A |= B написать A = A | B, тогда предупреждения не будет: тут видна неатомарность. Но в нашей Embedded сфере бытия конструкции |= и &= широко распространены для установки и чтения бит в регистрах, они точно работают как надо и не хочется их переписывать. Поэтому я отключаю указанное предупреждение опцией ‑Wno‑volatile.

COMMON_FLAGS — это опции и для компилятора С++, и для С, и для линкера.

CPP_FLAGS — опции, которые нужно передать компилятору C++. У нас указан стандарт языка — gnu++20. И сказано не использовать exceptions и RTTI: в рамках embedded‑системы это реализуется настолько трудно и дорого по ресурсам, что эта функциональность на практике не используется. Ещё там есть опция генерировать ассемблер, но про это чуть позже.

C_FLAGS — то, что нужно передать компилятору C. Тут указан только стандарт языка.

OBJ_FLAGS — тут указано, что делать с исходниками и что нужно создавать файлы зависимостей такие же, как объектные.

ELF_NAME — имя.elf‑файла. Оно много где используется, так что я его вынес в переменную для ясности.

LINKER_FLAGS — тут указано не использовать стандартные стартовые файлы, а стандартную библиотеку использовать в минималистичной реализации nano (потому что у нас опять же embedded‑система). А также указано, куда класть выходной.elf‑файл и что нужно сгенерировать.map‑файл (его полезно почитать, если возникает вопрос «кто съел СТОЛЬКО памяти»).

Дальше в файле три конфигурации. Они очень похожи, так что рассмотрим одну и её отличия от других.

######################### Individual Cfg Settings #########################
####### Release Cfg Settings #######
ifeq "$(GOAL_NAME)" "Release"
COMMON_FLAGS += -Os
LINKER_FLAGS += 
LD_SCRIPT = GD32F405RG.ld
# Comment / uncomment the following lines to produce .hex and/or .bin output
HEX_NAME = $(OUT_DIR)/$(PRJ_NAME).hex
# BIN_NAME = $(OUT_DIR)/$(PRJ_NAME).bin
OUTPUT_ASM = -Wa,-adhlns="[email protected]"

В конфигурации Release к пачке COMMON_FLAGS добавляется флаг оптимизации по размеру -Os. И никакой отладочной информации.

А в конфигурации Debug указано, что нужно отключить оптимизацию и обеспечить максимальное количество отладочной информации.

COMMON_FLAGS += -O0 -g3

Cтроки HEX_NAME и BIN_NAME указывают, какой формат должен иметь результирующий файл прошивки. Можно раскомментировать обе строки — тогда получим и .hex, и .bin.

Последняя строка с переменной OUTPUT_ASM указывает, нужно ли генерировать ассемблерный листинг (при этом нужно не забыть отключить, если была включена, опцию оптимизации линкера –flto). Иногда бывает нужно почитать ассемблер, чтобы выяснить, правильно ли компилятор нас понял или на сколько инструкций раскладывается какая-нибудь конструкция. Например, использует ли компилятор специальные эффективные DSP-инструкции при сооружении цифрового фильтра.

Конфигурация Fromboot такая же, как Release, и отличается только файлом скрипта линкера:

LD_SCRIPT = GD32F405RG_FromBoot.ld

…и именем выходных файлов: к ним добавлен префикс fw, по нему бутлоадер ищет файл прошивки.

HEX_NAME = $(OUT_DIR)/fw$(PRJ_NAME).hex
BIN_NAME = $(OUT_DIR)/fw$(PRJ_NAME).bin

Затем находятся настройки компиляторов:

######################### Toolchain ######################### 
CPP_CMP = arm-none-eabi-g++
C_CMP = arm-none-eabi-gcc
OBJCPY = arm-none-eabi-objcopy
SZ = arm-none-eabi-size
GDB = arm-none-eabi-gdb  # Required for flashing using BMP
# GDB COM port: required for flashing using BMP
GDB_COM = \\.\COM5

Указаны имена файлов компиляторов С++ и С, утилиты objcpy (она делает .hex или .bin из .elf), утилиты size для демонстрации размера. Для прошивки мне удобно применить отладчик gdb, поскольку я использую Black Magic Probe — он подключён к COM5, что и указано.

Затем расположены функции и опции, не требующие настройки.

######################### Do not touch #########################
.PHONY: .FORCE print_size clean flash # "virtual" symbols to "rebuild" them always

Тут словом PHONY указано, что нужно всегда выполнять пункты print_size, clean, flash и всё, что помечено словом .FORCE.

# Current datetime
TIMESTAMP = $(shell "date" "+%Y%m%d_%H%M")

В эту переменную помещается время компиляции в форме 20250318_1400.

# Build include flag string out of INCLUDE_DIRS list
INCLUDE_STR = $(addprefix -I./,$(INCLUDE_DIRS))

В эту переменную помещается строка, построенная из INCLUDE_DIRS: каждый путь предваряется префиксом –I./, чтобы, например, из Audio получить –I./Audio.

# Build define flag string out of DEFINS list, surrounding with double quotes
ToUppercase = $(shell echo $(1) | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]')
# add BUILD_CFG_GOALNAME=1 define, uppercasing GOAL_NAME
DEFINS += BUILD_CFG_$(call ToUppercase,$(GOAL_NAME))=1

Тут к переменной DEFINS добавляется название компилируемой конфигурации строчными буквами: RELEASE=1, или DEBUG=1, или FROMBOOT=1. Это нужно, чтобы учесть конфигурацию в коде. Например, для ядра Cortex‑M0 при компиляции FROMBOOT требуется скопировать в RAM таблицу векторов прерываний — поскольку у этого ядра адрес таблицы не настраивается.

DEFINE_STR = $(patsubst %,-D"%",$(DEFINS))
COMMON_FLAGS += $(DEFINE_STR)

Тут к переменной COMMON_FLAGS добавляется DEFINE_STR, а она строится из DEFINS окружением каждого дефайна кавычками и добавлением префикса ‑D. Например, RELEASE=1 превратится в ‑D «RELEASE=1».

Затем нужно найти все исходники (*.cpp, .c, .S) во всех папках проекта, в том числе вложенных. У make для этого есть функция wildcard, но она умеет искать файлы только в указанной папке. Как быть? Задача имеет несколько решений — тут применяется функция «рекурсивной wildcard»:

# Recursive wildcard to iterate subdirs of any depth
rwildcard = $(wildcard $1$2) $(foreach d,$(wildcard $1*),$(call rwildcard,$d/,$2))

Теперь ищем этой функцией все исходники и кладём их имена вместе с путём в SRCS:

# Find all .cpp, .c and .S files in all subfolders of ../ 
SRCS = $(call rwildcard,./,*.c) $(call rwildcard,./,*.cpp) $(call rwildcard,./,*.S)

Убираем из всех полных имён префикс ./:

# Remove leading ./ 
SRCS := $(patsubst ./%,%,$(SRCS))

Заменяем расширение всех файлов на.o и помещаем результат в переменную OBJS. Именно скомпилированные из исходников объектные файлы нам нужны для дальнейшей линковки.

# Replace .cpp, .c, .S with .o
OBJS = $(SRCS:.cpp=.o) # Take all srcs replacing .cpp with .o
OBJS := $(OBJS:.c=.o)  # Replace .c with .o
OBJS := $(OBJS:.S=.o)  # Replace .S with .o

Нам потребуется создать дерево папок проекта в папке компилируемой конфигурации — пусть это в дальнейшем будет Release для упрощения беседы. Например, вот такое:

Для этого нам нужны имена папок.

# Find all source-containing folders; remove ending /; remove .
SUBDIRS = $(filter-out .,$(patsubst %/,%,$(sort $(dir $(SRCS)))))

Читаем справа налево:

Получаем имена папок из полных путей файлов в SRCS.
Сортируем их. При этом удаляются повторяющиеся имена, а их там полно — ведь в каждой папке несколько файлов, значит, и имя папки будет повторяться соответствующее количество раз.
Удаляем символ / в конце каждого пути.
Вычёркиваем из списка корневую папку, обозначаемую точкой.

# Search src here. Nothing to change here.
VPATH := ../

Тут мы указываем, что путь к исходникам начинается с ../, то есть из папки выше — из корня проекта. Логично, мы же работаем в папке Release, так что для получения объектного файла lib/uart.o (полный путь Release/lib/uart.o) исходник будет найден по пути ../lib/uart.cpp.

Далее описан вполне обычный алгоритм билдинга.

######################### Build #########################
# Add OUT_DIR prefix to OBJS
OBJS := $(addprefix $(OUT_DIR)/, $(OBJS))

Тут к пути каждого объектного файла добавляем имя выходной папки.

# Include dependents *.d (ignore if not exist) to rebuild what depends on changed .h
-include $(OBJS:.o=.d)

Тут указываем, что нам нужны не только объектные файлы, но и файлы зависимостей. Они нужны, чтобы перекомпилировать исходник, если изменился один из файлов, от которых он зависит, — например, какой-нибудь .h. Минус перед include означает, что в случае отсутствия файлов нужно их просто игнорировать. И в самом деле — в первый раз никаких .d-файлов ещё нет.

# Build: Require dir tree, .elf file, .hex, .bin, .siz
build: $(OUT_DIR)/out_subdirs $(ELF_NAME) $(HEX_NAME) $(BIN_NAME) print_size

Тут всё как обычно. Чтобы указание build стало выполненным, требуется:

наличие всех папок out_subdirs внутри нашей выходной папки;
файла Release/Prj.elf;
файла Release/Prj.hex (если только HEX_NAME не был закомментирован);
файла Release/Prj.bin (если только BIN_NAME не был закомментирован);
а также выполнение print_size (что нужно делать всегда, поскольку выше мы пометили этот пункт словом .PHONY).

# Construct dir tree: out_dir/dir1, out_dir/dir2, ...
$(OUT_DIR)/out_subdirs:
	@mkdir -p $(addprefix $(OUT_DIR)/, $(SUBDIRS))

Тут создаётся дерево папок. При этом к пути каждой приписывается название выходной папки.

# Construct .elf
$(ELF_NAME): $(OBJS)
	@echo 'Linking $@'
	@$(CPP_CMP) $(COMMON_FLAGS) -T $(LD_SCRIPT) $(LINKER_FLAGS) $(OBJS)

Тут линкуется выходной.elf‑файл. Чтобы это сделать, есть пререквизит — наличие объектных файлов, список которых находится в переменной OBJS. Если это уже выполнено или когда это будет выполнено, запустится линкер с флагами (общими и линкера), указанием скрипта линкера и списка объектных файлов.

А чтобы выполнить пререквизит в виде объектников, их нужно скомпилировать!

### Compile objs ###
# Special rule for version.cpp: always rebuild
VERSION_DEFINS = -D"BUILD_TIME=$(TIMESTAMP)" -D"BUILD_CFG=$(call ToUppercase,$(GOAL_NAME))"
$(OUT_DIR)/version.o: version.cpp .FORCE
	@echo 'Building $<'
	@$(CPP_CMP) $(COMMON_FLAGS) $(VERSION_DEFINS) $(INCLUDE_STR) $(CPP_FLAGS) $(OBJ_FLAGS)

Тут особые условия для файла version.cpp, в котором только и есть, что две строковые константы со временем компиляции и названием конфигурации. Но значения констант известны только во время компиляции, а это значит, их нужно передать компилятору в виде дефайнов. Поэтому мы их помещаем в переменную VERSION_DEFINS и в дальнейшем передаём её компилятору.

Словом .FORCE указываем, что этот файл нужно компилировать всегда — даже если уже есть ранее скомпилированный объектник. Это нужно, чтобы в константе всегда содержалось время последней компиляции.

Затем компилируем все файлы.cpp,.c и.S.

# cpp
$(OUT_DIR)/%.o: %.cpp
	@echo 'Building $<'
	@$(CPP_CMP) $(COMMON_FLAGS) $(INCLUDE_STR) $(CPP_FLAGS) $(OBJ_FLAGS) 
# c
$(OUT_DIR)/%.o: %.c
	@echo 'Building $<'
	@$(C_CMP) $(COMMON_FLAGS) $(INCLUDE_STR) $(C_FLAGS) $(OBJ_FLAGS)
# S
$(OUT_DIR)/%.o: %.S
	@echo 'Building $<'
	@$(C_CMP) -x assembler-with-cpp $(COMMON_FLAGS) $(INCLUDE_STR) $(OBJ_FLAGS)

В итоге у нас получится куча объектных файлов. Таким образом, условие для запуска линкера будет выполнено, и он соберёт .elf-файл.

Затем можно соорудить .hex и .bin:

# Output .hex
$(HEX_NAME): $(ELF_NAME)
	@echo 'Constructing $@'
	@$(OBJCPY) -O ihex "$(ELF_NAME)" "$(HEX_NAME)"

# Output .bin
$(BIN_NAME): $(ELF_NAME)
	@echo 'Constructing $@'
	@$(OBJCPY) -O binary "$(ELF_NAME)" "$(BIN_NAME)"

И вывести объёмы занятых FLASH и RAM:

# Print size
print_size: 
	@echo 'Size:'
	@$(SZ) --format=berkeley "$(ELF_NAME)"

На этом билдинг закончен!

Вот что вызывается при указании clean_Release:

######################### Clean #########################
clean:
	@rm -rf $(OUT_DIR)
	@echo 'Done.'

Очень просто — удаляется выходная папка. Release или Debug, например.

А вот как происходит заливка прошивки при указании flash_Release:

######################### Flash it ######################### Using BlackMagicProbe
flash:
	@$(GDB) -q -ex "target extended-remote $(GDB_COM)" -ex "mon swdp_scan" -ex "att 1" -ex "load $(HEX_NAME)" -ex "det" -ex "quit"

Вызывается arm-none-eabi-gdb с указанием:

подключиться к отладчику через COM5;
просканировать SWD;
подключиться к первому найденному процу (он у нас всегда один);
загрузить Release/Prj.hex;
отключиться;
выйти.

Можно было бы устраивать заливку не через make, а прописать вызов exe с флагами напрямую в таске. Как лучше? В целом без разницы. Можно так, можно эдак.

makefile для RiscV

В наших стендах‑джигах используется ПЛИС GOWIN 2A-18C. В ней сооружено микроконтроллерное ядро picoRV — это форк исходно открытого ядра, которое есть на GitHub. Ядро очень маленькое, занимает всего 2к лутов (для сравнения: ARM Cortex‑M3 съедает 18к). В нём мы даже прерывания не используем, поскольку его задачи — принимать команды по UART и управлять Realtime блоками, реализованными в плисовой части.

Рассмотрим только отличия.

######################### Common Cfg Settings #########################
ARCH = rv32imc_zicsr # Specify MCU arch here

В этой переменной описана архитектура используемого ядра. Их бывает много разных.

WARNING_FLAGS = -Wall -Wlogical-op
DISABLED_WARNINGS = -Wno-address-of-packed-member -Wno-unknown-pragmas -Wno-volatile
RISCV_FLAGS = -march=$(ARCH) -mabi=ilp32 -mtune=size -mcmodel=medany -msmall-data-limit=8 -mstrict-align -msave-restore

Тут — специфичные для RiscV опции.

COMMON_FLAGS =  $(RISCV_FLAGS) -fmessage-length=0 -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections -fno-builtin -ffreestanding $(WARNING_FLAGS)

Здесь вместо типа ядра ARM теперь расположены опции RiscV. Остальное не изменилось.

Вот как выглядят настройки конфигурации Release:

####### Release Cfg Settings #######
ifeq "$(GOAL_NAME)" "Release"
COMMON_FLAGS += -Os
LINKER_FLAGS += 
LD_SCRIPT = sections.lds

Я тут хочу особо отметить отсутствие опции -flto — оптимизации на уровне линкера. При её включении объём кода уменьшается примерно на 6%, но после прошивки ядро не стартует. Почему — я пока не разбирался, нужно почитать выходной ассемблер.

А вот настройки Toolchain:

######################### Toolchain ######################### 
CPP_CMP = riscv-none-elf-g++
C_CMP = riscv-none-elf-gcc
OBJCPY = riscv-none-elf-objcopy
SZ = riscv-none-elf-size
GW_FLASHER = C:/YaStudio/GowinProgrammer/bin/programmer_cli.exe

Помимо изменения имён компиляторов, появился ещё файл прошивальщика от GOWIN. И вот как выглядит команда прошивки:

######################### Flash it #########################
flash:
	@$(GW_FLASHER) -d GW2A-18C -r 38 --spiaddr 0x400000 --mcuFile "$(CURDIR)/$(OUT_DIR)/$(PRJ_NAME).bin"

Тут велено запустить programmer_cli.exe с указанием типа ПЛИС, приказом № 38 — прошить внешнюю SPI FLASH с использованием GAO Bridge, с адреса 0×400 000, ну и дальше полный путь к.bin‑файлу.

На этом закончим наконец с makefile и пойдём дальше.

Папка .vscode

Её я тоже таскаю из проекта в проект, чтобы настройки вместе с проектом лежали в репозитории. Посмотрим на некоторые.

settings.json

В начале расположены настройки пути PATH к исполняемым файлам компиляторов и прочему. Я не люблю настраивать глобальный PATH в Windows, к тому же для компиляторов он будет другим в случае RiscV. Что лучше — локальные настройки или глобальные — не хочу спорить, принципиальной разницы нет, мне удобнее так.

Здесь и в следующих разделах — про json‑файлы.

"C_Cpp.default.intelliSenseMode": "gcc-arm",

Это настройки подсветки С++ кода.

Далее настройки для плагина cortex-debug: пути и названия.

"cortex-debug.gdbPath": "C:/YaStudio/arm-none-eabi-gcc/bin/arm-none-eabi-gdb.exe",
"cortex-debug.armToolchainPath": "C:/YaStudio/arm-none-eabi-gcc/bin",
"cortex-debug.armToolchainPrefix": "arm-none-eabi",
"cortex-debug.openocdPath": "C:/YaStudio/OpenOCD/bin/openocd.exe",

А в следующей опции указывается, в каком формате показывать значения переменных при отладке: десятеричном или шестнадцатеричном. Подробнее про это будет в главе «Отладка».

"cortex-debug.variableUseNaturalFormat": true, // False is hex, true is decimal
"terminal.integrated.env.windows": {
        "PATH": "C:/YaStudio/arm-none-eabi-gcc/bin; C:/YaStudio/build-tools; C:/YaStudio/OpenOCD; C:/YaStudio/OpenOCD/bin"
    },

А тут указан PATH терминала VScode: он используется при запуске тасков. В частности, для запуска make и OpenOCD.

Далее расположены настройки плагина подсветки TODO Highlight, они почти без изменений из примера к плагину.

Для RiscV есть очевидные изменения:

"cortex-debug.armToolchainPath": "C:/YaStudio/riscv-none-elf-gcc/bin",
"cortex-debug.armToolchainPrefix": "riscv-none-elf",
"terminal.integrated.env.windows": {
	"PATH": "C:/YaStudio/riscv-none-elf-gcc/bin;C:/YaStudio/build-tools"
},

tasks.json

Тут расположен список тасков. У меня их по три для каждой конфигурации — Build, Clean и Flash.

{
    "version": "2.0.0",
    "tasks": [
        // ==== Release ====
        {
            "label": "Build Release",

Как этот таск будет называться. Любая строка.

            "type": "shell",

Тип таска — запуск из командной строки.

            "command": "make",

Что запускать, собственно. Путь, в смысле PATH, прописан в settings.json.

            "args": [
                "build_Release"
            ],

С какими аргументами вызывать make. В данном случае будет вызвано make build_Release.

            "group": {
                "kind": "build",
                "isDefault": true
            },

Тут указано, что этот таск нужно поместить в группу Build. Это позволяет нажать Ctrl + Shift + B и выбрать таск из выпадающего списка:

Это удобно, когда пишешь код и не хочешь тянуться за мышью.

"presentation": { 
                "clear": true,
                "showReuseMessage": false
            }

Тут сказано очистить терминал перед вызовом (иначе там будут отображаться результаты всех предыдущих вызовов), а также после завершения не показывать бесящее сообщение, что терминал будет переиспользован в будущем.

Следующие таски отличаются только названием и аргументами вызова:

            "label": "Clean Release",
...
            "args": [
                "clean_Release"
            ],
...
            "label": "Flash Release",
...
            "args": [
                "flash_Release"
            ],

Можно залить прошивку и при помощи OpenOCD, без make.

            "label": "Flash Release w OpenOCD",
            "type": "shell",
            "command": "openocd",

Тут всё очевидно, из интересного только аргументы дальше:

"args": [
"-f interface/stlink.cfg", // Configuration file name
  // Command
   "-c \"program ${workspaceRoot}/Release/Locket.hex verify reset exit\""

Тут указано использовать файл конфигурации stlink.cfg, поскольку прошивать будем через STLink. Далее указан путь к .hex‑файлу и команды: прошить, проверить, отрезетить, выйти.

c_cpp_properties.json

Тут расположены настройки плагина C/C++ и, что важно, IntelliSense — то есть подсветки.

{
    "configurations": [
        {
            "name": "Win32",
            "includePath": [
                "${workspaceFolder}/**"
            ],
            "defines": [
                "-D_GNU_SOURCE"
            ],
            "windowsSdkVersion": "10.0.22621.0",
            "cStandard": "gnu17",
            "cppStandard": "gnu++20",
            "compilerPath": "C:/YaStudio/arm-none-eabi-gcc/bin/arm-none-eabi-g++.exe"
        }
    ],
    "version": 4
}

Всё довольно очевидно: где лежат подключаемые файлы, какие версии С и C++, а также путь к компилятору. Версии С / С++ нужно указать такие же, как в makefile — тогда у IntelliSense мнение об ошибках будет совпадать с мнением компилятора.

launch.json

Тут лежат настройки для отладки. Может быть несколько конфигураций этих настроек, например, для разных программаторов. Рассмотрим для примера настройку для DAPlink.

{
    "version": "0.2.0",
    "configurations": [
        {
            "name": "Debug with OpenOCD DAPLink",

Название — любая строка, для отображения в выпадающем списке:

"type": "cortex-debug",

Какой плагин использовать.

"cwd": "${workspaceRoot}",

В какой папке работать — в корневой папке проекта.

"device": "GD32F4xx", // The name of the MCU, which matches the <name> tag at the top of the svd file.

Эта опция нужна для отображения состояния регистров при наличии .svd‑файла. В процессе отладки это выглядит вот как:

"executable": "./Debug/Prj.elf",

Это путь к файлу .elf. Я потому и использую везде Prj вместо индивидуального названия проекта, чтобы не менять название ещё и в launch.json.

"runToEntryPoint" : "main",

При старте прошивки, до начала выполнения функции main, происходит ещё немало всего: записываются нужные числа в указатели стека, настраивается таблица векторов прерываний, инициализируется FPU, обнуляются глобальные переменные, запускаются конструкторы. Но это всё, как правило, неинтересно и неизменно, а интересное начинается с функции main. В этой опции и указано выполнить всё до main и остановиться в её начале.

Есть подход, при котором инициализация всякой периферии выполняется до main, в рамках функции, например, EarlyInit(). Но я такое не одобряю, потому что при инициализации часты всякие неприятности, и тогда придётся вспомнить, что перед main() есть ещё EarlyInit(). Вопрос вкуса, впрочем.

"showDevDebugOutput": "none",

Это про вывод отладочной информации для отладки отладочного плагина, но мы этим постараемся не заниматься.

"svdFile": "${workspaceRoot}/GD32F4xx.svd",

Путь к .svd-файлу. Эти файлы добываются из утилит ST для STM32, а для GD — из блоков расширения для Keil.

"armToolchainPath": "C:/YaStudio/arm-none-eabi-gcc/bin/",

Путь к компиляторам и gdb.

Далее настройки сервера: прокладки между gdb и аппаратным программатором. В данном случае это OpenOCD.

// Server
"servertype": "openocd",
"configFiles": [ 
    "interface/cmsis-dap.cfg", 
    "target/stm32f4x.cfg" 
],

Тут указано, какой программатор используется и какой проц.

"interface": "swd"

По какому интерфейсу подключаемся.

// "preLaunchTask": "Build Debug",

Тут можно указать, какой таск выполнить перед началом отладки. Я закомментировал, потому что мне удобнее перед запуском отладки вручную запустить сборку Debug‑конфигурации. Но можно было бы собирать автоматически.

// "preLaunchCommands": [ "set output-radix 16" ],

А это команда, указывающая, в каком формате показывать значения переменных: двоичном, десятеричном (по умолчанию), шестнадцатеричном. Про это поговорим позже.

Вот, собственно, и всё.

Давайте посмотрим на другие варианты «сервер + программатор». Для нативного STLink достаточно двух строк:

"servertype": "stlink",
"interface": "swd"

Минус, как я уже говорил, в том, что STLink работает только с МК STM32. Если подсунуть GD32F405 под видом STM32F405 — это будет обнаружено и пресечено.

Для связки STLink + OpenOCD:

"servertype": "openocd",
"configFiles": [ 
	"interface/stlink.cfg", 
	"target/gd32f4xx.cfg"
],
"interface": "swd"

Нужно указать файлы конфигурации — для программатора и микроконтроллера. Так можно отлаживать GD32 при помощи STLink. Авторы OpenOCD молодцы!

Для Black Magic Probe:

"servertype": "bmp",
"BMPGDBSerialPort": "COM5",
"interface": "swd",
"preRestartCommands" : [ "load", "enable breakpoint", "monitor reset" ]

Нужно указать COM-порт, к которому подключён отладчик, и команды: прошить прошивку, разрешить breakpoints, отрезетить МК.

Отладка

Отладка с выбранной конфигурацией запускается кнопкой Launch.

У отладки в VScode есть недостаток по сравнению с Eclipse: все переменные показываются в десятеричном виде (кроме указателей — там только шестнадцатеричный, и это норм). Это неудобно — в Eclipse можно посмотреть значение любой переменной в любом виде: и двоичном, и десятеричном, и шестнадцатеричном.

Как же быть? Нам, эмбеддерам, нужно одно в hex, другое в dec, третье в bin.

Есть такие пути.

А. Завести переменную в окошке watch и через запятую указать формат. Минус в том, что для большого количества переменных это утомительно.

Б. В настройках запуска указать «показывать все переменные в нужном формате». Есть два варианта, где это можно сделать:

settings.json: опция "cortex-debug.variableUseNaturalFormat",
launch.json: задать "preLaunchCommands": [ "set output-radix 16" ].

Минус в том, что тогда все переменные будут в этом формате. Но если нам нужно кучу всего смотреть в hex, а некоторые в dec — то последние можно завести в окне watch.

В. Менять отображение всех переменных при помощи специальной кнопки:

Кнопка появляется только при наведении мыши на строку Watch. И тогда всё переменится:

Минус и его решение такие же, как в пункте Б, но теперь у нас есть интерактив.

Г. А ещё есть сочетание клавиш Ctrl + Shift + X! Эффект тот же.

Мелочи, приятности и неприятности

В этом разделе я расскажу про настройки редактирования и перемещения, с которыми мне стало удобно.

Допустим, у меня в коде есть словечко MySuperMegaClass. Я хочу по нему быстро перемещаться, зажав Ctrl и нажимая стрелочки. Я ожидал, что прыжки будут между частями слова:

Но в VScode курсор прыгает на всё слово целиком.

Это можно исправить в настройках. Заходим туда (Ctrl + K или Ctrl + S), вводим в строку поиска cursorWord. По умолчанию есть команды cursorWordLeft (Ctrl + LeftArrow) и cursorWordRight (Ctrl + RightArrow). Чтобы курсор прыгал по частям слова, находим команды cursorWordPartLeft и cursorWordPartRight и назначаем им Ctrl + LeftArrow и Ctrl + RightArrow соответственно. Эти сочетания клавиш, естественно, пропадают из cursorWordLeft и cursorWordRight. После этого курсор прыгает ожидаемо.

Но не всё так просто. Есть SourceCraft Code Assistant (IntelliBoba) — наш ИИ‑ассистент, и его настройки по умолчанию оказались неудобны. Например, он предлагает кусок кода. Я могу нажать Tab и принять его целиком. Но если я хочу не целый кусок, а его часть?

Исходно можно было нажимать Ctrl + RightArrow и принимать слово за словом:

Но после смены этого сочетания с cursorWordRight на cursorWordPartRight оно перестало работать. Пришлось назначить другое сочетание. Нужная команда — Accept Next Word Of Inline Suggestion. Я выбрал сочетание Alt + Shift + RightArrow.

Ещё одно сочетание — Ctrl + Пробел — это запрос предложения кода от ассистента. Но это же сочетание должно вызывать предложение от IntelliSense. Тут побеждает ассистент, и это нехорошо: IntelliSense мне нужен часто, для всяких мелочей вроде полей структуры. Поэтому я назначил Ctrl + Пробел команде Trigger Suggest, а Ctrl + Enter — команде Yandex Code Assistant Suggest.

Файл .svd и регистры с битовыми полями

Помимо применения во время отладки, которое я описал выше, есть ещё одно.

Инструментарий ST содержит файл с описаниями номеров прерываний, регистров и битовых полей. Для иллюстративности давайте поговорим про I2C. Например, stm32l151xb.h содержит нижеследующую структуру (язык C):

typedef struct
{
  __IO uint32_t CR1; 
  __IO uint32_t CR2;
  __IO uint32_t OAR1;
  __IO uint32_t OAR2; 
  __IO uint32_t DR; 
  __IO uint32_t SR1; 
  __IO uint32_t SR2; 
  __IO uint32_t CCR; 
  __IO uint32_t TRISE;
} I2C_TypeDef;

Ниже есть адреса I2C1 и I2C2:

#define I2C1_BASE             (APB1PERIPH_BASE + 0x00005400U)
#define I2C2_BASE             (APB1PERIPH_BASE + 0x00005800U)

И далее — маппинг структур на эти адреса:

#define I2C1                ((I2C_TypeDef *) I2C1_BASE)
#define I2C2                ((I2C_TypeDef *) I2C2_BASE)

Ещё дальше есть макросы битовых полей регистров, например:

#define I2C_CR1_PE_Pos                      (0U)                               
#define I2C_CR1_PE_Msk                      (0x1U << I2C_CR1_PE_Pos) 
#define I2C_CR1_PE                          I2C_CR1_PE_Msk

Этот набор — структуры, их маппинг и битовые поля — позволяет довольно удобно писать «свой HAL на регистрах». Для установки в единицу бита PE в регистре CR1 блока I2C2 мы напишем следующее:

I2C2->CR1 |= I2C_CR1_PE;

Но не таковы GigaDevice. Их инструментарий не содержит структур: I2C0 или I2C1 — это просто число, базовый адрес соответствующего блока I2C. Регистры — тоже числа: это абсолютные адреса регистров. Есть дефайны битов. Для работы с этим можно либо использовать функции HAL, либо писать хотя и похоже, но непривычно:

I2C_CTL0(I2C1) |= I2C_CTL0_I2CEN;

Мне так неудобно. Переучиваться лень. Но писать руками файл периферии — ещё больше лень (я как‑то писал, не понравилось). Что же делать?

Так вот, есть утилита SVDConv.exe, которая принимает на вход.svd‑файл и генерирует.h‑файл со структурами и битовыми полями. Можно указать вид этих битовых полей: просто макросы, как у ST, или enum, или в виде битовых структур. В последнем случае это выглядит так:

union {
    __IOM uint32_t CTL1;
    
    struct {
      __IOM uint32_t I2CCLK     : 6;
            uint32_t            : 2;
      __IOM uint32_t ERRIE      : 1;
      __IOM uint32_t EVIE       : 1;
      __IOM uint32_t BUFIE      : 1;
      __IOM uint32_t DMAON      : 1;
      __IOM uint32_t DMALST     : 1;
            uint32_t            : 19;
    } CTL1_b;
} ;

Тут __IOM — это макрос для volatile.

Тогда для записи числа clk_MHz в поле I2CCLK можно написать в «стиле ST»:

I2C1->CTL1 = (I2C1->CTL1 & ~I2C_CTL1_I2CCLK) | clk_MHz;

Тут велено прочитать текущее значение регистра, очистить младшие 6 бит, выполнить побитовое ИЛИ с числом clk_MHz. Оно тут в младших битах, поэтому смещение не требуется.

А можно проще и нагляднее:

I2C1->CTL1_b.I2CCLK = clk_MHz;

Я не поленился посмотреть ассемблер и сравнить код в обоих случаях. Оказывается, второй вариант ещё и эффективнее: три инструкции против четырёх. Потому что в первом случае, как и написано, сначала делается побитовое И, а потом побитовое ИЛИ; а во втором — используется специальная инструкция установки битового значения со смещением.

SourceCraft Code Assistant — это мощный инструмент, который позволяет избавиться от рутинной работы и сильно ускоряет написание кода. Тот самый лозунг IBM «Машина должна работать, человек — думать» обрёл новое значение. Моя задача — отсеять плохие варианты и принять хорошие, а если машина не справляется со спецификой — написать самому. И наконец не нужно набивать длинные скучные строки, которые необходимы, но суть их очевидна.

Говорят, по мере роста профессионализма программиста он всё меньше печатает и всё больше думает. И ИИ помогает мне расти ещё быстрее. Так что теперь VScode в паре с ИИ‑ассистентом — мой рабочий тандем для написания кода. И мне удобно — удобнее, чем было в Eclipse.

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27 мар. 2025 г.

24.04.25 18:04 Marcus Sandford

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24.04.25 18:07 Mark Shelton

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24.04.25 18:14 davidjustin50

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24.04.25 18:17 Mary Perez

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24.04.25 18:19 Anita Garrison

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24.04.25 18:23 joshuawashington

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25.04.25 15:44 Sharo2025

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25.04.25 15:46 Sharo2025

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26.04.25 19:01 ashlyncarson

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27.04.25 02:41 elizabethrush89

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27.04.25 02:41 elizabethrush89

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29.04.25 12:10 walterkeith2004

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30.04.25 16:39 ratty clara

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30.04.25 22:56 thomaslilley99

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01.05.25 06:40 armand231101

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01.05.25 14:46 kookersylvia81

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01.05.25 20:59 elizabethrush89

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01.05.25 20:59 elizabethrush89

God bless Capital Crypto Recover Services for the marvelous work you did in my life, I have learned the hard way that even the most sensible investors can fall victim to scams. When my USD was stolen, for anyone who has fallen victim to one of the bitcoin binary investment scams that are currently ongoing, I felt betrayal and upset. But then I was reading a post on site when I saw a testimony of Wendy Taylor on SCAM BTC CAPRIAL CRYPTO RECOVER HELP CRYPTOCURRENCY ASSET BACK CONTACT CALL/TEXT +1 (336)390-6684 line who recommended that Capital Crypto Recovery has helped her recover scammed funds within 24 hours. after reaching out to this cyber security firm that was able to help me recover my stolen digital assets and bitcoin. I’m genuinely blown away by their amazing service and professionalism. I never imagined I’d be able to get my money back until I complained to Capital Crypto Recovery Services about my difficulties and gave all of the necessary paperwork. I was astounded that it took them 12 hours to reclaim my stolen money back. Without a doubt, my USDT assets were successfully recovered from the scam platform, Thank you so much Sir,, and cybersecurity concerns. You reach them Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 His Email: [email protected]
03.05.25 05:01 melissaholroyd

"The breakthrough came when they traced the stolen BTC to a lesser-known Pakistani exchange. By collaborating with Interpol and Pakistani authorities, they managed to freeze the exchange account that held the bulk of my stolen coins. Although 0.3 BTC had already been liquidated, 3.2 BTC ($128,000) was successfully recovered and returned to me within 12 days. As for the people behind the scam, the click farm’s operators are now facing fraud and money laundering charges. I’m incredibly grateful for the hard work of Tech Cyber Force Recovery. They didn’t just help me recover my funds, they sent a clear message that scams like this won’t go unpunished. It’s a reminder that while the crypto space can be risky, there are Tech Cyber Force recovery teams out there who will fight to bring justice. WhatsApp +1 561 726 36 97 telegram (@)Techcyberforc
03.05.25 12:24 ratty clara

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08.05.25 03:35 jwright70

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13.05.25 19:18 canemarcus0

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13.05.25 19:24 graceharrison09

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13.05.25 19:26 John Willis

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13.05.25 20:21 wendytaylor015

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13.05.25 20:21 wendytaylor015

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14.05.25 14:45 Clarkanderson

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14.05.25 14:45 Clarkanderson

BITCOIN RECOVERY HELP GO TO ULTIMATE HACKER JERRY
14.05.25 14:45 Clarkanderson

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16.05.25 14:18 patricialovick86

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16.05.25 14:18 patricialovick86

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17.05.25 18:33 marywilliam3544

A few months ago, I became a victim of a crypto scam that cost me more than $42,000. It started with what looked like a legitimate investment opportunity on social media. The platform was well-designed, the “advisors” sounded experienced, and the returns they promised seemed realistic at the time. I did some quick research, saw fake positive reviews, and decided to give it a try.At first, everything seemed to go smoothly. I deposited small amounts and saw returns in my account almost immediately. Encouraged, I added more—until I realized I could no longer withdraw anything. The site shut down, the contact numbers went dead, and the people I had spoken to disappeared. That’s when it hit me—I had been scammed.I was embarrassed, angry, and honestly, heartbroken. I didn’t think there was any way to get the money back. My bank couldn’t help, the police didn’t have any tools for crypto tracing, and I felt completely stuck. Then, a friend referred me to PRO WIZARD GILBERT RECOVERY. I was hesitant at first, but after speaking with one of their recovery specialists, I felt a sense of hope I hadn’t felt in weeks. They were incredibly professional, didn’t make any exaggerated claims, and explained their process clearly.The team began working right away using advanced blockchain forensics to trace the stolen funds. Within a few days, they located the wallets that received my funds and started the legal steps necessary to flag and recover the crypto. I was blown away by how thorough and efficient they were After several weeks of careful investigation and coordination, PRO WIZARD GILBERT RECOVERY successfully recovered nearly 75% of my lost funds. I couldn’t believe it. I went from thinking that money was gone forever to having it returned to me—and all thanks to their dedication and expertise.If you’ve lost money to a crypto scam, I can’t recommend PRO WIZARD GILBERT RECOVERY enough. They’re the real deal. Professional, honest, and relentless in fighting for their clients. Thanks to them, I’ve not only recovered most of what I lost, but I’ve also regained peace of mind. CONTACT INFO=====WhatsApp +1 (920) 408‑1234 TELEGRAM====== http s:// t. me/Pro_Wizard_Gilbert_Recovery EMAIL========== pro wizard gilbert recovery (@) engineer. com
19.05.25 05:42 kylebro

It’s been hard losing a lot of my money to these companies. I found a crypto Recovery Agent,VIA Email:( [email protected] ) who made sure I got back everything. If your case is similar, you can consult them on how to get your money back. Whats app or text : +1 949 245 7617 Telegram : @dawsonwright Website : bestrecoveryagent.com
20.05.25 11:40 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
20.05.25 11:40 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
26.05.25 17:55 Juliuslaurence1

It started as an ordinary Tuesday. I was transferring 5 BTC my life savings at the time to a new cold wallet for better security. My fingers moved swiftly, copying the address, pasting it, and hitting Send without a second thought. Then ,the horrow struck.A split second after the transaction confirmed, I realized I had pasted the wrong address. A typo. One wrong character. My stomach twisted into knots as I watched my Bitcoin disappear into the blockchain abyss, headed to an address I didn’t recognize. Panic set in. 5 BTC. Over $300,000 at the time. Gone. I spent sleepless nights scouring forums, reaching out to blockchain experts, even pleading with miners but the immutable nature of Bitcoin meant no one could reverse it. The address was active, but the owner? Unknown. Then, I stumbled upon Washington Recovery Pro, a firm specializing in cryptocurrency transaction reversals and asset recovery. Skeptical but desperate, I reached out. Their team, led by a seasoned blockchain investigator named Marcus, took my case. They explained that while Bitcoin transactions are irreversible, if the recipient is identifiable, recovery is possible through negotiation or legal pressure. Using on-chain forensics, they traced the mistaken transaction to a crypto exchange wallet meaning the recipient had likely cashed out or moved the funds. Washington Recovery Pro contacted the exchange, providing irrefutable proof of the erroneous transfer. After weeks of pressure, the exchange froze the funds and initiated a recovery process. two weeks after my heart-stopping mistake, I received an email: Your 5 BTC has been recovered and will be returned to your wallet. I couldn’t believe it. Washington Recovery Pro had done the impossible. My Bitcoin was saved, but not by luck by skill, persistence, and legal expertise. If you ever face a similar nightmare, remember: some mistakes can be undone. Email: [email protected]: +1 (903) 249‑8633‬
30.05.25 05:03 kevinpatmore2

Good day everyone, some statements people make may appear unbelievable, yet they reflect their truth due to their personal experiences. I'm a truck driver and I enjoy playing the lottery, but it's been 8 years without winning anything significant. I became upset over this and chose to seek help online from anyone skilled in using spells to win the lottery since my grandma had faith in spells and a story about Lord Meduza spells drew my interest. I obtained his contact information, and we discussed all aspects of how he could assist me. In less than 72 hours, Lord Meduza provided me with the lottery numbers I required after he completed the spell for me. I purchased my ticket online, followed the guidance of Lord Meduza, and now my life is fortunate because I won a $42.5 million Jackpot in the lottery I participated in. I’m thankful to Lord Meduza because he truly keeps his promises and I will donate $1 million to the orphanage homes in my city. Email: [email protected] or WhatsApp +18079072687.
01.06.25 17:55 springthorpecameron5

After losing $153,000 to a fake investment platform on Telegram, I found myself under immense pressure due to both the financial loss and my ongoing cancer treatment. Desperate to recover my stolen cryptocurrency, I researched viable options and discovered Ruder Cyber Tech Sleuths, a registered Bitcoin and USDT Recovery Agency with a strong reputation. Their impressive record of successful recoveries and positive reviews gave me hope. Despite my initial doubts, reaching out to them was a pivotal moment in my recovery journey. The process was complex, but their dedication, advanced technology, and professionalism were evident. I highly recommend their services to anyone who has fallen victim to scams. Ruder Cyber Tech Sleuths are truly exceptional and provide hope in an often dishonest world. [email protected] [email protected] whatsapp: +12132801476 Telegram : @rudercybersleuths
02.06.25 16:01 wendytaylor015

My name is Wendy Taylor, I'm from Los Angeles, i want to announce to you Viewer how Capital Crypto Recover help me to restore my Lost Bitcoin, I invested with a Crypto broker without proper research to know what I was hoarding my hard-earned money into scammers, i lost access to my crypto wallet or had your funds stolen? Don’t worry Capital Crypto Recover is here to help you recover your cryptocurrency with cutting-edge technical expertise, With years of experience in the crypto world, Capital Crypto Recover employs the best latest tools and ethical hacking techniques to help you recover lost assets, unlock hacked accounts, Whether it’s a forgotten password, Capital Crypto Recover has the expertise to help you get your crypto back. a security company service that has a 100% success rate in the recovery of crypto assets, i lost wallet and hacked accounts. I provided them the information they requested and they began their investigation. To my surprise, Capital Crypto Recover was able to trace and recover my crypto assets successfully within 24hours. Thank you for your service in helping me recover my $647,734 worth of crypto funds and I highly recommend their recovery services, they are reliable and a trusted company to any individuals looking to recover lost money. Contact email [email protected] OR Telegram @Capitalcryptorecover Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
02.06.25 16:01 wendytaylor015

My name is Wendy Taylor, I'm from Los Angeles, i want to announce to you Viewer how Capital Crypto Recover help me to restore my Lost Bitcoin, I invested with a Crypto broker without proper research to know what I was hoarding my hard-earned money into scammers, i lost access to my crypto wallet or had your funds stolen? Don’t worry Capital Crypto Recover is here to help you recover your cryptocurrency with cutting-edge technical expertise, With years of experience in the crypto world, Capital Crypto Recover employs the best latest tools and ethical hacking techniques to help you recover lost assets, unlock hacked accounts, Whether it’s a forgotten password, Capital Crypto Recover has the expertise to help you get your crypto back. a security company service that has a 100% success rate in the recovery of crypto assets, i lost wallet and hacked accounts. I provided them the information they requested and they began their investigation. To my surprise, Capital Crypto Recover was able to trace and recover my crypto assets successfully within 24hours. Thank you for your service in helping me recover my $647,734 worth of crypto funds and I highly recommend their recovery services, they are reliable and a trusted company to any individuals looking to recover lost money. Contact email [email protected] OR Telegram @Capitalcryptorecover Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
03.06.25 22:21 [email protected]

When I lost $120,000 to obvious price manipulation on a shady derivatives platform, I felt a mix of disbelief and frustration. I had been drawn to this platform by promises of high returns and innovative trading features that seemed too good to be true. Initially, everything appeared to be going well, and I was excited about the potential profits. However, it didn’t take long for me to notice some alarming signs. As I continued to trade, I began to see unusual price fluctuations that didn’t align with the broader market trends. It was as if the platform was orchestrating these movements to manipulate prices in their favor. Despite my growing suspicions, the allure of quick profits kept me engaged. I convinced myself that I could navigate the volatility and come out ahead. Unfortunately, that was a grave mistake. I suffered a significant loss, which wiped out a substantial portion of my investment. It was a gut-wrenching moment, and I felt utterly defeated. In my desperation, I reached out to Web-site: www://trustgeekshackexpert.com/ --- (Email: [email protected]] a firm that specializes in recovering lost funds from fraudulent platforms. I hoped they could help me reclaim at least a portion of my losses.[TRUST GEEKS HACK EXPERT] was incredibly supportive and trustyworthy. They conducted a thorough investigation into the platform’s operations and quickly uncovered the truth was the exchange was fake and designed to exploit unsuspecting traders like me. [TRUST GEEKS HACK EXPERT] revealed that the operators had created a façade of legitimacy, complete with fake testimonials and misleading marketing strategies, to lure in victims.With the evidence gathered by [TRUST GEEKS HACK EXPERT], they took decisive action. They traced my lost funds to the operators’ cold wallets, which are typically used to store cryptocurrencies securely offline. This was a crucial step, as it allowed [TRUST GEEKS HACK EXPERT] to pinpoint where my stolen funds were held. Through a combination of legal pressure and technical expertise, they managed to negotiate the return of $95,000 to me a significant portion of my initial loss.This has been a stark reminder of the risks associated with trading on unregulated platforms. Thanks to [TRUST GEEKS HACK EXPERT], I learned the hard way that it’s essential to conduct thorough research before engaging with any trading service. I now recognize the signs of potential fraud, such as unrealistic profit promises and a lack of transparency. The successful recovery of my funds by [TRUST GEEKS HACK EXPERT]
06.06.25 18:43 jack67667766

Jasmine Lopez is an expert in retrieving stolen cryptocurrency, including Ethereum and USDT. Her effective methods make her a reliable ally for theft victims. One client, who lost €908,000, sought her assistance, and Jasmine managed to recover the full amount within a day, bringing immense relief to the client. Jasmine is dedicated to helping others in similar situations and is available to offer support. For help with recovering lost funds, you can contact her via email at [email protected] or on WhatsApp at ‪+44 736 644 5035‬.
08.06.25 12:49 jack67667766

Jasmine Lopez es una experta en recuperar criptomonedas robadas, como Ethereum y USDT. Ella usa métodos efectivos que la hacen una buena ayuda para quienes han sido víctimas de robo. Un cliente que perdió 908 mil euros acudió a ella, y en un día, Jasmine logró devolverle toda la cantidad. Esto trajo gran alivio al cliente. Ella tiene como objetivo ayudar a otros en situaciones similares y está lista para ofrecer apoyo. Si necesitas ayuda para recuperar fondos perdidos, puedes contactarla por correo electrónico en [email protected] o por WhatsApp al número ‪+44 736 644 5035‬.
09.06.25 19:49 garnierroux

CRYPTO RECOVERY COMPANY: CONTACT iBOLT CYBER HACKER RECOVERY COMPANY I was a victim of a cryptocurrency scam and thought I had lost everything. After doing some research, I came across iBOLT CYBER HACKER RECOVERY COMPANY and decided to give them a try. To my surprise, they were extremely professional, responsive, and knowledgeable from the start. Their team worked diligently to trace the stolen funds, and within a short time, they were able to recover a significant portion of my lost crypto. I couldn’t believe it — something I thought was gone forever was returned to me. If you've lost money to a crypto scam, I highly recommend contacting iBOLT CYBER HACKER RECOVERY COMPANY. They truly deliver on what they promise. — Satisfied Client . EMAIL: [email protected]/ . WHTSAPP: +39 351 105 3619 . TELEGRAM: t.me/iboltcyberhackservice . WEBSITE: https://iboltcyberhack.org/
21.06.25 04:37 jamesgrant

The emergence of cryptocurrencies has revolutionized the financial landscape, yet it has also given rise to significant challenges, particularly concerning security and the potential for loss of assets. In this context, individuals often seek assistance from entities called SCANNER HACKER CRYPTO RECOVERY, which purport to employ sophisticated techniques to reclaim lost Bitcoin (BTC) from compromised wallets or exchanges. However, while the allure of recovering lost assets can be compelling, it is imperative to approach these services with a critical lens. The cryptocurrency ecosystem is rife with scams and fraudulent schemes, ranging from phishing attacks to outright theft; thus, due diligence is paramount. Scholars and practitioners in the field must advocate for more robust security measures, educate stakeholders on the inherent risks of cryptocurrency ownership, and promote best practices in digital asset management to mitigate the likelihood of loss. Furthermore, effective policymaking to regulate these recovery services, hold malicious actors accountable, and protect consumers is essential to fostering a safer environment in the rapidly evolving world of digital currencies. You can communicate with SCANNER HACKER CRYPTO RECOVERY Via Email: [email protected] Web: https://scannerhacktech.com/ Whatsapp: +1 431 801 7493
23.06.25 15:44 michaeldavenport218

I was recently scammed out of $53,000 by a fraudulent Bitcoin investment scheme, which added significant stress to my already difficult health issues, as I was also facing cancer surgery expenses. Desperate to recover my funds, I spent hours researching and consulting other victims, which led me to discover the excellent reputation of Capital Crypto Recover, I came across a Google post It was only after spending many hours researching and asking other victims for advice that I discovered Capital Crypto Recovery’s stellar reputation. I decided to contact them because of their successful recovery record and encouraging client testimonials. I had no idea that this would be the pivotal moment in my fight against cryptocurrency theft. Thanks to their expert team, I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency back. The process was intricate, but Capital Crypto Recovery's commitment to utilizing the latest technology ensured a successful outcome. I highly recommend their services to anyone who has fallen victim to cryptocurrency fraud. For assistance, contact [email protected] Capital Crypto Recover on Telegram OR Call Number +1 (336)390-6684 via email: [email protected] you can visit his website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
23.06.25 15:44 michaeldavenport218

I was recently scammed out of $53,000 by a fraudulent Bitcoin investment scheme, which added significant stress to my already difficult health issues, as I was also facing cancer surgery expenses. Desperate to recover my funds, I spent hours researching and consulting other victims, which led me to discover the excellent reputation of Capital Crypto Recover, I came across a Google post It was only after spending many hours researching and asking other victims for advice that I discovered Capital Crypto Recovery’s stellar reputation. I decided to contact them because of their successful recovery record and encouraging client testimonials. I had no idea that this would be the pivotal moment in my fight against cryptocurrency theft. Thanks to their expert team, I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency back. The process was intricate, but Capital Crypto Recovery's commitment to utilizing the latest technology ensured a successful outcome. I highly recommend their services to anyone who has fallen victim to cryptocurrency fraud. For assistance, contact [email protected] Capital Crypto Recover on Telegram OR Call Number +1 (336)390-6684 via email: [email protected] you can visit his website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
24.06.25 04:10 Beth Wilson

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24.06.25 04:10 Beth Wilson

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24.06.25 04:10 Beth Wilson

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24.06.25 04:10 Beth Wilson

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24.06.25 04:12 Beth Wilson

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24.06.25 04:14 Beth Wilson

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24.06.25 04:14 Beth Wilson

CONTACT A LEGITIMATE CRYPTOCURRENCY RECOVERY SPECIALISTS // THE HACK ANGELS I'd like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude to A Legitimate Bitcoin Recovery Specialists THE HACK ANGELS. I wholeheartedly recommend THE HACK ANGELS to anyone dealing with lost or stolen cryptocurrency. They have deep understanding of blockchain technology, combined with advanced cyber forensic tools, makes them a powerful ally in asset recovery. THE HACK ANGELS is a trusted and reliable solution for individuals seeking to recover lost or inaccessible cryptocurrency assets, if you are experiencing similar troubles and you need help in recovering your money. I strongly advise you to contact them via details below. WhatsApp +1(520)200-2320 Email at [email protected] Website at www.thehackangels.com I am here to give glory to THE HACK ANGELS for assisting me in recovering my lost cryptocurrency.
24.06.25 04:18 Beth Wilson

CONTACT A LEGITIMATE CRYPTOCURRENCY RECOVERY SPECIALISTS // THE HACK ANGELS I'd like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude to A Legitimate Bitcoin Recovery Specialists THE HACK ANGELS. I wholeheartedly recommend THE HACK ANGELS to anyone dealing with lost or stolen cryptocurrency. They have deep understanding of blockchain technology, combined with advanced cyber forensic tools, makes them a powerful ally in asset recovery. THE HACK ANGELS is a trusted and reliable solution for individuals seeking to recover lost or inaccessible cryptocurrency assets, if you are experiencing similar troubles and you need help in recovering your money. I strongly advise you to contact them via details below. WhatsApp +1(520)200-2320 Email at [email protected] Website at www.thehackangels.com I am here to give glory to THE HACK ANGELS for assisting me in recovering my lost cryptocurrency.
24.06.25 04:23 Beth Wilson

CONTACT A LEGITIMATE CRYPTOCURRENCY RECOVERY SPECIALISTS // THE HACK ANGELS I'd like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude to A Legitimate Bitcoin Recovery Specialists THE HACK ANGELS. I wholeheartedly recommend THE HACK ANGELS to anyone dealing with lost or stolen cryptocurrency. They have deep understanding of blockchain technology, combined with advanced cyber forensic tools, makes them a powerful ally in asset recovery. THE HACK ANGELS is a trusted and reliable solution for individuals seeking to recover lost or inaccessible cryptocurrency assets, if you are experiencing similar troubles and you need help in recovering your money. I strongly advise you to contact them via details below. WhatsApp +1(520)200-2320 Email at [email protected] Website at www.thehackangels.com I am here to give glory to THE HACK ANGELS for assisting me in recovering my lost cryptocurrency.
25.06.25 22:56 rennebrandon

I am forever grateful to the amazing team at Dune Nectar Web Expert. They did what I thought was never possible. They played a crucial role in helping me recover all my lost funds from a fraudulent forex and crypto trading scheme, including the pråofits I thought I'd earned. Looking back, I realize I was a bit of a fool for trusting greedy and deceitful brokers with my hard-earned money. However, I'm overjoyed that I found Dune Nectar Web Expert. They are a team of honest and highly skilled professionals available for hire. Dune Nectar Web Expert helps individuals and organizations recover stolen cryptocurrencies and digital assets. They helped me heal every penny I lost and provided me with the right signals and a reliable platform to trade with. Thanks to Dune Nectar Web Expert, I'm earning more than ever, and I couldn't be happier. That's why I can't stop sharing my positive experience and praising their amazing services and expertise. If you're still struggling with failures in binary options, crypto, or forex trading, or if you're looking to recover your lost USDC, Bitcoin, Ethereum, or other crypto funds, I strongly advise you to reach out to: Telegram>>> ( T.me/dunenectarwebexpert ) Mail>>>> Support (@) Dunenectarwebexpert (.) Com Web>>> https://dunenectarwebexpert.com/
26.06.25 20:33 paulmargaret

Dear Wizard Hilton Cyber Tech Team, I am writing to express my heartfelt gratitude and appreciation for your exceptional service in recovering my scammed funds. After falling victim to a scam and experiencing numerous disappointments, I was amazed by your team's professionalism, expertise, and dedication to helping me retrieve my lost money. Your prompt response and efficient handling of my case were truly impressive. Within 24 hours, you successfully recovered my funds, and I was overjoyed to see the money safely returned to my account. Your team's commitment to helping individuals like me, who have been scammed, is truly commendable. Your work not only restored my financial security but also gave me peace of mind and renewed trust in the digital world. I would like to highly recommend your services to anyone who has been a victim of scams or cybercrime. Your expertise and support can make a significant difference in recovering lost funds and navigating complex digital situations. Thank you again for your outstanding work and dedication. I am grateful for your help and wish you continued success in your endeavors Email : wizardhiltoncybertech ( @ ) gmail (. ) com OR support ( @ ) wizardhiltoncybertech (.) com WhatsApp number +18737715701 . Sincerely, Kimberly Williams
27.06.25 00:46 paulmargaret

Dear Wizard Hilton Cyber Tech Team, I am writing to express my heartfelt gratitude and appreciation for your exceptional service in recovering my scammed funds. After falling victim to a scam and experiencing numerous disappointments, I was amazed by your team's professionalism, expertise, and dedication to helping me retrieve my lost money. Your prompt response and efficient handling of my case were truly impressive. Within 24 hours, you successfully recovered my funds, and I was overjoyed to see the money safely returned to my account. Your team's commitment to helping individuals like me, who have been scammed, is truly commendable. Your work not only restored my financial security but also gave me peace of mind and renewed trust in the digital world. I would like to highly recommend your services to anyone who has been a victim of scams or cybercrime. Your expertise and support can make a significant difference in recovering lost funds and navigating complex digital situations. Thank you again for your outstanding work and dedication. I am grateful for your help and wish you continued success in your endeavors Email : wizardhiltoncybertech ( @ ) gmail (. ) com OR support ( @ ) wizardhiltoncybertech (.) com WhatsApp number +18737715701 . Sincerely, Kimberly Williams
27.06.25 22:31 rennebrandon

I am forever grateful to the amazing team at Dune Nectar Web Expert. They did what I thought was never possible. They played a crucial role in helping me recover all my lost funds from a fraudulent forex and crypto trading scheme, including the pråofits I thought I'd earned. Looking back, I realize I was a bit of a fool for trusting greedy and deceitful brokers with my hard-earned money. However, I'm overjoyed that I found Dune Nectar Web Expert. They are a team of honest and highly skilled professionals available for hire. Dune Nectar Web Expert helps individuals and organizations recover stolen cryptocurrencies and digital assets. They helped me heal every penny I lost and provided me with the right signals and a reliable platform to trade with. Thanks to Dune Nectar Web Expert, I'm earning more than ever, and I couldn't be happier. That's why I can't stop sharing my positive experience and praising their amazing services and expertise. If you're still struggling with failures in binary options, crypto, or forex trading, or if you're looking to recover your lost USDC, Bitcoin, Ethereum, or other crypto funds, I strongly advise you to reach out to: Telegram>>> ( T.me/dunenectarwebexpert ) Mail>>>> Support (@) Dunenectarwebexpert (.) Com Web>>> https://dunenectarwebexpert.com/
28.06.25 00:46 patricialovick86

How To Recover Your Bitcoin Without Falling Victim To Scams: A Testimony Experience With Capital Crypto Recover Services, Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Dear Everyone, I would like to take a moment to share my positive experience with Capital Crypto Recover Services. Initially, I was unsure if it would be possible to recover my stolen bitcoins. However, with their expertise and professionalism, I was able to fully recover my funds. Unfortunately, many individuals fall victim to scams in the cryptocurrency space, especially those involving fraudulent investment platforms. However, I advise caution, as not all recovery services are legitimate. I personally lost $273,000 worth of Bitcoin from my Binance account due to a deceptive platform. If you have suffered a similar loss, you may be considering crypto recovery, The Capital Crypto Recover is the most knowledgeable and effective Capital Crypto Recovery Services assisted me in recovering my stolen funds within 24 hours, after getting access to my wallet. Their service was not only prompt but also highly professional and effective, and many recovery services may not be trustworthy. Therefore, I highly recommend Capital Crypto Recover to you. i do always research and see reviews about their service, For assistance finding your misplaced cryptocurrency, get in touch with them, They do their jobs quickly and excellently, Stay safe and vigilant in the crypto world. You can reach them via email at [email protected] OR Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
28.06.25 00:46 patricialovick86

How To Recover Your Bitcoin Without Falling Victim To Scams: A Testimony Experience With Capital Crypto Recover Services, Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Dear Everyone, I would like to take a moment to share my positive experience with Capital Crypto Recover Services. Initially, I was unsure if it would be possible to recover my stolen bitcoins. However, with their expertise and professionalism, I was able to fully recover my funds. Unfortunately, many individuals fall victim to scams in the cryptocurrency space, especially those involving fraudulent investment platforms. However, I advise caution, as not all recovery services are legitimate. I personally lost $273,000 worth of Bitcoin from my Binance account due to a deceptive platform. If you have suffered a similar loss, you may be considering crypto recovery, The Capital Crypto Recover is the most knowledgeable and effective Capital Crypto Recovery Services assisted me in recovering my stolen funds within 24 hours, after getting access to my wallet. Their service was not only prompt but also highly professional and effective, and many recovery services may not be trustworthy. Therefore, I highly recommend Capital Crypto Recover to you. i do always research and see reviews about their service, For assistance finding your misplaced cryptocurrency, get in touch with them, They do their jobs quickly and excellently, Stay safe and vigilant in the crypto world. You can reach them via email at [email protected] OR Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
29.06.25 07:39 paulmargaret

Dear Wizard Hilton Cyber Tech Team, I am writing to express my heartfelt gratitude and appreciation for your exceptional service in recovering my scammed funds. After falling victim to a scam and experiencing numerous disappointments, I was amazed by your team's professionalism, expertise, and dedication to helping me retrieve my lost money. Your prompt response and efficient handling of my case were truly impressive. Within 24 hours, you successfully recovered my funds, and I was overjoyed to see the money safely returned to my account. Your team's commitment to helping individuals like me, who have been scammed, is truly commendable. Your work not only restored my financial security but also gave me peace of mind and renewed trust in the digital world. I would like to highly recommend your services to anyone who has been a victim of scams or cybercrime. Your expertise and support can make a significant difference in recovering lost funds and navigating complex digital situations. Thank you again for your outstanding work and dedication. I am grateful for your help and wish you continued success in your endeavors Email : wizardhiltoncybertech ( @ ) gmail (. ) com OR support ( @ ) wizardhiltoncybertech (.) com WhatsApp number +18737715701 . Sincerely, Kimberly Williams
29.06.25 11:52 wendytaylor015

My name is Wendy Taylor, I'm from Los Angeles, i want to announce to you Viewer how Capital Crypto Recover help me to restore my Lost Bitcoin, I invested with a Crypto broker without proper research to know what I was hoarding my hard-earned money into scammers, i lost access to my crypto wallet or had your funds stolen? Don’t worry Capital Crypto Recover is here to help you recover your cryptocurrency with cutting-edge technical expertise, With years of experience in the crypto world, Capital Crypto Recover employs the best latest tools and ethical hacking techniques to help you recover lost assets, unlock hacked accounts, Whether it’s a forgotten password, Capital Crypto Recover has the expertise to help you get your crypto back. a security company service that has a 100% success rate in the recovery of crypto assets, i lost wallet and hacked accounts. I provided them the information they requested and they began their investigation. To my surprise, Capital Crypto Recover was able to trace and recover my crypto assets successfully within 24hours. Thank you for your service in helping me recover my $647,734 worth of crypto funds and I highly recommend their recovery services, they are reliable and a trusted company to any individuals looking to recover lost money. Contact email [email protected] OR Telegram @Capitalcryptorecover Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
30.06.25 15:06 wendytaylor015

My name is Wendy Taylor, I'm from Los Angeles, i want to announce to you Viewer how Capital Crypto Recover help me to restore my Lost Bitcoin, I invested with a Crypto broker without proper research to know what I was hoarding my hard-earned money into scammers, i lost access to my crypto wallet or had your funds stolen? Don’t worry Capital Crypto Recover is here to help you recover your cryptocurrency with cutting-edge technical expertise, With years of experience in the crypto world, Capital Crypto Recover employs the best latest tools and ethical hacking techniques to help you recover lost assets, unlock hacked accounts, Whether it’s a forgotten password, Capital Crypto Recover has the expertise to help you get your crypto back. a security company service that has a 100% success rate in the recovery of crypto assets, i lost wallet and hacked accounts. I provided them the information they requested and they began their investigation. To my surprise, Capital Crypto Recover was able to trace and recover my crypto assets successfully within 24hours. Thank you for your service in helping me recover my $647,734 worth of crypto funds and I highly recommend their recovery services, they are reliable and a trusted company to any individuals looking to recover lost money. Contact email [email protected] OR Telegram @Capitalcryptorecover Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
10.07.25 19:43 kevin

People have lost so much in binary options and Crypto currency, many Traders have failed to withdraw their funds and profits made from binary and crypto currency options, failed to use the right strategies when needed, failed to engage with the right broker, not giving their trade a break, also having too many trading accounts which is one of the cause of their lost of funds, deposits of too low or too high amount of funds and most especially, not being able to present the full history of their trade when trying to withdraw their funds and their profits. If you are out there and having problems such as these or you are a beginner, or for a good reason need to raise your standard of living or you have been scammed or you have problems withdrawing your funds and profits made from your recent trades contact him via ZATTCHRECOVERY @ GMAIL COM he will guide you on steps how to get your money back.
12.07.25 23:43 [email protected]

Mighty Hackar Recovery saved me The internet, once a safe space for communication, has become a dangerous place for sc@mmers. A R&B fan, unaware of the warning signs, invested $600,000 in an Instagram sc@m claiming to be from Teddy Swims. The sc@mmer was defrauded, and the victim's money went missing. They sought help from Mighty Hackar Recovery, a group specializing in recovering cryptocurrency fraud. The group conducted a thorough investigation, revealing the fraudster's dishonesty. The experience taught the importance of caution and the need to trust others. The story serves as a warning to double-check identities, carefully consider offers, and seek professional advice before making financial commitments. If you have fallen victim to a bitc0in sc@m, Mighty Hackar Recovery can help. You can reach out to them on WhatsApp +14042456415 Mighty Hacker Recovery hire Bitc0in expert near you. Blockchain projects Cryptocurrency exchanges ICOs (Initial Coin Offerings) Crypto wallet providers Decentralized applications (DApps) Cryptocurrency mining companies Blockchain-based platforms Crypto payment solutions NFT (Non-Fungible Token) projects
19.07.25 13:09 marcushenderson624

Bitcoin Recovery Testimonial After falling victim to a cryptocurrency scam group, I lost $354,000 worth of USDT. I thought all hope was lost from the experience of losing my hard-earned money to scammers. I was devastated and believed there was no way to recover my funds. Fortunately, I started searching for help to recover my stolen funds and I came across a lot of testimonials online about Capital Crypto Recovery, an agent who helps in recovery of lost bitcoin funds, I contacted Capital Crypto Recover Service, and with their expertise, they successfully traced and recovered my stolen assets. Their team was professional, kept me updated throughout the process, and demonstrated a deep understanding of blockchain transactions and recovery protocols. They are trusted and very reliable with a 100% successful rate record Recovery bitcoin, I’m grateful for their help and highly recommend their services to anyone seeking assistance with lost crypto. Contact: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Email: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
19.07.25 13:10 marcushenderson624

Bitcoin Recovery Testimonial After falling victim to a cryptocurrency scam group, I lost $354,000 worth of USDT. I thought all hope was lost from the experience of losing my hard-earned money to scammers. I was devastated and believed there was no way to recover my funds. Fortunately, I started searching for help to recover my stolen funds and I came across a lot of testimonials online about Capital Crypto Recovery, an agent who helps in recovery of lost bitcoin funds, I contacted Capital Crypto Recover Service, and with their expertise, they successfully traced and recovered my stolen assets. Their team was professional, kept me updated throughout the process, and demonstrated a deep understanding of blockchain transactions and recovery protocols. They are trusted and very reliable with a 100% successful rate record Recovery bitcoin, I’m grateful for their help and highly recommend their services to anyone seeking assistance with lost crypto. Contact: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Email:: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
19.07.25 13:47 jack67667766

Jasmine Lopez is an expert in retrieving stolen cryptocurrency, including Ethereum and USDT. Her effective methods make her a reliable ally for theft victims. One client, who lost €908,000, sought her assistance, and Jasmine managed to recover the full amount within a day, bringing immense relief to the client. Jasmine is dedicated to helping others in similar situations and is available to offer support. For help with recovering lost funds, you can contact her via email at Recoveryfundprovider@GmaiL. com or on WhatsApp at ‪+44 736 644 {5035}‬.
21.07.25 08:47 jack67667766

Jasmine Lopez is an expert in retrieving stolen cryptocurrency, including Ethereum and USDT. Her effective methods make her a reliable ally for theft victims. One client, who lost €908,000, sought her assistance, and Jasmine managed to recover the full amount within a day, bringing immense relief to the client. Jasmine is dedicated to helping others in similar situations and is available to offer support. For help with recovering lost funds, you can contact her via email at Recoveryfundprovider@GmaiL. com or on WhatsApp at ‪+44 736 644 {5035}‬.
22.07.25 19:01 jack67667766

Jasmine Lopez is an expert in retrieving stolen cryptocurrency, including Ethereum and USDT. Her effective methods make her a reliable ally for theft victims. One client, who lost €908,000, sought her assistance, and Jasmine managed to recover the full amount within a day, bringing immense relief to the client. Jasmine is dedicated to helping others in similar situations and is available to offer support. For help with recovering lost funds, you can contact her via email at Recoveryfundprovider@GmaiL. com or on WhatsApp at ‪+44 736 644 {5035}‬.
22.07.25 20:04 jack67667766

Jasmine Lopez is an expert in retrieving stolen cryptocurrency, including Ethereum and USDT. Her effective methods make her a reliable ally for theft victims. One client, who lost €908,000, sought her assistance, and Jasmine managed to recover the full amount within a day, bringing immense relief to the client. Jasmine is dedicated to helping others in similar situations and is available to offer support. For help with recovering lost funds, you can contact her via email at Recoveryfundprovider@GmaiL. com or on WhatsApp at ‪+44 736 644 {5035}‬.
23.07.25 22:57 Frodejoel

Yes, recovery is possible — I say this from personal experience. A few months ago, I was scammed out of a large amount of crypto by what seemed like a legitimate investment opportunity. I tried reaching out to the platform, filed reports, and even contacted my wallet provider — no success. Then I came across a team called Scanner Hacker Crypto Recovery. I was skeptical at first, but they walked me through the process. They helped track the transaction trail and guided me through the necessary legal and technical steps. In the end, I was able to recover my stolen crypto — something I thought was gone forever. If you’ve been a victim: • Don’t panic • Don’t send more money to new “recovery scammers.” • Do your research and look for ethical, proven recovery teams I’m happy to share more about my experience if it helps — just write to Scanner Hacker Crypto Recovery directly with their email address: [email protected] Website: https://scannerhacktech.com/
24.07.25 13:51 tomcooper0147

Agent Jasmine Lopez has been a lifesaver! My Instagram account, crucial for my job, was locked, and I was at a loss on how to recover it. Thankfully, I reached out to Jas, and she expertly helped me regain access. The relief was immense! If you're facing a similar issue or need account assistance, I highly recommend contacting her. You can reach out to her on insta at { Recoveryfundprovider} (RECOVERYFUNDPROVIDER@GMAIL. COM.) WhatsApp her at +44 {736-644-5035} She's knowledgeable and efficient – she'll get the job done!
24.07.25 15:18 [email protected]

The mining pool I joined initially appeared to be a golden opportunity, promising consistent daily payouts, glowing testimonials, and a professional-looking platform that inspired confidence. I conducted what I believed was thorough research before investing a significant amount into what seemed to be a legitimate operation. For several months, everything ran smoothly, and I watched my earnings grow steadily until the day the platform suddenly vanished without a trace. With it went my investment, along with the funds of countless other victims. I was devastated, realizing I had fallen for an elaborate scam that had ensnared many others like me.Desperate for a solution, I began searching for ways to recover my lost cryptocurrency and stumbled upon TRUST GEEKS HACK EXPERT, a firm specializing in tracking down fraudulent schemes. Although I was initially skeptical about their services, I felt I had no other options left, so I decided to reach out Via web https://trustgeekshackexpert.com/ And Email.Trustgeekshackexpert{At}fastservice{.}com. To my surprise, their team responded immediately, explaining their process with clarity and confidence. They had dealt with similar cases before and knew exactly where to look for the missing funds. Using advanced blockchain analysis techniques, they traced the stolen funds through multiple wallets, uncovering the scammer’s real identity, a fake persona cleverly hiding behind layers of obfuscation. With concrete evidence in hand, they collaborated with law enforcement to freeze the fraudster’s assets. To my amazement, within just a few weeks, TRUST GEEKS HACK EXPERT successfully recovered 90% of my lost funds, returning them to me and other victims of the scam. The relief I felt was indescribable. What had initially seemed like a hopeless situation transformed into a second chance, all thanks to their expertise and relentless persistence. If you’ve been scammed by a fake mining pool, Ponzi scheme, or any form of cryptocurrency fraud, don’t give up hope. TRUST GEEKS HACK EXPERT demonstrated that even in the chaotic landscape of decentralized finance, justice is indeed possible.
25.07.25 17:54 trinity1121

It is a pleasure to write this review. I have been with MARIE since the beginning of 2018, and the service has been great. I had my coins stolen by hackers and I was so worried about how to get them back. It was a nightmare for me, because I didn't know where to start. But then my friend told me about ([email protected] and telegram:@Marie_consultancy) and it made everything easier for me. I am glad that my bitcoin was recovered and now I can continue trading
25.07.25 22:49 tomcooper0147

Agent Jasmine Lopez helped me recover nearly £502,000 in USDC from a crypto scam. When I lost the funds, I felt hopeless, but her expertise in blockchain and dedication made all the difference. She skillfully traced complex transactions and tracked down the scammers, which would have been impossible for me to do on my own. Thanks to her tireless efforts, I was able to recover a significant portion of my lost crypto. If you've fallen victim to a similar scam, I highly recommend reaching out to her. You can contact her via email at [Recoveryfundprovider@gmail. COM.] or WhatsApp at {44 736-644-5035}. Her attention to detail and commitment to her work are truly impressive. Don't hesitate to reach out – her expertise could be the key to recovering your lost funds.
25.07.25 23:04 benjudge

Honestly, if you’ve ever fallen victim to a crypto scam, I know how overwhelming and hopeless it can feel. I went through it myself and tried everything I could to recover what I lost—nothing worked until I found someone who genuinely knew what they were doing. Sylvester Bryant was the one actually helped me recover my USDC. What stood out was how transparent and professional he was the entire time. No empty promises—just real results and support when I needed it most. If you’re in the same boat and looking for someone reliable, I truly recommend giving him a shout. You can reach him at: 📧 yt7cracker [at] gmail [dot] com 📱 WhatsApp: +1 (512) 577-7957 Don’t lose hope—it is possible to bounce back.
25.07.25 23:04 benjudge

Honestly, if you’ve ever fallen victim to a crypto scam, I know how overwhelming and hopeless it can feel. I went through it myself and tried everything I could to recover what I lost—nothing worked until I found someone who genuinely knew what they were doing. Sylvester Bryant was the one actually helped me recover my USDC. What stood out was how transparent and professional he was the entire time. No empty promises—just real results and support when I needed it most. If you’re in the same boat and looking for someone reliable, I truly recommend giving him a shout. You can reach him at: 📧 yt7cracker [at] gmail [dot] com 📱 WhatsApp: +1 (512) 577-7957 Don’t lose hope—it is possible to bounce back.
26.07.25 14:00 marcushenderson624

Bitcoin Recovery Testimonial After falling victim to a cryptocurrency scam group, I lost $354,000 worth of USDT. I thought all hope was lost from the experience of losing my hard-earned money to scammers. I was devastated and believed there was no way to recover my funds. Fortunately, I started searching for help to recover my stolen funds and I came across a lot of testimonials online about Capital Crypto Recovery, an agent who helps in recovery of lost bitcoin funds, I contacted Capital Crypto Recover Service, and with their expertise, they successfully traced and recovered my stolen assets. Their team was professional, kept me updated throughout the process, and demonstrated a deep understanding of blockchain transactions and recovery protocols. They are trusted and very reliable with a 100% successful rate record Recovery bitcoin, I’m grateful for their help and highly recommend their services to anyone seeking assistance with lost crypto. Contact: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Email: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
26.07.25 14:00 marcushenderson624

Bitcoin Recovery Testimonial After falling victim to a cryptocurrency scam group, I lost $354,000 worth of USDT. I thought all hope was lost from the experience of losing my hard-earned money to scammers. I was devastated and believed there was no way to recover my funds. Fortunately, I started searching for help to recover my stolen funds and I came across a lot of testimonials online about Capital Crypto Recovery, an agent who helps in recovery of lost bitcoin funds, I contacted Capital Crypto Recover Service, and with their expertise, they successfully traced and recovered my stolen assets. Their team was professional, kept me updated throughout the process, and demonstrated a deep understanding of blockchain transactions and recovery protocols. They are trusted and very reliable with a 100% successful rate record Recovery bitcoin, I’m grateful for their help and highly recommend their services to anyone seeking assistance with lost crypto. Contact: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Email: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
26.07.25 15:58 benjudge

Hey everyone, just wanted to share my experience in case it helps someone else here. If you've ever lost funds in a crypto scam, you know how devastating it can be. I went through it myself and tried several recovery services—most were dead ends. The only one who actually helped was Sylvester Bryant. He assisted me in recovering my USDC, XRP and what really impressed me was his professionalism and honesty throughout the process. If you’re in a similar situation, I’d suggest getting in touch with him. 📧 yt7cracker [@] gmail . com 📱 WhatsApp: +1 (512) 577-7957 Just sharing in case it helps someone avoid the runaround I went through
26.07.25 15:58 benjudge

Hey everyone, just wanted to share my experience in case it helps someone else here. If you've ever lost funds in a crypto scam, you know how devastating it can be. I went through it myself and tried several recovery services—most were dead ends. The only one who actually helped was Sylvester Bryant. He assisted me in recovering my USDC, XRP and what really impressed me was his professionalism and honesty throughout the process. If you’re in a similar situation, I’d suggest getting in touch with him. 📧 yt7cracker [@] gmail . com 📱 WhatsApp: +1 (512) 577-7957 Just sharing in case it helps someone avoid the runaround I went through
26.07.25 16:12 trinity1121

Recovering lost funds requires teamwork between recovery experts and legal helpers. Recovery specialists can find and get back stolen assets,. Educate yourself by reaching out to ([email protected] and telegram:@Marie_consultancy) . This helps prevent future scams and can assist in reclaiming lost Bitcoin. Being cautious and searching for help increases your chances of getting your money back.
26.07.25 17:02 benjudge

Hey everyone, just wanted to share my experience in case it helps someone else here. If you've ever lost funds in a crypto scam, you know how devastating it can be. I went through it myself and tried several recovery services—most were dead ends. The only one who actually helped was Sylvester Bryant. He assisted me in recovering my USDC, XRP and what really impressed me was his professionalism and honesty throughout the process. If you’re in a similar situation, I’d suggest getting in touch with him. 📧 yt7cracker [@] gmail . com 📱 WhatsApp: +1 (512) 577-7957 Just sharing in case it helps someone avoid the runaround I went through
26.07.25 17:52 benjudge

Honestly, if you’ve ever fallen victim to a crypto scam, I know how overwhelming and hopeless it can feel. I went through it myself and tried everything I could to recover what I lost—nothing worked until I found someone who genuinely knew what they were doing. sylvester bryant was the one actually helped me recover my USDC. What stood out was how transparent and professional he was the entire time. No empty promises—just real results and support when I needed it most. If you’re in the same boat and looking for someone reliable, I truly recommend giving him a shout. You can reach him at: 📧 yt7cracker@ gmail . com 📱 WhatsApp: +1 (512) 577-7957 Don’t lose hope—it is possible to bounce back.
26.07.25 19:49 vallatjosette

My Wild Ride: How a Wizard Hilton Cyber Tech Helped Me Recover Lost Bitcoin of 103,000 It all started when I had the misfortune of misplacing the digital wallet containing my substantial cryptocurrency holdings - a staggering 103,000 bitcoins. I had amassed this sizable fortune over the years through strategic investments and careful trading, but in a moment of carelessness, the private keys to my digital wallet had vanished. Panic set in as I grappled with the gravity of my situation - those bitcoins, worth millions at the time, were effectively lost to the ether, inaccessible and seemingly unrecoverable. Just when I had resigned myself to the devastating financial blow, a chance encounter with a self-proclaimed "digital wizard" Wizard Hilton Cyber Tech presented a glimmer of hope. This enigmatic individual, who operated in the shadowy corners of the crypto underworld, claimed to possess the arcane knowledge and skills necessary to retrieve my lost digital wealth. Intrigued and desperate, I put my skepticism aside and entrusted this mysterious wizard with the task. What followed was a wild, suspenseful journey into the depths of blockchain technology and cryptography, as the wizard navigated complex algorithms, exploited vulnerabilities, and pieced together the puzzle of my missing private keys. After days of intense effort, Wizard Hilton Cyber Tech emerged triumphant, having successfully recovered the entirety of my 103,000 bitcoin stash. The sheer relief and elation I felt in that moment was indescribable, as I regained access to my small digital fortune and was able to secure my financial future. This harrowing experience taught me the invaluable lesson of never taking the security of my cryptocurrency holdings for granted, and the importance of always maintaining the utmost diligence when it comes to protecting one's digital wealth. Email: wizardhiltoncybertech ( @ ) gmail (. ) com OR support ( @ ) wizardhiltoncybertech (.) com WhatsApp number +18737715701 Thanks.
26.07.25 21:06 daniellahugson

HOW TO HIRE A HACKER TO RECOVER STOLEN BITCOIN. CONSULT A CERTIFIED CRYPTO RECOVERY EXPERT, FASTFUND RECOVERY.
26.07.25 21:06 daniellahugson

HOW TO HIRE A HACKER TO RECOVER STOLEN BITCOIN. CONSULT A CERTIFIED CRYPTO RECOVERY EXPERT, FASTFUND RECOVERY.
26.07.25 21:07 daniellahugson

HOW TO HIRE A HACKER TO RECOVER STOLEN BITCOIN. CONSULT A CERTIFIED CRYPTO RECOVERY EXPERT, FASTFUND RECOVERY. I had always thought it would be impossible to recover stolen cryptocurrency funds until I came across the Fastfund Recovery team. This cryptocurrency recovery team successfully recovered my stolen Bitcoin and Ethereum funds. I was one of the many victims of a crypto scam, and I lost my entire family savings trying to double it. It was a very difficult time for me and my family. I was depressed and gave up hope of ever getting my money back. A few weeks ago, I came across a post while searching for clues on Google on how to recover my cryptocurrency. I saw a recommendation about Fastfund Recovery and how they were able to recover cryptocurrency funds for many scam victims effectively. I didn’t hesitate to contact them and provide all the necessary information. Fastfund Recovery was able to recover my funds within two days. I’m truly grateful for their service, and I promised them I would recommend them to others like me. You can easily reach them via E-Mail: Fastfundrecovery8 (@)gmail com W/A: 1 (807)500-7554. Fastfund Recovery is no doubt the best when it comes to recovering cryptocurrency funds.
27.07.25 06:31 tyler1121

Working with recovery experts like Marie helps get your money back. Experts find your lost money. This teamwork improves your chances of success. Contact ([email protected] and telegram:@Marie_consultancy). They can protect you from future scams. They can also help you get your lost bitcoin back.
27.07.25 09:17 benjudge

Hey everyone, just wanted to share my experience in case it helps someone else here. If you've ever lost funds in a crypto scam, you know how devastating it can be. I went through it myself and tried several recovery services—most were dead ends. The only one who actually helped was Sylvester Bryant. He assisted me in recovering my USDC, XRP and what really impressed me was his professionalism and honesty throughout the process. If you’re in a similar situation, I’d suggest getting in touch with him. 📧 yt7cracker [@] gmail . com 📱 WhatsApp: +1 (512) 577-7957 Just sharing in case it helps someone avoid the runaround I went through
27.07.25 23:33 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
27.07.25 23:33 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
00:05 ticket11

I recommend Marie when it comes to recovering lost/stolen usdt/bitcoin or any kind of cryptocurrencies' from fake investment platforms because they're well specialized in that area and you'll get your money back in full. I can boldly say this right now based on my prior deal i had with them; she was the only one who was able to recover my lost money $52,760 dollars back to my account, Only • ([email protected] and telegram:@Marie_consultancy) she was successful in recovering my money. They are the only one who can fully restore your lost funds to your account without any deductions, I really value their work and am recommending her to you today. THANK ME LATER
00:06 melraassina88

HIRE A LEGITIMATE RECOVERY CONSULTANT FOR CRYPTO AND ASSETS RECOVERY - META TECH RECOVERY PRO I am Mel Raassina, an Australian citizen. I am recounting my ordeal in the hopes of preventing others from becoming victims of crypto investment fraud. A few months ago, I was ensnared by a deceptive crypto investment scheme connected to a brokerage firm. I had made a substantial investment when Bitcoin prices were appreciating, believing it to be a sound venture. Regrettably, I was defrauded of AUD 420,000, and the broker subsequently blocked my access to my digital wallet and assets. This experience was profoundly distressing, leading to numerous sleepless nights. Crypto scams are becoming increasingly prevalent, often involving fraudulent trading platforms, phishing attacks, and deceptive investment prospects. In my desperation, a contact within the cryptocurrency community suggested MetaTech RecoveryPro, a firm recognized for assisting victims in recovering lost or stolen funds. Following some investigation and the review of numerous positive testimonials, I contacted MetaTech RecoveryPro. I furnished all pertinent details—wallet addresses, transaction records, and communication records. Their proficient team promptly responded and initiated an investigation. Employing sophisticated blockchain tracking methods, they successfully traced the stolen Dogecoin, identified the scammer’s wallet, and collaborated with pertinent authorities to freeze the funds before they could be transferred. Remarkably, within a day, MetaTech RecoveryPro successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was immensely relieved and deeply appreciative. Their professionalism, transparency, and consistent communication throughout the process provided solace during a difficult period. If you have been victimized by a crypto scam, I wholeheartedly endorse their services. Contact them via: Telegram:@metatechrecoveryproteam. [email protected] WHATSAPP ‪+1 (469) 692‑8049‬ Thank you.
00:06 melraassina88

HIRE A LEGITIMATE RECOVERY CONSULTANT FOR CRYPTO AND ASSETS RECOVERY - META TECH RECOVERY PRO I am Mel Raassina, an Australian citizen. I am recounting my ordeal in the hopes of preventing others from becoming victims of crypto investment fraud. A few months ago, I was ensnared by a deceptive crypto investment scheme connected to a brokerage firm. I had made a substantial investment when Bitcoin prices were appreciating, believing it to be a sound venture. Regrettably, I was defrauded of AUD 420,000, and the broker subsequently blocked my access to my digital wallet and assets. This experience was profoundly distressing, leading to numerous sleepless nights. Crypto scams are becoming increasingly prevalent, often involving fraudulent trading platforms, phishing attacks, and deceptive investment prospects. In my desperation, a contact within the cryptocurrency community suggested MetaTech RecoveryPro, a firm recognized for assisting victims in recovering lost or stolen funds. Following some investigation and the review of numerous positive testimonials, I contacted MetaTech RecoveryPro. I furnished all pertinent details—wallet addresses, transaction records, and communication records. Their proficient team promptly responded and initiated an investigation. Employing sophisticated blockchain tracking methods, they successfully traced the stolen Dogecoin, identified the scammer’s wallet, and collaborated with pertinent authorities to freeze the funds before they could be transferred. Remarkably, within a day, MetaTech RecoveryPro successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was immensely relieved and deeply appreciative. Their professionalism, transparency, and consistent communication throughout the process provided solace during a difficult period. If you have been victimized by a crypto scam, I wholeheartedly endorse their services. Contact them via: Telegram:@metatechrecoveryproteam. [email protected] WHATSAPP ‪+1 (469) 692‑8049‬ Thank you.
00:06 melraassina88

HIRE A LEGITIMATE RECOVERY CONSULTANT FOR CRYPTO AND ASSETS RECOVERY - META TECH RECOVERY PRO I am Mel Raassina, an Australian citizen. I am recounting my ordeal in the hopes of preventing others from becoming victims of crypto investment fraud. A few months ago, I was ensnared by a deceptive crypto investment scheme connected to a brokerage firm. I had made a substantial investment when Bitcoin prices were appreciating, believing it to be a sound venture. Regrettably, I was defrauded of AUD 420,000, and the broker subsequently blocked my access to my digital wallet and assets. This experience was profoundly distressing, leading to numerous sleepless nights. Crypto scams are becoming increasingly prevalent, often involving fraudulent trading platforms, phishing attacks, and deceptive investment prospects. In my desperation, a contact within the cryptocurrency community suggested MetaTech RecoveryPro, a firm recognized for assisting victims in recovering lost or stolen funds. Following some investigation and the review of numerous positive testimonials, I contacted MetaTech RecoveryPro. I furnished all pertinent details—wallet addresses, transaction records, and communication records. Their proficient team promptly responded and initiated an investigation. Employing sophisticated blockchain tracking methods, they successfully traced the stolen Dogecoin, identified the scammer’s wallet, and collaborated with pertinent authorities to freeze the funds before they could be transferred. Remarkably, within a day, MetaTech RecoveryPro successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was immensely relieved and deeply appreciative. Their professionalism, transparency, and consistent communication throughout the process provided solace during a difficult period. If you have been victimized by a crypto scam, I wholeheartedly endorse their services. Contact them via: Telegram:@metatechrecoveryproteam. [email protected] WHATSAPP ‪+1 (469) 692‑8049‬ Thank you.
00:06 melraassina88

We specialize in crypto fraud investigation and asset recovery solutions. We are a team of expert cryptographers, cybersecurity specialists, and financial analysts dedicated to helping individuals and institutions recover from crypto fraud and asset theft. Our mission is to provide cutting-edge solutions and unparalleled support to those affected by the growing threat of cryptocurrency scams and cybercrime. Expertise Result Driven Fast & Reliable 24-hour support https://metatech-recoverypro.com [email protected]