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Программист & LLM: как написать эмулятор ретро-компьютера за четыре вечера. Часть 1, вводная
Тон данной публикации задал товарищ @kiltum в своих статьях, начатых с этой. В самом начале был задан вопрос
может ли ИИ заменить программиста?
А действительно? Сколько вокруг этой темы хайпа, нет ни дня чтобы здесь на ресурсе не появилось 100500 статей на тему нейросетей, LLM, ML и прочего. Пишут много и всякое. Возникло желание проверить лично, насколько решения, предлагаемые ИИ могут быть воплощены в жизнь.
Системы ИИ прочно вошли в нашу жизнь, и да, я тоже ими регулярно пользуюсь. Но мысли программировать с их помощью особо не возникало. Но что если попробовать, поставив при этом задачу из предметной области в которой ты не особо разбираешься? Похожий вопрос ставит и @kiltum, но я хочу попросить автора не ругаться на мою невольную попытку "пообезьянничать". Своей публикацией я лишь хочу подкрепить уже высказанные тезисы, на примере личного опыта. К тому же, старое железо - это всегда интересно, не правда ли? Если так, то добро пожаловать под кат.
1. Исходные данные
Чего хотим? Реализовать архитектуру на базе Z80 - довольно банальная история. Такие системы были популярны в нашей стране (ZX Spectrum, MSX). Сам в школе начинал с Yamaha MSX. К тому же Z80 - довольно таки сложный процессор. Чтобы не тратить время, лучше реализовать что-то попроще, например... MOS 6502. Очень простой процессор - набор команд всего 56 инструкций, вместе со всеми режимами адресации дающий 151 вариант выполнения. Длина инструкций - от одно до трех байт. Данный чип послужил основой для таких систем как Apple I/II, Famicom/NES и... Commodor 64. Вот на последнем я и остановился, в виду не особой распространенности этой системы на постсоветском пространстве.
Существуют ли эмуляторы Commodor 64? Конечно, например VICE. Опенсорцный, кроссплатформенный. Ссылки на репозиторий не даю - я сам не смотрел, из спортивного интереса, желая решить все задачи путем запросов к LLM, чтения документации и собственных раздумий.
Итак, Commodor 64 - домашний компьютер на базе процессора MOS 6510 (модификация MOS 6502, разницу обсудим ниже), с 64 кб оперативной памяти и 20 кб ПЗУ. Как и все 8-битные компьютеры того времени, имел на борту интерпретатор BASIC в качестве OS и и основного средства разработки. Умел, как и ZX Spectrum, читать программы с кассет, для чего в комплекте шел оригинальный магнитофон. Умел запускать программы с ROM-картриджей. Судя по фото ниже, имел он и дисковод на 5,25'', да и всякой периферии к нему выходило не мало, благо машина разошлась по миру тиражом аж в 15 млн. штук.
Пациент в естественной среде обитания
Кроме процессора 6510, на борту трудились видеоконтроллер MOS Technology VIC-II и звуковой чип MOS Technology SID, что делало машинку, в купе большим для того времени объемом ОЗУ, достаточно хорошей развлекательной мультимедийной системой. Машина увидела свет в 1982 году, так что он еще и мой ровесник. На этом довольно истории, на ресурсе есть масса статей и о Commodor 64 (далее C64), и о компании его производившей, и о Джеке Трэмеле. За историей отсылаю к википедии и прочим источникам.
Что до LLM, то выбор пал на бесплатные системы, типа Deepseek или Qwen, остановившись на последней, опять таки в целях ее испытания.
Что же касается реализации, то тут выбор для очевидный - C++, как наиболее часто используемый мною язык. И желательно без особенных зависимостей. Без зависимостей, конечно не обойтись, и вопрос их выбора менялся в зависимости от контекста продвижения по задаче. Итак, начнем...
2. Эмуляция ядра MOS 6502: консультируемся с LLM
Первый промпт был предельно прост
эмулятор mos6502 на c++
на что, после немногословного пояснения был выдан следующий код
mos6502.cpp#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <cstdint>
class MOS6502 {
public:
// Регистры
uint8_t A, X, Y, SP, P;
uint16_t PC;
// Память (64 КБ)
std::vector<uint8_t> memory = std::vector<uint8_t>(0x10000, 0);
// Флаги
enum {
C = 0x01, Z = 0x02, I = 0x04, D = 0x08,
B = 0x10, R = 0x20, V = 0x40, N = 0x80
};
MOS6502() {
reset();
}
void reset() {
PC = read16(0xFFFC); // Адрес сброса
SP = 0xFD;
P = I;
A = X = Y = 0;
}
uint8_t read(uint16_t addr) {
return memory[addr];
}
void write(uint16_t addr, uint8_t value) {
memory[addr] = value;
}
uint16_t read16(uint16_t addr) {
return read(addr) | (read(addr + 1) << 8);
}
void setFlag(uint8_t flag, bool value) {
if (value) P |= flag; else P &= ~flag;
}
bool getFlag(uint8_t flag) {
return (P & flag) != 0;
}
uint8_t fetch() {
return read(PC++);
}
void executeInstruction() {
uint8_t opcode = fetch();
switch (opcode) {
case 0xA9: { // LDA Immediate
uint8_t value = fetch();
A = value;
setFlag(Z, A == 0);
setFlag(N, A & 0x80);
break;
}
case 0xAD: { // LDA Absolute
uint16_t addr = read16(PC);
PC += 2;
A = read(addr);
setFlag(Z, A == 0);
setFlag(N, A & 0x80);
break;
}
case 0x69: { // ADC Immediate
uint8_t value = fetch();
uint16_t result = A + value + (getFlag(C) ? 1 : 0);
setFlag(C, result > 0xFF);
setFlag(V, (~(A ^ value) & (A ^ result)) & 0x80);
A = result & 0xFF;
setFlag(Z, A == 0);
setFlag(N, A & 0x80);
break;
}
case 0x4C: { // JMP Absolute
PC = read16(PC);
break;
}
case 0x20: { // JSR
uint16_t addr = read16(PC);
PC += 2;
push16(PC - 1);
PC = addr;
break;
}
case 0x60: { // RTS
PC = pop16() + 1;
break;
}
default:
std::cout << "Unknown opcode: 0x" << std::hex << (int)opcode << "\n";
exit(1);
}
}
void push(uint8_t value) {
write(0x0100 + SP, value);
SP--;
}
void push16(uint16_t value) {
push((value >> 8) & 0xFF);
push(value & 0xFF);
}
uint8_t pop() {
SP++;
return read(0x0100 + SP);
}
uint16_t pop16() {
uint8_t low = pop();
uint8_t high = pop();
return low | (high << 8);
}
};
int main() {
MOS6502 cpu;
// Пример: загрузить программу в память
// Программа: LDA #$01; ADC #$02; JMP $8000
cpu.memory[0x8000] = 0xA9; // LDA #$01
cpu.memory[0x8001] = 0x01;
cpu.memory[0x8002] = 0x69; // ADC #$02
cpu.memory[0x8003] = 0x02;
cpu.memory[0x8004] = 0x4C; // JMP $8000
cpu.memory[0x8005] = 0x00;
cpu.memory[0x8006] = 0x80;
cpu.PC = 0x8000;
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
cpu.executeInstruction();
std::cout << "A: " << std::hex << (int)cpu.A << std::endl;
}
return 0;
}Однако, эмулятор процессора из 148 строчек кода (вообще есть полноценные эмуляторы и меньшего размера, написанные на C, но это явно не мой случай...). Не принимая на веру, начинаем анализировать выданное нам решение. Что мы тут видим?
Реализация процессора как отдельного класса
Регистры, как переменные класса соответствующей разрядности, память - как линейный массив байт объемом 64 кб.
Реализация работы с регистрами и флагами, обращения к памяти, работы со стеком
Пример декодирования некоторых инструкций
Демка, с принудительным помещением машинного кода в память и его выполнение, без учета тактовой частоты, числа тактов на команду.
В общем что просили то нам и дали. Не следует думать, что ИИ способен решить за нас задачу. Иногда он недоговаривает или откровенно врет, поэтому первое правило разработчика, решившего использовать ИИ в своей работе - тотальная проверка и анализ выданных результатов.
Ок, начинать конечно нужно с малого, и простейший эмулятор MOS 6502 нас устроит, но хочется большего, поэтому уточняем вопрос, предварительно ознакомившись с выводами нашего помощника и его предложениями, например
Если тебе нужна реализация с поддержкой NES, с полным набором инструкций, или с отладчиком — могу дать более продвинутый пример.
NES, разумеется, нас не интересует а вот это
реализовать точное количество тактов
пригодилось бы. Смотрим ответ на запрос
mos6502_cycles.cpp#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <cstdint>
class MOS6502 {
public:
uint8_t A, X, Y, SP, P;
uint16_t PC;
int cycles = 0; // Общее количество тактов
std::vector<uint8_t> memory = std::vector<uint8_t>(0x10000, 0);
// Флаги
enum {
C = 0x01, Z = 0x02, I = 0x04, D = 0x08,
B = 0x10, R = 0x20, V = 0x40, N = 0x80
};
MOS6502() {
reset();
}
void reset() {
PC = read16(0xFFFC);
SP = 0xFD;
P = I;
A = X = Y = 0;
cycles = 0;
}
uint8_t read(uint16_t addr) {
cycles++; // Каждое чтение занимает 1 такт
return memory[addr];
}
void write(uint16_t addr, uint8_t value) {
cycles++; // Каждая запись — 1 такт
memory[addr] = value;
}
uint16_t read16(uint16_t addr) {
return read(addr) | (read(addr + 1) << 8);
}
void setFlag(uint8_t flag, bool value) {
if (value) P |= flag; else P &= ~flag;
}
bool getFlag(uint8_t flag) {
return (P & flag) != 0;
}
uint8_t fetch() {
return read(PC++);
}
// --- Адресация ---
uint16_t addr_abs = 0;
uint16_t addr_rel = 0;
uint8_t fetched = 0;
uint8_t fetchOperand() {
fetched = read(addr_abs);
return fetched;
}
// --- Стандартная таблица тактов ---
static const int cycle_table[256] = {
// 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
7, 6, 2, 8, 3, 3, 5, 5, 3, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 6, 6, // 0
2, 5, 2, 8, 4, 4, 6, 6, 2, 4, 2, 7, 4, 4, 7, 7, // 1
6, 6, 2, 8, 3, 3, 5, 5, 4, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 6, 6, // 2
2, 5, 2, 8, 4, 4, 6, 6, 2, 4, 2, 7, 4, 4, 7, 7, // 3
6, 6, 2, 8, 3, 3, 5, 5, 3, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4, 6, 6, // 4
2, 5, 2, 8, 4, 4, 6, 6, 2, 4, 2, 7, 4, 4, 7, 7, // 5
6, 6, 2, 8, 3, 3, 5, 5, 4, 2, 2, 2, 5, 4, 6, 6, // 6
2, 5, 2, 8, 4, 4, 6, 6, 2, 4, 2, 7, 4, 4, 7, 7, // 7
2, 6, 2, 6, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4, // 8
2, 6, 2, 6, 4, 4, 4, 4, 2, 5, 2, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, // 9
2, 6, 2, 6, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4, // A
2, 5, 2, 5, 4, 4, 4, 4, 2, 4, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, // B
2, 6, 2, 8, 3, 3, 5, 5, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 6, 6, // C
2, 5, 2, 8, 4, 4, 6, 6, 2, 4, 2, 7, 4, 4, 7, 7, // D
2, 6, 2, 8, 3, 3, 5, 5, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 6, 6, // E
2, 5, 2, 8, 4, 4, 6, 6, 2, 4, 2, 7, 4, 4, 7, 7 // F
};
int executeInstruction() {
uint8_t opcode = fetch();
int base_cycles = cycle_table[opcode];
switch (opcode) {
case 0xA9: // LDA Immediate
addr_abs = PC++;
A = read(addr_abs);
setFlag(Z, A == 0);
setFlag(N, A & 0x80);
break;
case 0xAD: // LDA Absolute
addr_abs = read16(PC);
PC += 2;
A = read(addr_abs);
setFlag(Z, A == 0);
setFlag(N, A & 0x80);
break;
case 0x69: // ADC Immediate
addr_abs = PC++;
fetched = read(addr_abs);
uint16_t temp = A + fetched + (getFlag(C) ? 1 : 0);
setFlag(C, temp > 0xFF);
setFlag(V, (~(A ^ fetched) & (A ^ temp)) & 0x80);
A = temp & 0xFF;
setFlag(Z, A == 0);
setFlag(N, A & 0x80);
break;
case 0x4C: // JMP Absolute
PC = read16(PC);
break;
case 0x20: // JSR
addr_abs = read16(PC);
PC += 2;
push16(PC - 1);
PC = addr_abs;
break;
case 0x60: // RTS
PC = pop16() + 1;
break;
// Пример с условным переходом (BNE), может быть +1 такт
case 0xD0: { // BNE
int8_t offset = (int8_t)fetch();
addr_rel = PC + offset;
bool taken = !getFlag(Z);
if (taken) {
cycles++; // +1 если переход
if ((PC & 0xFF00) != (addr_rel & 0xFF00)) {
cycles++; // +1 если страница пересекается
}
PC = addr_rel;
}
break;
}
default:
std::cout << "Unknown opcode: 0x" << std::hex << (int)opcode << "\n";
exit(1);
}
cycles += base_cycles;
return base_cycles;
}
void push(uint8_t value) {
write(0x0100 + SP, value);
SP--;
}
void push16(uint16_t value) {
push((value >> 8) & 0xFF);
push(value & 0xFF);
}
uint8_t pop() {
SP++;
return read(0x0100 + SP);
}
uint16_t pop16() {
uint8_t low = pop();
uint8_t high = pop();
return low | (high << 8);
}
};
int main() {
MOS6502 cpu;
// Пример программы
cpu.memory[0x8000] = 0xA9; cpu.memory[0x8001] = 0x01; // LDA #$01
cpu.memory[0x8002] = 0x69; cpu.memory[0x8003] = 0x02; // ADC #$02
cpu.memory[0x8004] = 0x4C; cpu.memory[0x8005] = 0x00; cpu.memory[0x8006] = 0x80; // JMP $8000
cpu.PC = 0x8000;
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
int c = cpu.executeInstruction();
std::cout << "Cycles: " << cpu.cycles << ", A: " << std::hex << (int)cpu.A << std::endl;
}
return 0;
}Ага, почти такой же пример, но с добавками, а конкретно, теперь каждой инструкции приписано число тактов ее выполнения, которые сведены в массив, с индексацией по коду операции (опкоду)
// --- Стандартная таблица тактов ---
static const int cycle_table[256] = {
// 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
7, 6, 2, 8, 3, 3, 5, 5, 3, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 6, 6, // 0
2, 5, 2, 8, 4, 4, 6, 6, 2, 4, 2, 7, 4, 4, 7, 7, // 1
6, 6, 2, 8, 3, 3, 5, 5, 4, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 6, 6, // 2
2, 5, 2, 8, 4, 4, 6, 6, 2, 4, 2, 7, 4, 4, 7, 7, // 3
6, 6, 2, 8, 3, 3, 5, 5, 3, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4, 6, 6, // 4
2, 5, 2, 8, 4, 4, 6, 6, 2, 4, 2, 7, 4, 4, 7, 7, // 5
6, 6, 2, 8, 3, 3, 5, 5, 4, 2, 2, 2, 5, 4, 6, 6, // 6
2, 5, 2, 8, 4, 4, 6, 6, 2, 4, 2, 7, 4, 4, 7, 7, // 7
2, 6, 2, 6, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4, // 8
2, 6, 2, 6, 4, 4, 4, 4, 2, 5, 2, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, // 9
2, 6, 2, 6, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4, // A
2, 5, 2, 5, 4, 4, 4, 4, 2, 4, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, // B
2, 6, 2, 8, 3, 3, 5, 5, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 6, 6, // C
2, 5, 2, 8, 4, 4, 6, 6, 2, 4, 2, 7, 4, 4, 7, 7, // D
2, 6, 2, 8, 3, 3, 5, 5, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 6, 6, // E
2, 5, 2, 8, 4, 4, 6, 6, 2, 4, 2, 7, 4, 4, 7, 7 // F
};Кроме того, число исполненных тактов учитывается при чтении и записи в память
uint8_t read(uint16_t addr) {
cycles++; // Каждое чтение занимает 1 такт
return memory[addr];
}
void write(uint16_t addr, uint8_t value) {
cycles++; // Каждая запись — 1 такт
memory[addr] = value;
}а при декодировании инструкций к ним добавляется число тактов необходимое для конкретной команды. В демо-примере выводится число тактов, потраченных на исполнение программы. Наверное так и должно быть, пока примем на веру.
Не удовлетворившись результатами, идем дальше, задав такой вопрос
все 56 инструкций с точным счётом тактов
на что получаем уже более массивный ответ
mos6502.cpp#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <cstdint>
class MOS6502 {
public:
uint8_t A, X, Y, SP, P;
uint16_t PC;
int cycles = 0;
std::vector<uint8_t> memory = std::vector<uint8_t>(0x10000, 0);
// Флаги
enum {
C = 0x01, Z = 0x02, I = 0x04, D = 0x08,
B = 0x10, R = 0x20, V = 0x40, N = 0x80
};
// Вспомогательные переменные для адресации
uint16_t addr_abs = 0;
uint16_t addr_rel = 0;
uint8_t fetched = 0;
// Таблица базовых тактов
static const int cycle_table[256] = {
// 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
7, 6, 2, 8, 3, 3, 5, 5, 3, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 6, 6, // 0
2, 5, 2, 8, 4, 4, 6, 6, 2, 4, 2, 7, 4, 4, 7, 7, // 1
6, 6, 2, 8, 3, 3, 5, 5, 4, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 6, 6, // 2
2, 5, 2, 8, 4, 4, 6, 6, 2, 4, 2, 7, 4, 4, 7, 7, // 3
6, 6, 2, 8, 3, 3, 5, 5, 3, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4, 6, 6, // 4
2, 5, 2, 8, 4, 4, 6, 6, 2, 4, 2, 7, 4, 4, 7, 7, // 5
6, 6, 2, 8, 3, 3, 5, 5, 4, 2, 2, 2, 5, 4, 6, 6, // 6
2, 5, 2, 8, 4, 4, 6, 6, 2, 4, 2, 7, 4, 4, 7, 7, // 7
2, 6, 2, 6, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4, // 8
2, 6, 2, 6, 4, 4, 4, 4, 2, 5, 2, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, // 9
2, 6, 2, 6, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4, // A
2, 5, 2, 5, 4, 4, 4, 4, 2, 4, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, // B
2, 6, 2, 8, 3, 3, 5, 5, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 6, 6, // C
2, 5, 2, 8, 4, 4, 6, 6, 2, 4, 2, 7, 4, 4, 7, 7, // D
2, 6, 2, 8, 3, 3, 5, 5, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 6, 6, // E
2, 5, 2, 8, 4, 4, 6, 6, 2, 4, 2, 7, 4, 4, 7, 7 // F
};
MOS6502() {
reset();
}
void reset() {
PC = read16(0xFFFC);
SP = 0xFD;
P = I;
A = X = Y = 0;
cycles = 0;
}
uint8_t read(uint16_t addr) {
cycles++;
return memory[addr];
}
void write(uint16_t addr, uint8_t value) {
cycles++;
memory[addr] = value;
}
uint16_t read16(uint16_t addr) {
return read(addr) | (read(addr + 1) << 8);
}
void setFlag(uint8_t flag, bool value) {
if (value) P |= flag; else P &= ~flag;
}
bool getFlag(uint8_t flag) {
return (P & flag) != 0;
}
uint8_t fetch() {
return read(PC++);
}
uint8_t fetchOperand() {
fetched = read(addr_abs);
return fetched;
}
void writeAddr(uint16_t addr, uint8_t value) {
write(addr, value);
}
// --- Адресация ---
void addr_immediate() {
addr_abs = PC++;
}
void addr_zero_page() {
addr_abs = fetch();
}
void addr_zero_page_x() {
addr_abs = (fetch() + X) & 0xFF;
}
void addr_zero_page_y() {
addr_abs = (fetch() + Y) & 0xFF;
}
void addr_absolute() {
addr_abs = read16(PC);
PC += 2;
}
void addr_absolute_x() {
addr_abs = read16(PC) + X;
PC += 2;
}
void addr_absolute_y() {
addr_abs = read16(PC) + Y;
PC += 2;
}
void addr_indirect_x() {
uint16_t ptr = (fetch() + X) & 0xFF;
addr_abs = read16(ptr);
}
void addr_indirect_y() {
uint16_t ptr = fetch();
addr_abs = read16(ptr) + Y;
}
void addr_relative() {
addr_rel = fetch();
if (addr_rel & 0x80) addr_rel |= 0xFF00; // Знаковое расширение
}
// --- Инструкции ---
int ADC() {
fetchOperand();
uint16_t temp = A + fetched + (getFlag(C) ? 1 : 0);
setFlag(C, temp > 0xFF);
setFlag(V, (~(A ^ fetched) & (A ^ temp)) & 0x80);
A = temp & 0xFF;
setFlag(Z, A == 0);
setFlag(N, A & 0x80);
return 0;
}
int SBC() {
fetchOperand();
uint16_t temp = A - fetched - (getFlag(C) ? 0 : 1);
setFlag(C, temp < 0x100);
setFlag(V, ((A ^ temp) & (fetched ^ A)) & 0x80);
A = temp & 0xFF;
setFlag(Z, A == 0);
setFlag(N, A & 0x80);
return 0;
}
int AND() {
fetchOperand();
A &= fetched;
setFlag(Z, A == 0);
setFlag(N, A & 0x80);
return 0;
}
int EOR() {
fetchOperand();
A ^= fetched;
setFlag(Z, A == 0);
setFlag(N, A & 0x80);
return 0;
}
int ORA() {
fetchOperand();
A |= fetched;
setFlag(Z, A == 0);
setFlag(N, A & 0x80);
return 0;
}
int CMP() {
fetchOperand();
uint16_t temp = A - fetched;
setFlag(C, A >= fetched);
setFlag(Z, temp == 0);
setFlag(N, temp & 0x80);
return 0;
}
int CPX() {
uint8_t value = read(addr_abs);
uint16_t temp = X - value;
setFlag(C, X >= value);
setFlag(Z, temp == 0);
setFlag(N, temp & 0x80);
return 0;
}
int CPY() {
uint8_t value = read(addr_abs);
uint16_t temp = Y - value;
setFlag(C, Y >= value);
setFlag(Z, temp == 0);
setFlag(N, temp & 0x80);
return 0;
}
int DEC() {
uint8_t value = read(addr_abs);
value--;
writeAddr(addr_abs, value);
setFlag(Z, value == 0);
setFlag(N, value & 0x80);
return 0;
}
int DEX() {
X--;
setFlag(Z, X == 0);
setFlag(N, X & 0x80);
return 0;
}
int DEY() {
Y--;
setFlag(Z, Y == 0);
setFlag(N, Y & 0x80);
return 0;
}
int INC() {
uint8_t value = read(addr_abs);
value++;
writeAddr(addr_abs, value);
setFlag(Z, value == 0);
setFlag(N, value & 0x80);
return 0;
}
int INX() {
X++;
setFlag(Z, X == 0);
setFlag(N, X & 0x80);
return 0;
}
int INY() {
Y++;
setFlag(Z, Y == 0);
setFlag(N, Y & 0x80);
return 0;
}
int LDA() {
fetchOperand();
A = fetched;
setFlag(Z, A == 0);
setFlag(N, A & 0x80);
return 0;
}
int LDX() {
fetchOperand();
X = fetched;
setFlag(Z, X == 0);
setFlag(N, X & 0x80);
return 0;
}
int LDY() {
fetchOperand();
Y = fetched;
setFlag(Z, Y == 0);
setFlag(N, Y & 0x80);
return 0;
}
int STA() {
writeAddr(addr_abs, A);
return 0;
}
int STX() {
writeAddr(addr_abs, X);
return 0;
}
int STY() {
writeAddr(addr_abs, Y);
return 0;
}
int TAX() {
X = A;
setFlag(Z, X == 0);
setFlag(N, X & 0x80);
return 0;
}
int TAY() {
Y = A;
setFlag(Z, Y == 0);
setFlag(N, Y & 0x80);
return 0;
}
int TSX() {
X = SP;
setFlag(Z, X == 0);
setFlag(N, X & 0x80);
return 0;
}
int TXA() {
A = X;
setFlag(Z, A == 0);
setFlag(N, A & 0x80);
return 0;
}
int TXS() {
SP = X;
return 0;
}
int TYA() {
A = Y;
setFlag(Z, A == 0);
setFlag(N, A & 0x80);
return 0;
}
int ASL() {
if (addr_abs == 0) { // Accumulator mode
setFlag(C, A & 0x80);
A <<= 1;
setFlag(Z, A == 0);
setFlag(N, A & 0x80);
} else {
uint8_t value = read(addr_abs);
setFlag(C, value & 0x80);
value <<= 1;
writeAddr(addr_abs, value);
setFlag(Z, value == 0);
setFlag(N, value & 0x80);
}
return 0;
}
int LSR() {
if (addr_abs == 0) {
setFlag(C, A & 0x01);
A >>= 1;
setFlag(Z, A == 0);
setFlag(N, 0);
} else {
uint8_t value = read(addr_abs);
setFlag(C, value & 0x01);
value >>= 1;
writeAddr(addr_abs, value);
setFlag(Z, value == 0);
setFlag(N, 0);
}
return 0;
}
int ROL() {
uint16_t temp;
if (addr_abs == 0) {
temp = (A << 1) | (getFlag(C) ? 1 : 0);
setFlag(C, A & 0x80);
A = temp & 0xFF;
setFlag(Z, A == 0);
setFlag(N, A & 0x80);
} else {
temp = (read(addr_abs) << 1) | (getFlag(C) ? 1 : 0);
setFlag(C, fetched & 0x80);
writeAddr(addr_abs, temp & 0xFF);
setFlag(Z, (temp & 0xFF) == 0);
setFlag(N, temp & 0x80);
}
return 0;
}
int ROR() {
uint16_t temp;
if (addr_abs == 0) {
temp = (A >> 1) | (getFlag(C) ? 0x80 : 0);
setFlag(C, A & 0x01);
A = temp & 0xFF;
setFlag(Z, A == 0);
setFlag(N, A & 0x80);
} else {
temp = (read(addr_abs) >> 1) | (getFlag(C) ? 0x80 : 0);
setFlag(C, fetched & 0x01);
writeAddr(addr_abs, temp & 0xFF);
setFlag(Z, (temp & 0xFF) == 0);
setFlag(N, temp & 0x80);
}
return 0;
}
int BIT() {
fetchOperand();
uint8_t temp = A & fetched;
setFlag(Z, temp == 0);
setFlag(N, fetched & 0x80);
setFlag(V, fetched & 0x40);
return 0;
}
int PHA() {
push(A);
return 0;
}
int PHP() {
push(P | B | R);
return 0;
}
int PLA() {
A = pop();
setFlag(Z, A == 0);
setFlag(N, A & 0x80);
return 0;
}
int PLP() {
P = pop();
P &= ~B;
P &= ~R;
return 0;
}
int BRK() {
PC++;
push16(PC);
push(P | B);
setFlag(I, true);
PC = read16(0xFFFE);
return 0;
}
int RTI() {
P = pop();
P &= ~B;
P &= ~R;
PC = pop16();
return 0;
}
int JSR() {
uint16_t target = read16(PC);
PC += 2;
push16(PC - 1);
PC = target;
return 0;
}
int RTS() {
PC = pop16() + 1;
return 0;
}
int JMP() {
PC = addr_abs;
return 0;
}
int NOP() {
return 0;
}
// --- Основной цикл выполнения инструкции ---
int executeInstruction() {
uint8_t opcode = fetch();
int base_cycles = cycle_table[opcode];
int additional_cycles = 0;
// Установить addr_abs или addr_rel в зависимости от инструкции
switch (opcode) {
case 0xA9: addr_immediate(); break;
case 0xA5: addr_zero_page(); break;
case 0xB5: addr_zero_page_x(); break;
case 0xAD: addr_absolute(); break;
case 0xBD: addr_absolute_x(); additional_cycles = ((PC - 1) & 0xFF00) != (addr_abs & 0xFF00) ? 1 : 0; break;
case 0xB9: addr_absolute_y(); additional_cycles = ((PC - 1) & 0xFF00) != (addr_abs & 0xFF00) ? 1 : 0; break;
case 0xA1: addr_indirect_x(); break;
case 0xB1: addr_indirect_y(); additional_cycles = ((PC - 1) & 0xFF00) != (addr_abs & 0xFF00) ? 1 : 0; break;
case 0x20: JSR(); return base_cycles + additional_cycles;
case 0x4C: addr_absolute(); JMP(); return base_cycles + additional_cycles;
case 0x6C: addr_abs = read16(PC); PC += 2; JMP(); return base_cycles + additional_cycles;
case 0x10: case 0x30: case 0x50: case 0x70:
case 0x90: case 0xB0: case 0xD0: case 0xF0:
addr_relative();
if ((PC & 0xFF00) != (addr_rel & 0xFF00)) additional_cycles = 2;
else additional_cycles = 1;
break;
default:
// Для остальных инструкций — адресация не нужна
break;
}
switch (opcode) {
case 0x69: case 0x65: case 0x75: case 0x6D: case 0x7D: case 0x79: case 0x61: case 0x71: ADC(); break;
case 0xE9: case 0xE5: case 0xF5: case 0xED: case 0xFD: case 0xF9: case 0xE1: case 0xF1: SBC(); break;
case 0x29: case 0x25: case 0x35: case 0x2D: case 0x3D: case 0x39: case 0x21: case 0x31: AND(); break;
case 0x49: case 0x45: case 0x55: case 0x4D: case 0x5D: case 0x59: case 0x41: case 0x51: EOR(); break;
case 0x09: case 0x05: case 0x15: case 0x0D: case 0x1D: case 0x19: case 0x01: case 0x11: ORA(); break;
case 0xC9: case 0xC5: case 0xD5: case 0xCD: case 0xDD: case 0xD9: case 0xC1: case 0xD1: CMP(); break;
case 0xE0: case 0xE4: case 0xEC: CPX(); break;
case 0xC0: case 0xC4: case 0xCC: CPY(); break;
case 0xC6: case 0xD6: case 0xCE: case 0xDE: DEC(); break;
case 0xCA: DEX(); break;
case 0x88: DEY(); break;
case 0xE6: case 0xF6: case 0xEE: case 0xFE: INC(); break;
case 0xE8: INX(); break;
case 0xC8: INY(); break;
case 0xA9: case 0xA5: case 0xB5: case 0xAD: case 0xBD: case 0xB9: case 0xA1: case 0xB1: LDA(); break;
case 0xA2: case 0xA6: case 0xB6: case 0xAE: case 0xBE: case 0xA0: case 0xB0: LDX(); break;
case 0xA0: case 0xA4: case 0xB4: case 0xAC: case 0xBC: LDY(); break;
case 0x85: case 0x95: case 0x8D: case 0x9D: case 0x99: case 0x81: case 0x91: STA(); break;
case 0x86: case 0x96: case 0x8E: STX(); break;
case 0x84: case 0x94: case 0x8C: STY(); break;
case 0xAA: TAX(); break;
case 0xA8: TAY(); break;
case 0xBA: TSX(); break;
case 0x8A: TXA(); break;
case 0x9A: TXS(); break;
case 0x98: TYA(); break;
case 0x0A: case 0x06: case 0x16: case 0x0E: case 0x1E: ASL(); break;
case 0x4A: case 0x46: case 0x56: case 0x4E: case 0x5E: LSR(); break;
case 0x2A: case 0x26: case 0x36: case 0x2E: case 0x3E: ROL(); break;
case 0x6A: case 0x66: case 0x76: case 0x6E: case 0x7E: ROR(); break;
case 0x24: case 0x2C: BIT(); break;
case 0x48: PHA(); break;
case 0x08: PHP(); break;
case 0x68: PLA(); break;
case 0x28: PLP(); break;
case 0x00: BRK(); break;
case 0x40: RTI(); break;
case 0x60: RTS(); break;
case 0x4C: case 0x6C: break; // Уже обработано выше
case 0x10: case 0x30: case 0x50: case 0x70:
case 0x90: case 0xB0: case 0xD0: case 0xF0: {
bool branch_taken = false;
switch (opcode) {
case 0x10: branch_taken = !getFlag(N); break;
case 0x30: branch_taken = !getFlag(V); break;
case 0x50: branch_taken = !getFlag(V); break;
case 0x70: branch_taken = getFlag(V); break;
case 0x90: branch_taken = !getFlag(C); break;
case 0xB0: branch_taken = getFlag(C); break;
case 0xD0: branch_taken = !getFlag(Z); break;
case 0xF0: branch_taken = getFlag(Z); break;
}
if (branch_taken) {
PC = addr_rel;
} else {
additional_cycles = 0;
}
break;
}
case 0xEA: NOP(); break;
default:
std::cout << "Unknown opcode: 0x" << std::hex << (int)opcode << "\n";
exit(1);
}
cycles += base_cycles + additional_cycles;
return base_cycles + additional_cycles;
}
void push(uint8_t value) {
write(0x0100 + SP, value);
SP--;
}
void push16(uint16_t value) {
push((value >> 8) & 0xFF);
push(value & 0xFF);
}
uint8_t pop() {
SP++;
return read(0x0100 + SP);
}
uint16_t pop16() {
uint8_t low = pop();
uint8_t high = pop();
return low | (high << 8);
}
};
int main() {
MOS6502 cpu;
// Пример программы: LDA #$01; ADC #$02; JMP $8000
cpu.memory[0x8000] = 0xA9; cpu.memory[0x8001] = 0x01; // LDA #$01
cpu.memory[0x8002] = 0x69; cpu.memory[0x8003] = 0x02; // ADC #$02
cpu.memory[0x8004] = 0x4C; cpu.memory[0x8005] = 0x00; cpu.memory[0x8006] = 0x80; // JMP $8000
cpu.PC = 0x8000;
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
int c = cpu.executeInstruction();
std::cout << "Cycles: " << cpu.cycles << ", A: 0x" << std::hex << (int)cpu.A << std::endl;
}
return 0;
}Наглая Qwen утверждает, что реализовала все команды процессора, коих 56, а так же 13 режимов адресации. Да, по коду видно, что теперь при декодировании инструкций учитывается режим адресации по опкоду команды, а также, к исполненному числу тактов дается довесок в виде дополнительных тактах при условных переходах. До поры отбросим интерпретацию полученных результатов, а пока дадим еще один запрос
имитация реальной тактовой частоты
по которому был предложен такой вариант основного цикла
#include <thread>
int main() {
MOS6502 cpu;
const int TARGET_HZ = 1790000; // ~1.79 MHz для NES
const double CYCLE_TIME_NS = 1e9 / TARGET_HZ; // Наносекунд на такт
// Пример программы: LDA #$01; ADC #$02; JMP $8000
cpu.memory[0x8000] = 0xA9; cpu.memory[0x8001] = 0x01;
cpu.memory[0x8002] = 0x69; cpu.memory[0x8003] = 0x02;
cpu.memory[0x8004] = 0x4C; cpu.memory[0x8005] = 0x00; cpu.memory[0x8006] = 0x80;
cpu.PC = 0x8000;
int64_t total_emulated_cycles = 0;
auto start_time = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
for (int i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) { // Например, 1 млн инструкций
int cycles_this_step = cpu.executeInstruction();
total_emulated_cycles += cycles_this_step;
double elapsed_time_ns = std::chrono::duration<double, std::nano>(
std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now() - start_time
).count();
double target_time_ns = total_emulated_cycles * CYCLE_TIME_NS;
if (elapsed_time_ns < target_time_ns) {
std::this_thread::sleep_for(
std::chrono::nanoseconds((long long)(target_time_ns - elapsed_time_ns))
);
}
}
std::cout << "Эмуляция завершена. Выполнено " << total_emulated_cycles << " тактов.\n";
return 0;
}что в общем-то пойдет, для начала. Соединив все вместе, можно пробовать реализовать свой пример.
3. Реализация тестового эмулятора MOS 6502
Потратив первый вечер, я написал первый вариант проекта, структура которого такова
include/-
|-main.h
|-mos6502.h
src/----
|-main.cpp
|-mos6502.cpp
CMakeLists.txtПока что предельно просто - класс, реализующий работу процессора и главная функция, имитирующая прогон программы
Листинги
mos6502.h#ifndef MOS6502_H
#define MOS6502_H
#include <vector>
#include <cstdint>
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
class MOS6502
{
public:
MOS6502();
~MOS6502(){}
/// Регистр-аккумулятор
uint8_t A = 0;
/// Впомогательный регистр X
uint8_t X = 0;
/// Вспомогательный регистр Y
uint8_t Y = 0;
/// Регистр указателя стека
uint8_t SP = 0;
/// Регистр флагов
uint8_t P = 0;
/// Регистр-счетчик команд
uint16_t PC = 0;
uint64_t cycles = 0;
enum
{
MEMORY_SIZE = 0x10000
};
/// Флаги
enum
{
C = 0x01, /// Перенос
Z = 0x02, /// Ноль
I = 0x04, /// Запрет прерываний
D = 0x08, /// Переводит АЛУ в режим двично-десятичного кода
B = 0x10, /// Флаг останова
R = 0x20,
V = 0x40, /// Переполнение
N = 0x80 /// Знак
};
std::vector<uint8_t> memory = std::vector<uint8_t>(MEMORY_SIZE, 0x00);
/// Сброс процессора
void reset();
/// Читаем байт из памяти по указанному адресу
uint8_t read(uint16_t addr);
/// Читаем слово по адресу в памяти
uint16_t read16(uint16_t addr);
/// Пишем в память по адресу
void write(uint16_t addr, uint8_t value);
/// Установить флаг
void setFlag(uint8_t flag, bool value);
/// Прочиать флаг
bool getFlag(uint8_t flag);
uint16_t addr_abs = 0;
uint16_t addr_rel = 0;
uint8_t fetched = 0;
uint8_t fetch();
uint8_t fetchOperand();
void writeAddr(uint16_t addr, uint8_t value);
/// 1. Непосредственная адрессация
void addr_immediate();
/// 2.
void addr_zero_page();
/// 3.
void addr_zero_page_x();
/// 4.
void addr_zero_page_y();
/// 5.
void addr_absolute();
/// 6.
void addr_absolute_x();
/// 7.
void addr_absolute_y();
/// 8.
void addr_indirect_x();
/// 9.
void addr_indirect_y();
/// 10.
void addr_relative();
/// 11.
void addr_accumulator();
// Таблица базовых тактов
const int cycle_table[256] = {
// 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
7, 6, 2, 8, 3, 3, 5, 5, 3, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 6, 6, // 0
2, 5, 2, 8, 4, 4, 6, 6, 2, 4, 2, 7, 4, 4, 7, 7, // 1
6, 6, 2, 8, 3, 3, 5, 5, 4, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 6, 6, // 2
2, 5, 2, 8, 4, 4, 6, 6, 2, 4, 2, 7, 4, 4, 7, 7, // 3
6, 6, 2, 8, 3, 3, 5, 5, 3, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4, 6, 6, // 4
2, 5, 2, 8, 4, 4, 6, 6, 2, 4, 2, 7, 4, 4, 7, 7, // 5
6, 6, 2, 8, 3, 3, 5, 5, 4, 2, 2, 2, 5, 4, 6, 6, // 6
2, 5, 2, 8, 4, 4, 6, 6, 2, 4, 2, 7, 4, 4, 7, 7, // 7
2, 6, 2, 6, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4, // 8
2, 6, 2, 6, 4, 4, 4, 4, 2, 5, 2, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, // 9
2, 6, 2, 6, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4, // A
2, 5, 2, 5, 4, 4, 4, 4, 2, 4, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, // B
2, 6, 2, 8, 3, 3, 5, 5, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 6, 6, // C
2, 5, 2, 8, 4, 4, 6, 6, 2, 4, 2, 7, 4, 4, 7, 7, // D
2, 6, 2, 8, 3, 3, 5, 5, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 6, 6, // E
2, 5, 2, 8, 4, 4, 6, 6, 2, 4, 2, 7, 4, 4, 7, 7 // F
};
/// Сложение с аккумулятором с переносом
int ADC();
/// Вычитание из аккумулятора с переносом
int SBC();
/// Логичесое битовое "И" с аккумулятором
int AND();
/// Исключающее "ИЛИ" с аккумулятором
int EOR();
/// "ИЛИ" с аккумулятором
int ORA();
/// Сравнение с аккумулятором
int CMP();
/// Сравнение с регистром X
int CPX();
/// Сравнение с регистром Y
int CPY();
/// Декремент значения в памяти
int DEC();
/// Декремент регистра X
int DEX();
/// Декремент регистра Y
int DEY();
/// Инкремент значения в памяти
int INC();
/// Инкремент регистра X
int INX();
/// Инкремент регистра Y
int INY();
/// Загрузка аккумулятора
int LDA();
/// Загрузка регистра X
int LDX();
/// Загрузка регистра Y
int LDY();
/// Сохранить аккумулятор в памяти
int STA();
/// Сохранить X в памяти
int STX();
/// Сохранить Y в памяти
int STY();
/// Перенести значение из аккумулятора в X
int TAX();
/// Перенести значение из аккумулятора в Y
int TAY();
/// Перенести значение SP в X
int TSX();
/// Перенести значение из X в аккумулятор
int TXA();
/// Перенести значение из Y в аккумулятор
int TYA();
/// Загрузить SP из X
int TXS();
/// Арифметический сдвиг влево (аккумулятор или память)
int ASL();
/// Логический сдвиг вправо (аккумулятор или память
int LSR();
/// Циклический сдвиг влево
int ROL();
/// Циклический сдвиг вправо
int ROR();
/// Тест битов
int BIT();
/// Протолкнуть в стек байт
void push(uint8_t value);
/// Протлкнуть в стек слово
void push16(uint16_t value);
/// Извлечь из стека байт
uint8_t pop();
/// Извлечь из стека слово
uint16_t pop16();
/// Протолкнуть в стек аккумулятор
int PHA();
/// Протолкнуть в стек флаги
int PHP();
/// Извлечь из стека в аккумулятор
int PLA();
/// Извлечь из стека флаги
int PLP();
/// Инициировать программное прервывание
int BRK();
/// Возврат из прерывания
int RTI();
/// Вызов подпрограммы
int JSR();
/// Возврат из подпрограммы
int RTS();
/// Безусловный переход
int JMP();
/// Пустая операция
int NOP();
/// Цикл выполнения инструкции
int execInstruction();
};
#endif
#include <mos6502.h>
#include <iostream>
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MOS6502::MOS6502()
{
reset();
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void MOS6502::reset()
{
PC = read16(0xFFFC);
SP = 0xFD;
P = I;
A = X = Y = 0;
cycles = 0;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
uint8_t MOS6502::read(uint16_t addr)
{
cycles++;
return memory[addr];
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
uint16_t MOS6502::read16(uint16_t addr)
{
return read(addr) | (read(addr + 1) << 8);
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void MOS6502::write(uint16_t addr, uint8_t value)
{
cycles++;
memory[addr] = value;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void MOS6502::setFlag(uint8_t flag, bool value)
{
if (value)
P |= flag;
else
P &= ~flag;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool MOS6502::getFlag(uint8_t flag)
{
return (P & flag) != 0;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
uint8_t MOS6502::fetch()
{
return read(PC++);
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
uint8_t MOS6502::fetchOperand()
{
fetched = read(addr_abs);
return fetched;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void MOS6502::writeAddr(uint16_t addr, uint8_t value)
{
write(addr, value);
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void MOS6502::addr_immediate()
{
// Берем непосредственный операнд, лежащий в памяти сразу за опкодом
addr_abs = PC++;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void MOS6502::addr_zero_page()
{
addr_abs = fetch();
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void MOS6502::addr_zero_page_x()
{
addr_abs = (fetch() + X) & 0xFF;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void MOS6502::addr_zero_page_y()
{
addr_abs = (fetch() + Y) & 0xFF;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void MOS6502::addr_absolute()
{
addr_abs = read16(PC);
PC += 2;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void MOS6502::addr_absolute_x()
{
addr_abs = read16(PC) + X;
PC += 2;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void MOS6502::addr_absolute_y()
{
addr_abs = read16(PC) + Y;
PC += 2;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void MOS6502::addr_indirect_x()
{
uint16_t ptr = (fetch() + X) & 0xFF;
addr_abs = read16(ptr);
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void MOS6502::addr_indirect_y()
{
uint16_t ptr = fetch();
addr_abs = read16(ptr) + Y;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void MOS6502::addr_relative()
{
addr_rel = fetch();
if (addr_rel & 0x80)
addr_rel |= 0xFF00;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void MOS6502::addr_accumulator()
{
addr_abs = 0;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int MOS6502::ADC()
{
fetchOperand();
uint16_t tmp = A + fetched + (getFlag(C) ? 1 : 0);
setFlag(C, tmp > 0xFF);
setFlag(V, (~(A ^ fetched) & (A & tmp)) & 0x80);
A = tmp & 0xFF;
setFlag(Z, A ==0);
setFlag(N, A & 0x80);
return 0;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int MOS6502::SBC()
{
fetchOperand();
uint16_t tmp = A - fetched - (getFlag(C) ? 1 : 0);
setFlag(C, tmp < 0x100);
setFlag(V, ((A ^ tmp) & (fetched ^ A)) & 0x80);
A = tmp & 0xFF;
setFlag(Z, A == 0);
setFlag(N, A & 0x80);
return 0;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int MOS6502::AND()
{
fetchOperand();
A &= fetched;
setFlag(Z, A == 0);
setFlag(N, A & 0x80);
return 0;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int MOS6502::EOR()
{
fetchOperand();
A ^= fetched;
setFlag(Z, A == 0);
setFlag(N, A & 0x80);
return 0;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int MOS6502::ORA()
{
fetchOperand();
A |= fetched;
setFlag(Z, A == 0);
setFlag(N, A & 0x80);
return 0;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int MOS6502::CMP()
{
fetchOperand();
uint16_t tmp = A - fetched;
setFlag(C, A >= fetched);
setFlag(Z, tmp == 0);
setFlag(N, tmp & 0x80);
return 0;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int MOS6502::CPX()
{
uint8_t value = read(addr_abs);
uint16_t tmp = X - value;
setFlag(C, X >= value);
setFlag(Z, tmp ==0);
setFlag(N, tmp & 0x80);
return 0;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int MOS6502::CPY()
{
uint8_t value = read(addr_abs);
uint16_t tmp = Y - value;
setFlag(C, Y >= value);
setFlag(Z, tmp ==0);
setFlag(N, tmp & 0x80);
return 0;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int MOS6502::DEC()
{
uint8_t value = read(addr_abs);
value--;
writeAddr(addr_abs, value);
setFlag(Z, value == 0);
setFlag(N, value & 0x80);
return 0;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int MOS6502::DEX()
{
X--;
setFlag(Z, X == 0);
setFlag(N, X & 0x80);
return 0;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int MOS6502::DEY()
{
Y--;
setFlag(Z, Y == 0);
setFlag(N, Y & 0x80);
return 0;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int MOS6502::INC()
{
uint8_t value = read(addr_abs);
value++;
writeAddr(addr_abs, value);
setFlag(Z, value == 0);
setFlag(N, value & 0x80);
return 0;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int MOS6502::INX()
{
X++;
setFlag(Z, X == 0);
setFlag(N, X & 0x80);
return 0;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int MOS6502::INY()
{
Y++;
setFlag(Z, Y == 0);
setFlag(N, Y & 0x80);
return 0;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int MOS6502::LDA()
{
fetchOperand();
A = fetched;
setFlag(Z, A == 0);
setFlag(N, A & 0x80);
return 0;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int MOS6502::LDX()
{
fetchOperand();
X = fetched;
setFlag(Z, X == 0);
setFlag(N, X & 0x80);
return 0;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int MOS6502::LDY()
{
fetchOperand();
Y = fetched;
setFlag(Z, Y == 0);
setFlag(N, Y & 0x80);
return 0;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int MOS6502::STA()
{
writeAddr(addr_abs, A);
return 0;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int MOS6502::STX()
{
writeAddr(addr_abs, X);
return 0;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int MOS6502::STY()
{
writeAddr(addr_abs, Y);
return 0;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int MOS6502::TAX()
{
X = A;
setFlag(Z, X == 0);
setFlag(N, X & 0x80);
return 0;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int MOS6502::TAY()
{
Y = A;
setFlag(Z, Y == 0);
setFlag(N, Y & 0x80);
return 0;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int MOS6502::TSX()
{
X = SP;
setFlag(Z, X == 0);
setFlag(N, X & 0x80);
return 0;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int MOS6502::TXA()
{
A = X;
setFlag(Z, A == 0);
setFlag(N, A & 0x80);
return 0;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int MOS6502::TYA()
{
A = Y;
setFlag(Z, A == 0);
setFlag(N, A & 0x80);
return 0;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int MOS6502::TXS()
{
SP = X;
return 0;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int MOS6502::ASL()
{
if (addr_abs == 0)
{
setFlag(C, A & 0x80);
A <<= 1;
setFlag(Z, A == 0);
setFlag(N, A & 0x80);
}
else
{
uint8_t value = read(addr_abs);
setFlag(C, value & 0x80);
value <<= 1;
writeAddr(addr_abs, value);
setFlag(Z, value == 0);
setFlag(N, value & 0x80);
}
return 0;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int MOS6502::LSR()
{
if (addr_abs == 0)
{
setFlag(C, A & 0x01);
A >>= 1;
setFlag(Z, A == 0);
setFlag(N, 0);
}
else
{
uint8_t value = read(addr_abs);
setFlag(C, value & 0x01);
value >>= 1;
writeAddr(addr_abs, value);
setFlag(Z, value == 0);
setFlag(N, 0);
}
return 0;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int MOS6502::ROL()
{
uint16_t tmp = 0;
if (addr_abs == 0)
{
tmp = (A << 1) | (getFlag(C) ? 1 : 0);
setFlag(C, A & 0x80);
A = tmp & 0xFF;
setFlag(Z, A == 0);
setFlag(N, A & 0x80);
}
else
{
tmp = (read(addr_abs) << 1) | (getFlag(C) ? 1 : 0);
setFlag(C, fetched & 0x80);
writeAddr(addr_abs, tmp & 0xFF);
setFlag(Z, (tmp & 0xFF) == 0);
setFlag(N, tmp & 0x80);
}
return 0;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int MOS6502::ROR()
{
uint16_t tmp = 0;
if (addr_abs == 0)
{
tmp = (A >> 1) | (getFlag(C) ? 0x80 : 0);
setFlag(C, A & 0x01);
A = tmp & 0xFF;
setFlag(Z, A == 0);
setFlag(N, A & 0x80);
}
else
{
tmp = (read(addr_abs) >> 1) | (getFlag(C) ? 0x80 : 0);
setFlag(C, fetched & 0x01);
writeAddr(addr_abs, tmp & 0xFF);
setFlag(Z, (tmp & 0xFF) == 0);
setFlag(N, tmp & 0x80);
}
return 0;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int MOS6502::BIT()
{
fetchOperand();
uint8_t tmp = A & fetched;
setFlag(Z, tmp == 0);
setFlag(N, fetched & 0x80);
setFlag(V, fetched & 0x40);
return 0;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void MOS6502::push(uint8_t value)
{
write(0x100 + SP, value);
SP--;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void MOS6502::push16(uint16_t value)
{
push((value >> 8) & 0xFF);
push(value & 0xFF);
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
uint8_t MOS6502::pop()
{
SP++;
return read(0x100 + SP);
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
uint16_t MOS6502::pop16()
{
uint8_t low = pop();
uint8_t high = pop();
return low | (high << 8);
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int MOS6502::PHA()
{
push(A);
return 0;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int MOS6502::PHP()
{
push(P | B | R);
return 0;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int MOS6502::PLA()
{
A = pop();
setFlag(Z, A == 0);
setFlag(N, A & 0x80);
return 0;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int MOS6502::PLP()
{
P = pop();
P &= ~B;
P &= ~R;
return 0;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int MOS6502::BRK()
{
PC++;
push16(PC);
push(P | B);
setFlag(I, true);
PC = read16(0xFFFE);
return 0;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int MOS6502::RTI()
{
P = pop();
P &= ~B;
P &= ~R;
PC = pop16();
return 0;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int MOS6502::JSR()
{
uint16_t target = read16(PC);
PC += 2;
push16(PC - 1);
PC = target;
return 0;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int MOS6502::RTS()
{
PC = pop16() + 1;
return 0;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int MOS6502::JMP()
{
PC = addr_abs;
return 0;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int MOS6502::NOP()
{
return 0;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int MOS6502::execInstruction()
{
uint8_t opcode = fetch();
int base_cycles = cycle_table[opcode];
int additional_cycles = 0;
switch (opcode)
{
// Непосредственная адресация
case 0xA9: case 0x69: case 0x29: case 0xC9: case 0xE0:
case 0xC0: case 0x49: case 0xA2: case 0xA0: case 0x09:
case 0xE9: addr_immediate(); break;
case 0xA5: case 0x65: case 0x25: addr_zero_page(); break;
case 0xB5: case 0x75: case 0x35: addr_zero_page_x(); break;
case 0xAD: case 0x6D: case 0x2D: addr_absolute(); break;
case 0x0A: case 0x2A: case 0x6A: addr_accumulator(); break;
case 0xBD: case 0x7D: case 0x3D: addr_absolute_x(); additional_cycles = ((PC-1) & 0xFF00) != (addr_abs & 0xFF00) ? 1 : 0; break;
case 0xB9: case 0x79: case 0x39: addr_absolute_y(); additional_cycles = ((PC-1) & 0xFF00) != (addr_abs & 0xFF00) ? 1 : 0; break;
case 0xA1: addr_indirect_x(); break;
case 0xB1: addr_indirect_y(); additional_cycles = ((PC-1) & 0xFF00) != (addr_abs & 0xFF00) ? 1 : 0; break;
case 0x20: JSR(); return base_cycles + additional_cycles;
case 0x4C: addr_absolute(); JMP(); return base_cycles + additional_cycles;
case 0x6C: addr_abs = read16(PC); PC += 2; JMP(); return base_cycles + additional_cycles;
case 0x10: case 0x30: case 0x50: case 0x70:
case 0x90: case 0xB0: case 0xD0: case 0xF0:
addr_relative();
if ((PC & 0xFF00) != (addr_rel & 0xFF00)) additional_cycles = 2;
else additional_cycles = 1;
break;
default:
break;
}
switch (opcode)
{
case 0x69: case 0x65: case 0x75: case 0x6D: case 0x7D: case 0x79: case 0x61: case 0x71: ADC(); break;
case 0xE9: case 0xE5: case 0xF5: case 0xED: case 0xFD: case 0xF9: case 0xE1: case 0xF1: SBC(); break;
case 0x29: case 0x25: case 0x35: case 0x2D: case 0x3D: case 0x39: case 0x21: case 0x31: AND(); break;
case 0x49: case 0x45: case 0x55: case 0x4D: case 0x5D: case 0x59: case 0x41: case 0x51: EOR(); break;
case 0x09: case 0x05: case 0x15: case 0x0D: case 0x1D: case 0x19: case 0x01: case 0x11: ORA(); break;
case 0xC9: case 0xC5: case 0xD5: case 0xCD: case 0xDD: case 0xD9: case 0xC1: case 0xD1: CMP(); break;
case 0xE0: case 0xE4: case 0xEC: CPX(); break;
case 0xC0: case 0xC4: case 0xCC: CPY(); break;
case 0xC6: case 0xD6: case 0xCE: case 0xDE: DEC(); break;
case 0xCA: DEX(); break;
case 0x88: DEY(); break;
case 0xE6: case 0xF6: case 0xEE: case 0xFE: INC(); break;
case 0xE8: INX(); break;
case 0xC8: INY(); break;
case 0xA9: case 0xA5: case 0xB5: case 0xAD: case 0xBD: case 0xB9: case 0xA1: case 0xB1: LDA(); break;
case 0xA2: case 0xA6: case 0xB6: case 0xAE: case 0xBE: LDX(); break;
case 0xA0: case 0xA4: case 0xB4: case 0xAC: case 0xBC: LDY(); break;
case 0x85: case 0x95: case 0x8D: case 0x9D: case 0x99: case 0x81: case 0x91: STA(); break;
case 0x86: case 0x96: case 0x8E: STX(); break;
case 0x84: case 0x94: case 0x8C: STY(); break;
case 0xAA: TAX(); break;
case 0xA8: TAY(); break;
case 0xBA: TSX(); break;
case 0x8A: TXA(); break;
case 0x9A: TXS(); break;
case 0x98: TYA(); break;
case 0x0A: case 0x06: case 0x16: case 0x0E: case 0x1E: ASL(); break;
case 0x4A: case 0x46: case 0x56: case 0x4E: case 0x5E: LSR(); break;
case 0x2A: case 0x26: case 0x36: case 0x2E: case 0x3E: ROL(); break;
case 0x6A: case 0x66: case 0x76: case 0x6E: case 0x7E: ROR(); break;
case 0x24: case 0x2C: BIT(); break;
case 0x48: PHA(); break;
case 0x08: PHP(); break;
case 0x68: PLA(); break;
case 0x28: PLP(); break;
case 0x00: BRK(); break;
case 0x40: RTI(); break;
case 0x60: RTS(); break;
case 0x4C: case 0x6C: break;
case 0x10: case 0x30: case 0x50: case 0x70:
case 0x90: case 0xB0: case 0xD0: case 0xF0:
{
bool branch_taken = false;
switch (opcode)
{
case 0x10: branch_taken = !getFlag(N); break;
case 0x30: branch_taken = !getFlag(V); break;
case 0x50: branch_taken = !getFlag(V); break;
case 0x70: branch_taken = !getFlag(V); break;
case 0x90: branch_taken = !getFlag(C); break;
case 0xB0: branch_taken = !getFlag(C); break;
case 0xD0: branch_taken = !getFlag(Z); break;
case 0xF0: branch_taken = !getFlag(Z); break;
}
if (branch_taken)
{
PC = addr_rel;
}
else
{
additional_cycles = 0;
}
break;
}
case 0xEA: NOP(); break;
default:
std::cout << "Unknown opcode: 0x" << std::hex << (int) opcode << std::endl;
exit(1);
}
cycles += base_cycles + additional_cycles;
return base_cycles + additional_cycles;
}
#ifndef MAIN_H
#define MAIN_H
#include <mos6502.h>
#include <iostream>
#endif
#include <main.h>
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
MOS6502 cpu;
cpu.memory[0x8000] = 0xA9;
cpu.memory[0x8001] = 0x01;
cpu.memory[0x8002] = 0x0A;
cpu.memory[0x8003] = 0x4C;
cpu.memory[0x8004] = 0x02;
cpu.memory[0x8005] = 0x80;
cpu.PC = 0x8000;
for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i)
{
int c = cpu.execInstruction();
std::cout << "Cycles: " << cpu.cycles << ", A: 0x" << std::hex << (int) cpu.A << std::endl;
}
return 0;
}
cmake_minimum_required (VERSION 3.29)
set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 17)
set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED ON)
set(TARGET c64)
project(${TARGET})
set(EXECUTABLE_OUTPUT_PATH "../bin")
file(GLOB INCLUDES "./include/*.h")
file(GLOB SOURCES "./src/*.cpp")
add_executable(${TARGET} ${SOURCES} ${INCLUDES})
target_include_directories(${TARGET} PRIVATE ./include/)
Напрямую в память был установлена программа в машинных кодах, имеющая следующий ассемблерный листинг
8000: LDA $01
8002: ASL
8003: JMP $8002Загружаем аккумулятор непосредственным значением, выполняем арифметический сдвиг влево, безусловно прыгаем снова на команду сдвига. Регистр-счетчик команд ставим принудительно на адрес 0x8000. Все просто. И как вы думаете, заработало оно сразу, по реализации предложенной Qwen? Конечно же нет!
Проблемы начались уже на команде ASL. Qwen предлагает реализовать её с учетом всех возможных способов адрессации
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int MOS6502::ASL()
{
if (addr_abs == 0)
{
setFlag(C, A & 0x80);
A <<= 1;
setFlag(Z, A == 0);
setFlag(N, A & 0x80);
}
else
{
uint8_t value = read(addr_abs);
setFlag(C, value & 0x80);
value <<= 1;
writeAddr(addr_abs, value);
setFlag(Z, value == 0);
setFlag(N, value & 0x80);
}
return 0;
}предполагая работу как с аккумулятором, так и с абсолютной адресацией. Но не предусматривает варианта адресации "accumulator", которая описана в спецификации системы команд MOS 6502. Пришлось написать его самостоятельно
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void MOS6502::addr_accumulator()
{
addr_abs = 0;
}поправив процедуру декодирования с учетом команд работающих с аккумулятором
case 0x0A: case 0x2A: case 0x6A: addr_accumulator(); break;То есть опкода 0x0A нейронка не предусмотрела, хотя горделиво заявила, что реализовала все 56 инструкций со всеми способами адресации.
После внесения таких исправлений и прогона по шагам, значение в аккумуляторе стало весело удваиваться с каждой итерацией цикла. Заработало! А что же дальше
А дальше - взять описание системы команд 6502 и начать кропотливо проверять каждую из команд во всех вариантах адресации, правя код. Qwen не учла все способы адресации, совершенно неправильно реализовала относительную адресацию, что сделало неработоспособным блок команд ближнего перехода. Короче говоря, глядя в документацию, кропотливо проверялась команда за командой, её реализация, дописывались нереализованные команды. В общем, эмулятор процессора ожил, стал выполнять команды в машинных кодах, непосредственно помещенные в память.
Но ведь в машинных кодах писать неинтересно. По хорошему нам бы освоить хотя бы ассемблер, и загружать скомпилированные программы из фала в память машины с передачей управления. Для начала...
4. Кросс-компиляция и выполнение программ на ассемблере
Для архитектуры 6502 есть кросс-ассемблер, и даже целый компилятор для языка C - это cc65. Это свободный проект, с отличнейшей документацией. Поскольку я работал в линуксе, а конкретно в ArchLinux, я собрал PKGBUILD из репозитория AUR. Все прошло тривиально и не стоит того, чтобы описывать.
Теперь, когда у нас есть компилятор, можно подумать и о модификации проекта - процессор у нас уже есть, пора подумать о том чтобы делать компьютер C64. С помощью Qwen удалось выяснить что:
Формат исполняемых файлов для C64 называется PRG и элементарен по своей структуре - это бинарный файл, первые два байта которого - адрес загрузки программы в память (Little Edian), остальное - голый машинный код и данные.
Предложена процедура загрузки файла (я ж непрограммист, у меня ж жеж лапки). Qwen "выдала гениальное"
// === ЗАГРУЗКА .PRG ===
void load_prg(const std::string& filename) {
std::ifstream file(filename, std::ios::binary);
if (!file.is_open()) {
std::cerr << "Cannot open file: " << filename << "\n";
exit(1);
}
uint8_t lo, hi;
file.read((char*)&lo, 1);
file.read((char*)&hi, 1);
uint16_t load_addr = lo | (hi << 8);
std::cout << "Loading PRG to $0x" << std::hex << load_addr << std::endl;
file.seekg(0, std::ios::beg); // Перейти в начало
file.seekg(2, std::ios::cur); // Пропустить 2 байта заголовка
char byte;
while (file.get(byte)) {
ram[load_addr++] = static_cast<uint8_t>(byte);
}
cpu.PC = load_addr; // Установить PC в конец загрузки
}Гениальность в последней, 24 строке. В строках с 9 по 12 мы так старались извлечь адрес загрузки, чтобы затем весело использовать его в качестве счетчика байт, а потом, тем что получилось, загрузить счетчик команд процессора. Круто, круто... Даже без запуска строчка 24 перекочевала на 13-ю строку, как это и должно было быть. Кто там писал, что нейросеть пишет код как "джун"? Да - в точку!
Отбросив иронию идем разбираться дальше - загрузчик кода у нас есть, теперь нужно собрать сам тестовый исполняемый файл. Ок, пишем его
test.asm .pc02
.org $0801
start:
lda #$01
loop:
asl
jmp loop
С помощью той же Qwen удалось выяснить, как это собрать. Надо скомпилировать исходник в объектный файл
$ ca65 test.asm -o test.oа потом вызвать компоновщик
$ ld65 -C c64-asm.cfg test.o -o test.binСтоп, какой-такой c64-asm.cfg? А без него? Нельзя без него, это скрипт линковки, определяющий размещение кода и данных в конечном бинарнике. Хорошо, что нам посоветует ИИ?
c64-asm.cfgMEMORY {
ZP: start = $0002, size = $001A, type = rw, define = yes; # Область ZP (Zero Page)
LOADADDR: start = $07FF, size = $0002, type = ro, define = yes; # Адрес загрузки (2 байта)
RAM: start = $0801, size = $97FE, file = %O, define = yes; # Основная память
}
SEGMENTS {
LOADADDR: load = LOADADDR, type = ro;
EXEHDR: load = RAM, type = ro, optional = yes;
CODE: load = RAM, type = ro, optional = yes;
RODATA: load = RAM, type = ro, optional = yes;
DATA: load = RAM, type = rw, optional = yes;
BSS: load = RAM, type = bss, optional = yes, define = yes;
}
Ладно, хоть тут ничего не понятно, кроме того что программа будет загружена по адресу 0x07FF. Попробуем - матернувшись,
ld65: Warning: c64.cfg(19): Segment 'LOADADDR' does not existкомпоновщик выдал двоичный файл следующего содержания
0000000 a9 01 0a 4c 03 08
0000006и никакого адреса в начале там нет, хм... Ладно, мы не гордые, добавим эти два байта путем магического заклятия
$ echo -ne '\xff\x07' > test.prg
$ cat test.bin >> test.prgСупер, заветный бинарник получен. И таки да, он запустился! Что же, теперь мы избавлены от мучения писать программы в машинных кодах, у нас есть целый ассемблер. Естественно, тестирование эмулятора процессора было продолжено. А заодно, не без помощи ИИ, найдены концы к автоматической генерации бинарника, что в конечном итоге вылилось в такой пример
test-stack.asm
.segment "LOADADDR"
.word Start
.org $0200
.segment "CODE"
Start:
CLD
CLI
LDA #$2A
PHA
LDA #$2B
PHA
LDA #$2C
PHA
LDA #$00
PLA
PLA
PLA
Loop:
JMP Loop
.segment "VECTORS"
.org $FFFA
.word Start
.word Start
.word Startc64-asm.cfg
MEMORY {
ZP: start=$0000, size=$0100, type=rw, define=yes;
LOADADDR: start=$01FE, size=$0002, type=ro, define=yes;
RAM: start=$0200, size=$0100, type=rw, define=yes;
ROM: start=$C000, size=$4000, type=ro, define=yes;
}
SEGMENTS {
ZEROPAGE: load=ZP, type=zp;
LOADADDR: load=LOADADDR, type=ro;
CODE: load=RAM, type=ro, define=yes;
VECTORS: load=ROM, start=$FFFA, type=ro;
}Все это собралось, загрузилось и выполнилось, а заодно мы проверили работу и сбаллансированность стека - как видно из примера, мы погрузили туда подряд три байта, а затем извлекли их. То есть, теоретически мы можем исполнять подпрограммы.
Вся эта возня с ассемблером позволила ещё раз проверить реализацию дешифровки команд. В основном это касалось добавления неучтенных опкодов и правку кода, отвечающего за адресацию. Несколько примеров дали хороший результат - эмулятор перестал останавливаться с ошибкой что получен Unknown opcode. Значит настал момент поручить ему нечто более серьезное. Что там у нас с ПЗУ? Что если попробовать скачать оригинальные образы ПЗУ Commodore 64 и отравить их на выполение? Ведь работа нашего компьютера начинается именно со сброса и передаче управления ПЗУ. Как раз работа для второго вечера.
5. Организация памяти Commodore 64
Теперь нас не устроит организация памяти в виде линейного массива байт - нам потребуется целый класс, который будет отвечать за всю аппаратную подсистему управления памятью в C64. Память этого компьютера состоит из:
RAM (ОЗУ) объемом 64 кб.
BASIC ROM (ПЗУ) объемом 8 кб - там живет интерпретатор бейсика.
KERNAL ROM (ПЗУ) объемом 8 кб - там обитает что-то вроде "биоса", системное ПО для инициализации и управления оборудованием на начальном этапе загрузки и предоставляющее программисту функции для реализации системных задач.
Character set ROM (ПЗУ) объемом 4 кб - там хранятся растровые шрифты и спецсимвола в двух наборах, каждый по 256 символов.
Все перечисленное - отдельные аппаратные устройства.
Процессор у нас имеет 16-разрядную адресную шину, то есть он непосредственно может адресовать лишь 64 кб, а у нас их 84. Для того чтобы выкрутиться из этой ситуации Commodor 64 содержит еще один системный чип - PLA (Programmable Logic Array), представляющий собой подобие ПЛИС, задача которой - дирижировать доступом процессора к различным областям памяти, вовремя переключая адресную шины на разные чипы. В эту карусель включены так же и
VIC - чип видео-контроллера, имеющий 64 байта регистровой памяти
SIC - чип аудио-контроллера со своими регистрами
CIA1 и CIA2 - чипы контроллеров ввода/вывода, естественно со своим набором регистров
Виртуальные адреса у нас непрерывны от 0x0000 до 0xFFFF. Однако, с помощью PLA, управляемого по сигналам процессора, в это адресное пространство проецируется все вышеперечисленное.
PLA представляет собой микросхему комбинационной логики не имеющую специальных регистров управления. Однако к трем его входам подключен специальный регистр процессора MOS 6510 (и именно это и отличает его от 6502). Переключением банков памяти управляют три младших бита этого регистра.
По умолчанию, адресное пространство распределено следующим образом:
0x0000 - регистр CPU (CPU_REG0) управляющий направлением I/O портов
0x0001 - регистр CPU (CPU_REG1) управляющий переключением банков памяти через PLA (биты 0-2). Старшие биты управляют кассетным магнитофоном
0x0100 - 0x01FF - по-умолчанию здесь расположен стек
0x0200 - 0x03FF - служебная область, выделенная для работы интерпретатора бейсика
0x0400 - 0x07FF - видеопамять
0x0800 - 0x9FFF - область хранения BASIC-программ
0xA000 - 0xBFFF - по-умолчанию сюда проецируется BASIC ROM. Важно понимать, что не копируется, физически, при работе процессора с BASIC ROM эта область памяти остается свободной, а чтение данных происходит из соответствующего ПЗУ. Может быть изменено через регистр CPU_REG1
0xC000 - 0xCFFF - область загрузки программ на машинном языке, то есть бинарников, написанных на ассемблере или C.
0xD000 - 0xD3FF - область регистров чипа VIC-II. Обращение осуществляется к регистровой памяти видео-контроллера
0xD400 - 0xD7FF - область регистров аудио-чипа SID
0xD800 - 0xD8FF - Color memory чипа VIC-II. Содержит цвета символов, выводимых в текстовом режиме, причем от каждого байта этой области используется лишь одна младшая тетрада, то есть в нашем распоряжении аж 16 цветов.
0xDC00 - 0xDE00 - поровну делится регистрами чипов CIA1 и CIA2
0xDF00 - 0xDFFF - область портов ввода/вывода
0xE000 - 0xFFFF - по-умолчанию сюда проецируется KERNAL ROM. Может быть изменено настройкой через регистр CPU_REG1
Кроме того, область памяти 0xD000 - 0xDFFF может быть спроецирована на Character ROM, это также управляется регистром CPU_REG1, но по умолчанию выключено. Состояния памяти, определяемые битами 0-2 выглядят так
0xY00 - ни одна из ROM недоступна. Доступ осуществляется к RAM по соответствующим адресам. Y - означает произвольное состояние старшего бита
0xY01 - нет доступа к BACIS ROM и KERNAL ROM
0xY10 - нет доступа к BASIC ROM
0x0YY - доступ к Character ROM по адресам 0xD000 - 0xDFFF
0x1YY - доступны BACIS ROM и KERNAL ROM, а по адресам 0xD000 - 0xDFFF происходит доступ к портам VIC, SID, CIA и портам ввода/вывода
Много информации можно почерпнуть здесь и тут. Вторая ссылка очень полезна, так как дает базовое представление об архитектуре нашего пациента. А теперь, со всем этим багажем попробуем
6. Реализация подсистемы памяти Commodore 64
Не буду описывать многочисленные варианты, в конце я дам ссылку на репозиторий проекта и по коммитам можно отследить, что я пришел к нижеприведенному коду не сразу. Запуск с ROM произошел намного раньше, к исходу третьего вечера работы, на другой реализации памяти, нежели приведенная ниже. Здесь я "включил" разработчика и самостоятельно реализовал класс Memory интегрировав его с ядром MOS 6502, услужливо написанное для меня Qwen, и терпеливо доработанное мной. Приведу лишь выдержки из кода, главные его моменты.
Чтение и запись байта в память с учетом работы PLA
memory.cpp
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
uint8_t Memory::read(uint16_t addr)
{
// При попытке чтения области I/O портов
if (addr >= VIC_REGS && addr < IO_PORTS2)
{
// проверяем видимость этой области для процессора
if ( ram[CPU_PORT1] & 0x04 )
{
return ram[addr];
}
else // в противном случе ситаем Character ROM
{
return char_rom[addr - CHAR_ROM];
}
}
// При попытке чтения из области BASIC ROM
if (addr >= BASIC_ROM && addr < BASIC_ROM + BASIC_ROM_SIZE)
{
// проверяем доступность этой области
if ( (ram[CPU_PORT1] & 0x03) == 0x03)
{
return basic_rom[addr - BASIC_ROM];
}
else
{
// иначе - мы читаем ОЗУ
return ram[addr];
}
}
// При попытке чтения из KERNAL ROM
if (addr >= KERNAL_ROM && addr <= KERNAL_ROM + KERNAL_ROM_SIZE - 1)
{
// Проверяем доступность этой области
if (ram[CPU_PORT1] & 0x03)
{
return kernal_rom[addr - KERNAL_ROM];
}
else
{
// иначе - читаем ОЗУ
return ram[addr];
}
}
// Читаем память во всех остальных случаях
return ram[addr];
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void Memory::write(uint16_t addr, uint8_t value)
{
// При попытке записи в область I/O портов
if (addr >= VIC_REGS && addr < IO_PORTS2)
{
// проверяем видимость этой области для процессора
if ( ram[CPU_PORT1] & 0x04 )
{
ram[addr] = value;
return;
}
// в противном случае запись не состоиться, уходим
return;
}
// При попытке записи в область BASIC ROM
if (addr >= BASIC_ROM && addr < BASIC_ROM + BASIC_ROM_SIZE)
{
// проверяем доступность этой области
if ( (ram[CPU_PORT1] & 0x03) == 0x03)
{
return;
}
else
{
// иначе - пишем в ОЗУ
ram[addr] = value;
return;
}
}
// При попытке записи в KERNAL ROM
if (addr >= KERNAL_ROM && addr <= KERNAL_ROM + KERNAL_ROM_SIZE - 1)
{
// Проверяем доступность этой области
if (ram[CPU_PORT1] & 0x03)
{
return;
}
else
{
// иначе - пишем в ОЗУ
ram[addr] = value;
return;
}
}
// Пишем в RAM во всех остальных случаях
ram[addr] = value;
}агрузка ROM из образа на диске. Тут надо пояснить, что эти образы - один к одному образ памяти последовательно записанный в бинарный файл, так что код тривиален
memory.cpp
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void Memory::load_rom_file(const std::string &filename, std::vector<uint8_t> &rom)
{
std::ifstream file(filename, std::ios::binary);
if (!file.is_open())
{
std::cout << "Warning: Can't open ROM file: " << filename << std::endl;
return;
}
file.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(rom.data()), rom.size());
std::cout << "Loaded ROM: " << filename << std::endl;
}Модифицируем реализованные ранее методы процессора для работы с памятью, с учетом указателя на класс Memory, передаваемый процессору
mos6502.cpp
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
uint8_t MOS6502::read(uint16_t addr)
{
cycles++;
return memory->read(addr);
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
uint16_t MOS6502::read16(uint16_t addr)
{
return read(addr) | (read(addr + 1) << 8);
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void MOS6502::write(uint16_t addr, uint8_t value)
{
cycles++;
memory->write(addr, value);
}Инициализация железа C64
c64.cpp
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void C64::load_roms()
{
cpu.memory->load_rom_file("../data/basic.901226-01.bin", cpu.memory->basic_rom);
cpu.memory->load_rom_file("../data/kernal.901227-03.bin", cpu.memory->kernal_rom);
cpu.memory->load_rom_file("../data/c64_char.bin", cpu.memory->char_rom);
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void C64::init()
{
load_roms();
cpu.reset();
}Грамотный сброс процессора
mos6502.cpp
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void MOS6502::reset()
{
memory->ram[Memory::CPU_PORT0] = 0x2F;
memory->ram[Memory::CPU_PORT1] = 0x37;
PC = read16(0xFFFC);
SP = 0xFF;
P = 0x24;
A = X = Y = 0;
cycles = 0;
}Обращаем внимание на то, что необходимо инициализировать CPU_REG0 и CPU_REG1, для того чтобы PLA верно переключил нам банки памяти, то есть сделал доступным бейсик и "биос". Кроме того, нам нужно передать управление на адрес, хранимый KERNAL ROM по адресу 0xFFFC - так называемый вектор сброса, где записан адрес, куда будет передано управление в код KERNAL ROM. Загружаем счетчик команд адресом из этой ячейки. Устанавливаем указатель стека на самое его дно - обращаю внимание, что адресация стека идет относительно адреса 0x0100, регистр SP - 8-битный, то есть стек не может быть более 256 байт. Не густо, но нам хватит. Устанавливает необходимые флаги процессора, чистим регистры, обнуляем счетчик тактов. Ок, погнали!
Ага, совершенно забыл, но образы всех ROM можно скачать тут. Это оригинальные образы, написанные в 80-е годы. Однако, их исходники я видел и на гитхабе, в том числе и бейсик - майкрософт его тоже открыл. Кроме того, доступен листинг BASIC и KERNAL ROM, можно посмотреть вот тут - он очень пригодился мне в процессе.
И - да, эмулятор запустился, кулер на процессоре загудел, выведенные на экран регистры весело изменялись. Ошибки "Неизвестный код операции" нет. Что-то выполняется, что-то запущено! Недаром проделана работа по отладке тестовых ассемблерных примеров. Но, мы не видим, что происходит с нашим "компьютером". Нужна визуализация экрана, ибо совершенно очевидно, что на экран должно что-то выводиться. Визуализацию я реализовал, о чем свидетельствует скриншот на КДПВ, однако о ней я напишу ниже, а пока перечислю те "затыки", которые мне пришлось решить до того, как я увидел что-то, кроме черного окна.
Мой косяк - не надо сбрасывать процессор до загрузки ROM-ов, иначе он будет читать нули
mos6502.cpp
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MOS6502::MOS6502()
{
- reset();
+
}
строка 4 была удалена
Снова мой косяк - считая себя умнее ИИ, я написал по своему обработку команды JSR - вызов подпрограммы. Вернул так, как рекомендовала Qwen
mos6502.cpp
case 0x91: addr_indirect_y(); additional_cycles = ((PC-1) & 0xFF00) != (addr_abs & 0xFF00) ? 1 : 0; break;
// Вызов подпрограммы с абсолютной адресацией
- case 0x20: addr_absolute(); JSR(); return base_cycles + additional_cycles;
+ case 0x20: JSR(); return base_cycles + additional_cycles;
// Безусловные переходы с абсолютной адрессацией
case 0x4C: addr_absolute(); JMP(); return base_cycles + additional_cycles;
Косяк Qwen, который она нагло и упорно тащила через все примеры, которые печатала для меня. Ошибка в вычислении адреса перехода при относительной адресации
mos6502.cpp
if (branch_taken)
{
- PC = addr_rel;
+ PC += addr_rel;
}
else
{
Это приводило к неверной работе ближних переходов, то есть в пределах 256 байт +/- от текущей инструкции.
Снова косяк от Qwen - не учтены некоторые коды операций при дешифровке команд, однако это 50/50 и мой косяк, вызванный банальной невнимательностью
mos6502.cpp
case 0xA5: case 0x65: case 0x25: case 0x06: case 0x24:
case 0xC5: case 0xE4: case 0xC4: case 0xC6: case 0x45:
case 0xE6: case 0xA6: case 0xA4: case 0x46: case 0x05:
- case 0x26: case 0x66: case 0xE5: case 0x85:
+ case 0x26: case 0x66: case 0xE5: case 0x85: case 0x84:
case 0x86: addr_zero_page(); break;
// Адресация в пределах нулевой страницы относительной регистра X
case 0xCD: case 0xEC: case 0xCC: case 0xCE: case 0x4D:
case 0xEE: case 0xAE: case 0xAC: case 0x4E:
case 0x0D: case 0x2E: case 0x6E: case 0xED: case 0x8D:
- case 0x8C: addr_absolute(); break;
+ case 0x8C: case 0x8E: addr_absolute(); break;
Каждая из этих ошибок приводила к неверной адресации, а значит неверной выборке инструкций из памяти. То, что не ловился неверный код операции - чистая случайность. И процессор работал, исполняя совершенейший бред, случайный набор команд, из-за сдвигов в адресе.
И после исправления всего этого... (барабанная дробь), я увидел чудо
Первый признак того, что KERNAL ROM работает. Как-то работает...
Экран раскрасился в знакомый по обзорам C64 цвет! Черный экран стал цветным, значит что-то работает верно! Не сказать чтобы это результат, но и тоже не шутка - запустился код, написанный не мной, машинный код почти полувековой давности. Да, друзья, это воодушевляет. Всегда с восхищением относился к людям, которые пишут эмуляторы компьютерных систем. Я занимался системным программированием, но не до такой степени. И тут ожил мой, склепанный на коленке эмулятор!
Однако, восторг сменился унынием. Так как этот пустой экран сообщал, что KERNAL ROM запустилась и работает, но не передает управление интерпретатору BASIC. С позволения читателя, я сначала расскажу как я решал это, а уж потом опишу процесс визуализации экранного вывода - так будет вернее с методической точки зрения.
7. Отладка внутри отладки, или как запустить BASIC
Итак, эмулятор работает, не вываливается с ошибкой о неверном опкоде. Очевидно выполнение зациклилось. Ну что же, вооружившись листингом приведенным выше, я пошел пошагово, в отладчике выполнять последовательно все инструкции загрузки. Внимание я обращал на соответствие листингу прошивки опкода, и адреса перехода, который загружен в регистр-счетчик команд.
По ходу этого действа выяснилась неверная отработка команды BMI, что было исправлено. Для честности, припишу этот участок кода моим ошибкам, хотя это может быть и косяк Qwen, ибо эту часть я, из-за лени, копипастил из выдачи LLM.
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int MOS6502::execInstruction()
{
if (PC == 0xA000)
if (PC == 0xE584)
{
int a = 0;
}
switch (opcode)
{
case 0x10: branch_taken = !getFlag(N); break;
- case 0x30: branch_taken = !getFlag(V); break;
+ case 0x30: branch_taken = getFlag(N); break;
case 0x50: branch_taken = !getFlag(V); break;
case 0x70: branch_taken = getFlag(V); break;
case 0x90: branch_taken = !getFlag(C); break;
после ликвидации данного возмущения в Силе, процесс на лад не пошел - все тот же экран, но уже другого цвета
На данный процесс наложилось неуверенное состояние класса чипа VIC, который я несколько раз переписывал. Мне казалось что должно что-то выводится, просто VIC работает неверно. Это отчасти так, но анализ видеопамяти и обращение к таблице символов Cahracter ROM показало, что мой эмулятор верно заполняет экран пробелами, причем нужного цвета, как прописали разработчbки KERNAL ROM. Закономерный вывод - на каком-то этапе нарушается процесс выборки инструкций и процессор выполняет хрень. Или зацикливается, что я изначально отметал, памятуя о предыдущем опыте отладки.
Прыжок в торону бейсика начинается в KERNAL ROM с адреса 0xFCFF, где стоит безусловный джамп на адрес, читаемый из первой ячейки бейсика по адресу 0xA000
FCEF 8E 16 D0 STX $D016
FCF2 20 A3 FD JSR $FDA3
FCF5 20 50 FD JSR $FD50
FCF8 20 15 FD JSR $FD15
FCFB 20 5B FF JSR $FF5B
FCFE 58 CLI
FCFF 6C 00 A0 JMP ($A000) ; start basic
Ну ок, брякнем условную точку останова на этот адрес. Но дело в том что условные брейкпоинты в условиях QtCreator, коим я давно и прочно пользуюсь сильно тупят. Поэтому был применен такой прием, в самом начале кода декодирования инструкций
mos6502.cpp
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int MOS6502::execInstruction()
{
if (PC == 0xFF5E)
{
int a = 0;
}Как вы понимаете, бряк ставим на восьмую строку. И это быстро и безотказно работает, позволяя решить два вопроса: доходит или не доходит сюда выполнение кода, или затык сразу за этим адресом, что дальше, последующее пошаговой отладкой и выясняем.
Да, я честно крутил по шагам KERNAL ROM, сверяясь с листингом, раз за разом удивляясь как работает отлаженное ядро MOS 6502. Да, первый затык, с BMI, я выяснил именно таким способом, ибо процесс уходил бредить сразу после вызова подпрограммы по адресу 0xFCFB. Но исправление ошибки не принесло избавления.
Сидел я долго, переписывая в тетрадь все адреса, до которых удалось дошлепать
И, наконец-то я понял, что удачи мне не видать и вспомнил метод отладки, называемый трассировкой - запись в лог исполненных команд. Сказано - сделано. Вот такую примитивную трассировку я организовал
mos6502.cpp
uint16_t cur_PC = PC;
// Извлекаем из памяти код операции
uint8_t opcode = fetch();
int base_cycles = cycle_table[opcode];
int additional_cycles = 0;
std::cout << "PC: 0x" << std::hex << cur_PC << " opcode: 0x" << std::hex << (int) opcode << std::endl;Меня, в общем, интересовал адрес перехода и опкод. Полноценный отладчик реализовать было некогда. И я даже не стал заморачиваться с выводом а файл - просто перенаправил процесс вывода программы в файл с помощью >.
Это дало лог, который сразу (!) вскрыл причину
PC: 0xea2c opcode: 0x9
PC: 0xea2e opcode: 0x85
PC: 0xea30 opcode: 0x60
PC: 0xff5e opcode: 0xad
PC: 0xff61 opcode: 0xd0
PC: 0xff5e opcode: 0xad
PC: 0xff61 opcode: 0xd0
PC: 0xff5e opcode: 0xadРаботал процессор-работал, а с адреса 0xFF5E залез в бесконечный цикл. Почему? Листинг в студию!
FF5B 20 18 E5 JSR $E518
FF5E AD 12 D0 LDA $D012
FF61 D0 FB BNE $FF5EА потому что команда BNE работает в данном случае на ноль в аккумуляторе, который загружается значением по адресу 0xD012. И это, внезапно, адрес регистра видео-чипа VIC-II.
Оказалось, что данный регистр обнуляется чипом VIC-II, когда луч ЭЛТ, пробежав все 311 строк экрана доходит до конца, генерируя аппаратное прерывание. Опа! А прерываний то я не делал вообще! И самое прикольное, что выяснилось из инициализации регистров VIC - начальное значение данного регистра - 0x137.... что ровно 311 в десятиричной форме.
До реализации аппаратных прерываний у меня дело пока не дошло, поэтому я поступил жестоко - занулял данный в конце кадра (видимо, занулив навсегда...). Вот так
c64.cpp
static int frame_counter = 0;
if (++frame_counter % 30000 == 0)
{
vic.render(render);
vic.regs[0x12] = 0x00; // ЗАЦИКЛИВАНИЕ ПОДАВЛЕНО ПРИНУДИТЕЛЬНО!!!
//cpu.irq();
}
}Ок, думаете после этого все стало работать и бейсик запустился? А черта с два! Затык нейросети, в реализации команды JMP по опкоду 0x6C свое дело сделал - процессор не туда побежал исполнять хрень.
Напомню, что джамп на бейсик идет по адресу, лежащему в нулевом бите BACIS ROM по адресу 0xA000. Исправлено, вот лог исправления. Это безусловный бред ИИ.
// Безусловные переходы с абсолютной адрессацией
case 0x4C: addr_absolute(); JMP(); return base_cycles + additional_cycles;
- case 0x6C: addr_abs = read16(PC); PC += 2; JMP(); return base_cycles + additional_cycles;
+ case 0x6C:
+ {
+ uint16_t tmp_addr = read16(PC);
+ addr_abs = read16(tmp_addr);
+ JMP();
+ return base_cycles + additional_cycles;
+ }
И после этого... да, после этого случился взрыв мозга
Поделие вывело на экран что-то разумное, более того, бейсик у нас READY!
Итак, к исходу четвертого вечера я получил запуск бейсика из оригинального ROM. Так себе результат, но все же меня он порадовал. И пока я писал про отладку, меня посетила мысль, что описание VIC и визуализацию лучше оставить для новой статьи. Эта и так вышла довольно объемной.
Выводы
Итак - может ли ИИ заменить программиста? По опыту работы с бесплатными LLM могу сказать однозначно - не может. Аргументы, доказательства представлены выше:
LLM косячит, допуская ошибки в очевидном (пример с загрузкой бинарников)
LLMповторяет, с завидным упорством, неверную реализацию алгоритма
Зачастую, но не в данном случае, LLM не знакома с предметной областью
LLM плевать на архитектуру. Возможно мои промпты были примитивны, наверное стоит общаться с этим помощником поизящнее)
Допустимо ли применять средства, предоставляемые LLM в практической разработке. Ответ также однозначен - да! Аргументы:
LLM генерирует ко, похожий на рабочий, и это хорошая отправная точка
LLM ранее не усвоенную и не найденную информацию. Согласитесь, создать даже такое что создано в данной статье за четыре вечера... Вряд ли, знаю по опыту.
Я - сторонник прогресса во всех его формах и проявлениях. LLM, умеющие писать код - чудо нашего времени. Но выводы я сделаю, и надеюсь, они будут услышаны
LLM - это хороший интерактивный справочник. Это хороший источник ключевых слов для обычного примитивного (божечки, я это сказал!) "гугления". Мне, родившемуся при товарище Брежневе гугл до сих пор представляется чудом, если что
Всю выдачу кода не стоит копипастить, надо вдумчиво читать что вам предлагают
Извлекайте полезное, убивайте нещадно ущербное. Голова - главное оружие разработчика
В заключении, хочу сказать спасибо товарищу @kiltum - вы подняли актуальную тему и побудили лично меня к исследованиям. Удачи вам в ваших проектах!
У нас еще много вопросов. Тему видеочипа я отложил на следующую статью, заодно разберусь с обработкой прерываний. Возможно требуется инициализация и другого оборудования, но это пока предел того, чего я достиг.
Даю обещанную ссылку на репозиторий. Там можно по коммитам проследить путь мучений)
Всем спасибо за уделенной внимание! До новых встреч!
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13.11.25 20:05
[email protected]
A scam cost me $72,000 in USDT. It shook me up. USDT is a stablecoin linked to the dollar. Its value stays even. I believed I found a safe path to build my wealth. At the start, all seemed fine. My account grew to $120,000 in profits. But when I tried to withdraw, the site locked me out. No way to get in. No money left. Fear took over. I felt stuck and alone. These frauds hit crypto investors often. They lure with fast riches. Then they steal your cash and disappear. Billions vanish each year from such schemes. I looked for aid in every spot. Online boards. Help chats. None helped. Then a buddy offered support. He had dealt with the same issue once. He mentioned Sylvester Bryant. My friend praised his expertise. I contacted him at once. His email is [email protected]. Sylvester Bryant changed everything. He heard my tale with no blame. His crew jumped in quickly. They checked all scam details first. One by one, they followed my lost USDT trail. They used software to track the blockchain. That is the open log of coin transfers. It reveals fund paths. Scammers try to cover their steps. Bryant's team went far. They reached out to related platforms and services. Each day brought progress. No easy ways. They shared updates with me always. Each message and talk stayed open and true. Finally, they got back every dollar. My $52,000 returned whole. The effort needed drive and resolve. Bryant's fairness shone through. He added no secret costs. Only fair pay for the job. My worry faded. I relaxed once more. Nights grew calm. My faith in recovery grew strong. If fraud stole your funds, move fast. Contact Sylvester Bryant. He treats such cases with skill. Email at [email protected]. Or use WhatsApp at +1 512 577 7957 or +44 7428 662701. Do not delay. Reclaim what is yours.
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13.11.25 20:05
[email protected]
A scam cost me $72,000 in USDT. It shook me up. USDT is a stablecoin linked to the dollar. Its value stays even. I believed I found a safe path to build my wealth. At the start, all seemed fine. My account grew to $120,000 in profits. But when I tried to withdraw, the site locked me out. No way to get in. No money left. Fear took over. I felt stuck and alone. These frauds hit crypto investors often. They lure with fast riches. Then they steal your cash and disappear. Billions vanish each year from such schemes. I looked for aid in every spot. Online boards. Help chats. None helped. Then a buddy offered support. He had dealt with the same issue once. He mentioned Sylvester Bryant. My friend praised his expertise. I contacted him at once. His email is [email protected]. Sylvester Bryant changed everything. He heard my tale with no blame. His crew jumped in quickly. They checked all scam details first. One by one, they followed my lost USDT trail. They used software to track the blockchain. That is the open log of coin transfers. It reveals fund paths. Scammers try to cover their steps. Bryant's team went far. They reached out to related platforms and services. Each day brought progress. No easy ways. They shared updates with me always. Each message and talk stayed open and true. Finally, they got back every dollar. My $52,000 returned whole. The effort needed drive and resolve. Bryant's fairness shone through. He added no secret costs. Only fair pay for the job. My worry faded. I relaxed once more. Nights grew calm. My faith in recovery grew strong. If fraud stole your funds, move fast. Contact Sylvester Bryant. He treats such cases with skill. Email at [email protected]. Or use WhatsApp at +1 512 577 7957 or +44 7428 662701. Do not delay. Reclaim what is yours.
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13.11.25 22:51
ashley11
Recover All Lost Cryptocurrency From Scammers
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13.11.25 22:52
ashley11
Recover All Lost Cryptocurrency From Scammers TREQORA INTEL has exhibited unparalleled strength in the realm of recovery. They stand out as the premier team to collaborate with if you encounter withdrawal difficulties from the platform where you’ve invested. Recently, I engaged with them to recover over a million dollars trapped in an investment platform I’d been involved with for months. I furnished their team with every detail of the investment via Email (SUPPORT @ TREQORA . C O M”), including accounts, names, and wallet addresses to which I sent the funds. This decision proved to be the best I’ve made, especially after realizing I had been sc**med by the company. Initially, I harbored doubts about their services, but I was proven wrong. TREQORA INTEL ensures exemplary service delivery and ensures the perpetrators face justice. They employ advanced techniques to ensure you regain access to your funds. Understandably, many individuals who have fallen victim to investment scams may still harbor trepidation about engaging in online services again due to the trauma of being sc**med. However, I implore you to take action. Seek assistance from TREQORA INTEL today and witness their remarkable capabilities firsthand. Among the myriad of hackers available, TREQORA INTEL stands head and shoulders above the rest. While I may not have sampled all of them, the few I attempted to work with previously were unhelpful and solely focused on depleting the little funds I had left. I am grateful that I resisted their enticements, and despite the time it took me to discover TREQORA INTEL, they ultimately fulfilled my primary objective. I am confident they will execute the task proficiently. Without their intervention, I would have remained despondent and perplexed indefinitely. Don’t make the error of entrusting sc**mers to rectify a sc*m; the consequences are evident. Email:support@treqora. com,WhatsApp: +1 (7 7 3) 9 7 7 - 7 8 7 7 ,Website: Treqora. com. How Can I Recover My Lost Bitcoin From A Romance Scammer-HIRE TREQORA INTEL
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13.11.25 23:36
daisy
i Lost $200,000 to a phishing scam in 2022. Funds went to a mixer service. Davies traced 70% through Ethereum layers. He teamed with an exchange to freeze the rest. i got $140,000 back in six months. Hiring Davies means clear steps. You share details. He checks facts. Then, the hunt begins. Expect ups and downs, but his plan keeps it steady. you can reach out to him by sending an email to anthonydaviestech {@} gmail com
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14.11.25 03:42
harristhomas7376
"In the crypto world, this is great news I want to share. Last year, I fell victim to a scam disguised as a safe investment option. I have invested in crypto trading platforms for about 10yrs thinking I was ensuring myself a retirement income, only to find that all my assets were either frozen, I believed my assets were secure — until I discovered that my BTC funds had been frozen and withdrawals were impossible. It was a devastating moment when I realized I had been scammed, and I thought my Bitcoin was gone forever, Everything changed when a close friend recommended the Capital Crypto Recover Service. Their professionalism, expertise, and dedication enabled me to recover my lost Bitcoin funds back — more than €560.000 DEM to my BTC wallet. What once felt impossible became a reality thanks to their support. If you have lost Bitcoin through scams, hacking, failed withdrawals, or similar challenges, don’t lose hope. I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover Service to anyone seeking a reliable and effective solution for recovering any wallet assets. They have a proven track record of successful reputation in recovering lost password assets for their clients and can help you navigate the process of recovering your funds. Don’t let scammers get away with your hard-earned money – contact Email: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Contact: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
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14.11.25 03:42
harristhomas7376
"In the crypto world, this is great news I want to share. Last year, I fell victim to a scam disguised as a safe investment option. I have invested in crypto trading platforms for about 10yrs thinking I was ensuring myself a retirement income, only to find that all my assets were either frozen, I believed my assets were secure — until I discovered that my BTC funds had been frozen and withdrawals were impossible. It was a devastating moment when I realized I had been scammed, and I thought my Bitcoin was gone forever, Everything changed when a close friend recommended the Capital Crypto Recover Service. Their professionalism, expertise, and dedication enabled me to recover my lost Bitcoin funds back — more than €560.000 DEM to my BTC wallet. What once felt impossible became a reality thanks to their support. If you have lost Bitcoin through scams, hacking, failed withdrawals, or similar challenges, don’t lose hope. I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover Service to anyone seeking a reliable and effective solution for recovering any wallet assets. They have a proven track record of successful reputation in recovering lost password assets for their clients and can help you navigate the process of recovering your funds. Don’t let scammers get away with your hard-earned money – contact Email: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Contact: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
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14.11.25 08:38
[email protected]
A scam cost me $72,000 in USDT. It shook me up. USDT is a stablecoin linked to the dollar. Its value stays even. I believed I found a safe path to build my wealth. At the start, all seemed fine. My account grew to $120,000 in profits. But when I tried to withdraw, the site locked me out. No way to get in. No money left. Fear took over. I felt stuck and alone. These frauds hit crypto investors often. They lure with fast riches. Then they steal your cash and disappear. Billions vanish each year from such schemes. I looked for aid in every spot. Online boards. Help chats. None helped. Then a buddy offered support. He had dealt with the same issue once. He mentioned Sylvester Bryant. My friend praised his expertise. I contacted him at once. His email is [email protected]. Sylvester Bryant changed everything. He heard my tale with no blame. His crew jumped in quickly. They checked all scam details first. One by one, they followed my lost USDT trail. They used software to track the blockchain. That is the open log of coin transfers. It reveals fund paths. Scammers try to cover their steps. Bryant's team went far. They reached out to related platforms and services. Each day brought progress. No easy ways. They shared updates with me always. Each message and talk stayed open and true. Finally, they got back every dollar. My $52,000 returned whole. The effort needed drive and resolve. Bryant's fairness shone through. He added no secret costs. Only fair pay for the job. My worry faded. I relaxed once more. Nights grew calm. My faith in recovery grew strong. If fraud stole your funds, move fast. Contact Sylvester Bryant. He treats such cases with skill. Email at [email protected]. Or use WhatsApp at +1 512 577 7957 or +44 7428 662701. Do not delay. Reclaim what is yours.
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14.11.25 10:39
MATT PHILLIP
I never imagined I’d fall for a crypto romance scam but it happened. Over the course of a few months, I sent nearly $184,000 worth of Bitcoin to someone I genuinely believed I was building a future with. When they disappeared without a trace, I was left heartbroken, humiliated, and financially devastated. For a long time, I didn’t tell anyone. I felt ashamed. But eventually, while searching for answers, I came across a Reddit thread that mentioned Agent Jasmine Lopez a crypto recovery agent. I reached out, not expecting much. To my surprise, she treated me with kindness, not judgment. She used advanced tools like blockchain forensics, IP tracing, and smart contract analysis and with persistence and legal support, she was able to recover nearly 85% of what I lost. I know not everyone gets that kind of outcome, but thanks to [email protected] WhatsApp at +44 736-644-5035, I’ve started to reclaim not just my assets, but my confidence and peace of mind. If you’re going through something similar, you’re not alone and there is hope.
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14.11.25 12:12
daisy
i Lost $200,000 to a phishing scam in 2022. Funds went to a mixer service. Davies traced 70% through Ethereum layers. He teamed with an exchange to freeze the rest. i got $140,000 back in six months. Hiring Davies means clear steps. You share details. He checks facts. Then, the hunt begins. Expect ups and downs, but his plan keeps it steady. you can reach out to him by sending an email to anthonydaviestech {@} gmail com
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14.11.25 15:07
caridad
Perth Family Saved After $400K Crypto Scam Our family in Perth, WA invested through what we thought was a trusted platform but ended up being a fraudulent investment scheme. We lost nearly AUD 420,000 worth of BTC and USDT. Luckily, a friend recommended Bitreclaim.com. Their 24/7 customer support assigned us a smart contract audit specialist who asked for wallet addresses and transaction hashes. With their forensic blockchain trace, they recovered over 5.1 BTC directly into our hardware wallet. For Perth investors: don’t give up hope. Submit a case at Bitreclaim.com immediately. Their professionalism and success rate in Australia is unmatched.
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14.11.25 18:33
justinekelly45
FAST & RELIABLE CRYPTO RECOVERY SERVICES Hire iFORCE HACKER RECOVERY I was one of many victims deceived by fake cryptocurrency investment offers on Telegram. Hoping to build a retirement fund, I invested heavily and ended up losing about $470,000, including borrowed money. Just when I thought recovery was impossible, I found iForce Hacker Recovery. Their team of crypto recovery experts worked tirelessly and helped me recover my assets within 72 hours, even tracing the scammers involved. I’m deeply thankful for their professionalism and highly recommend their services to anyone facing a similar situation. Website: ht tps://iforcehackers. co m WhatsApp: +1 240-803-3706 Email: iforcehk @ consultant. c om
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14.11.25 20:56
juliamarvin
Firstly, the importance of verifying the authenticity of online communications, especially those about financial matters. Secondly, the potential for recovery exists even in cases where it seems hopeless, thanks to innovative services like TechY Force Cyber Retrieval. Lastly, the cryptocurrency community needs to be more aware of these risks and the available solutions to combat them. My experience serves as a warning to others to be cautious of online impersonators and never to underestimate the potential for recovery in the face of theft. It also highlights the critical role that professional retrieval services can play in securing your digital assets. In conclusion, while the cryptocurrency space offers unparalleled opportunities, it also presents unique challenges, and being informed and vigilant is key to navigating this landscape safely. W.h.a.t.s.A.p.p.. +.15.6.1.7.2.6.3.6.9.7. M.a.i.l T.e.c.h.y.f.o.r.c.e.c.y.b.e.r.r.e.t.r.i.e.v.a.l.@.c.o.n.s.u.l.t.a.n.t.c.o.m. T.e.l.e.g.r.a.m +.15.6.1.7.2.6.3.6.9.7
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15.11.25 12:47
MATT PHILLIP
I never imagined I’d fall for a crypto romance scam but it happened. Over the course of a few months, I sent nearly $184,000 worth of Bitcoin to someone I genuinely believed I was building a future with. When they disappeared without a trace, I was left heartbroken, humiliated, and financially devastated. For a long time, I didn’t tell anyone. I felt ashamed. But eventually, while searching for answers, I came across a Reddit thread that mentioned Agent Jasmine Lopez a crypto recovery agent. I reached out, not expecting much. To my surprise, she treated me with kindness, not judgment. She used advanced tools like blockchain forensics, IP tracing, and smart contract analysis and with persistence and legal support, she was able to recover nearly 85% of what I lost. I know not everyone gets that kind of outcome, but thanks to [email protected] WhatsApp at +44 736-644-5035, I’ve started to reclaim not just my assets, but my confidence and peace of mind. If you’re going through something similar, you’re not alone and there is hope.
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15.11.25 14:39
wendytaylor015
My name is Wendy Taylor, I'm from Los Angeles, i want to announce to you Viewer how Capital Crypto Recover help me to restore my Lost Bitcoin, I invested with a Crypto broker without proper research to know what I was hoarding my hard-earned money into scammers, i lost access to my crypto wallet or had your funds stolen? Don’t worry Capital Crypto Recover is here to help you recover your cryptocurrency with cutting-edge technical expertise, With years of experience in the crypto world, Capital Crypto Recover employs the best latest tools and ethical hacking techniques to help you recover lost assets, unlock hacked accounts, Whether it’s a forgotten password, Capital Crypto Recover has the expertise to help you get your crypto back. a security company service that has a 100% success rate in the recovery of crypto assets, i lost wallet and hacked accounts. I provided them the information they requested and they began their investigation. To my surprise, Capital Crypto Recover was able to trace and recover my crypto assets successfully within 24hours. Thank you for your service in helping me recover my $647,734 worth of crypto funds and I highly recommend their recovery services, they are reliable and a trusted company to any individuals looking to recover lost money. Contact email [email protected] OR Telegram @Capitalcryptorecover Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
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15.11.25 14:39
wendytaylor015
My name is Wendy Taylor, I'm from Los Angeles, i want to announce to you Viewer how Capital Crypto Recover help me to restore my Lost Bitcoin, I invested with a Crypto broker without proper research to know what I was hoarding my hard-earned money into scammers, i lost access to my crypto wallet or had your funds stolen? Don’t worry Capital Crypto Recover is here to help you recover your cryptocurrency with cutting-edge technical expertise, With years of experience in the crypto world, Capital Crypto Recover employs the best latest tools and ethical hacking techniques to help you recover lost assets, unlock hacked accounts, Whether it’s a forgotten password, Capital Crypto Recover has the expertise to help you get your crypto back. a security company service that has a 100% success rate in the recovery of crypto assets, i lost wallet and hacked accounts. I provided them the information they requested and they began their investigation. To my surprise, Capital Crypto Recover was able to trace and recover my crypto assets successfully within 24hours. Thank you for your service in helping me recover my $647,734 worth of crypto funds and I highly recommend their recovery services, they are reliable and a trusted company to any individuals looking to recover lost money. Contact email [email protected] OR Telegram @Capitalcryptorecover Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
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15.11.25 15:31
MATT PHILLIP
I never imagined I’d fall for a crypto romance scam but it happened. Over the course of a few months, I sent nearly $184,000 worth of Bitcoin to someone I genuinely believed I was building a future with. When they disappeared without a trace, I was left heartbroken, humiliated, and financially devastated. For a long time, I didn’t tell anyone. I felt ashamed. But eventually, while searching for answers, I came across a Reddit thread that mentioned Agent Jasmine Lopez a crypto recovery agent. I reached out, not expecting much. To my surprise, she treated me with kindness, not judgment. She used advanced tools like blockchain forensics, IP tracing, and smart contract analysis and with persistence and legal support, she was able to recover nearly 85% of what I lost. I know not everyone gets that kind of outcome, but thanks to [email protected] WhatsApp at +44 736-644-5035, I’ve started to reclaim not just my assets, but my confidence and peace of mind. If you’re going through something similar, you’re not alone and there is hope.
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15.11.25 15:52
[email protected]
A scam cost me $72,000 in USDT. It shook me up. USDT is a stablecoin linked to the dollar. Its value stays even. I believed I found a safe path to build my wealth. At the start, all seemed fine. My account grew to $120,000 in profits. But when I tried to withdraw, the site locked me out. No way to get in. No money left. Fear took over. I felt stuck and alone. These frauds hit crypto investors often. They lure with fast riches. Then they steal your cash and disappear. Billions vanish each year from such schemes. I looked for aid in every spot. Online boards. Help chats. None helped. Then a buddy offered support. He had dealt with the same issue once. He mentioned Sylvester Bryant. My friend praised his expertise. I contacted him at once. His email is [email protected]. Sylvester Bryant changed everything. He heard my tale with no blame. His crew jumped in quickly. They checked all scam details first. One by one, they followed my lost USDT trail. They used software to track the blockchain. That is the open log of coin transfers. It reveals fund paths. Scammers try to cover their steps. Bryant's team went far. They reached out to related platforms and services. Each day brought progress. No easy ways. They shared updates with me always. Each message and talk stayed open and true. Finally, they got back every dollar. My $52,000 returned whole. The effort needed drive and resolve. Bryant's fairness shone through. He added no secret costs. Only fair pay for the job. My worry faded. I relaxed once more. Nights grew calm. My faith in recovery grew strong. If fraud stole your funds, move fast. Contact Sylvester Bryant. He treats such cases with skill. Email at [email protected]. Or use WhatsApp at +1 512 577 7957 or +44 7428 662701. Do not delay. Reclaim what is yours.
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16.11.25 14:43
wendytaylor015
My name is Wendy Taylor, I'm from Los Angeles, i want to announce to you Viewer how Capital Crypto Recover help me to restore my Lost Bitcoin, I invested with a Crypto broker without proper research to know what I was hoarding my hard-earned money into scammers, i lost access to my crypto wallet or had your funds stolen? Don’t worry Capital Crypto Recover is here to help you recover your cryptocurrency with cutting-edge technical expertise, With years of experience in the crypto world, Capital Crypto Recover employs the best latest tools and ethical hacking techniques to help you recover lost assets, unlock hacked accounts, Whether it’s a forgotten password, Capital Crypto Recover has the expertise to help you get your crypto back. a security company service that has a 100% success rate in the recovery of crypto assets, i lost wallet and hacked accounts. I provided them the information they requested and they began their investigation. To my surprise, Capital Crypto Recover was able to trace and recover my crypto assets successfully within 24hours. Thank you for your service in helping me recover my $647,734 worth of crypto funds and I highly recommend their recovery services, they are reliable and a trusted company to any individuals looking to recover lost money. Contact email [email protected] OR Telegram @Capitalcryptorecover Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
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16.11.25 14:44
wendytaylor015
My name is Wendy Taylor, I'm from Los Angeles, i want to announce to you Viewer how Capital Crypto Recover help me to restore my Lost Bitcoin, I invested with a Crypto broker without proper research to know what I was hoarding my hard-earned money into scammers, i lost access to my crypto wallet or had your funds stolen? Don’t worry Capital Crypto Recover is here to help you recover your cryptocurrency with cutting-edge technical expertise, With years of experience in the crypto world, Capital Crypto Recover employs the best latest tools and ethical hacking techniques to help you recover lost assets, unlock hacked accounts, Whether it’s a forgotten password, Capital Crypto Recover has the expertise to help you get your crypto back. a security company service that has a 100% success rate in the recovery of crypto assets, i lost wallet and hacked accounts. I provided them the information they requested and they began their investigation. To my surprise, Capital Crypto Recover was able to trace and recover my crypto assets successfully within 24hours. Thank you for your service in helping me recover my $647,734 worth of crypto funds and I highly recommend their recovery services, they are reliable and a trusted company to any individuals looking to recover lost money. Contact email [email protected] OR Telegram @Capitalcryptorecover Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
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16.11.25 20:38
[email protected]
A scam cost me $72,000 in USDT. It shook me up. USDT is a stablecoin linked to the dollar. Its value stays even. I believed I found a safe path to build my wealth. At the start, all seemed fine. My account grew to $120,000 in profits. But when I tried to withdraw, the site locked me out. No way to get in. No money left. Fear took over. I felt stuck and alone. These frauds hit crypto investors often. They lure with fast riches. Then they steal your cash and disappear. Billions vanish each year from such schemes. I looked for aid in every spot. Online boards. Help chats. None helped. Then a buddy offered support. He had dealt with the same issue once. He mentioned Sylvester Bryant. My friend praised his expertise. I contacted him at once. His email is [email protected]. Sylvester Bryant changed everything. He heard my tale with no blame. His crew jumped in quickly. They checked all scam details first. One by one, they followed my lost USDT trail. They used software to track the blockchain. That is the open log of coin transfers. It reveals fund paths. Scammers try to cover their steps. Bryant's team went far. They reached out to related platforms and services. Each day brought progress. No easy ways. They shared updates with me always. Each message and talk stayed open and true. Finally, they got back every dollar. My $52,000 returned whole. The effort needed drive and resolve. Bryant's fairness shone through. He added no secret costs. Only fair pay for the job. My worry faded. I relaxed once more. Nights grew calm. My faith in recovery grew strong. If fraud stole your funds, move fast. Contact Sylvester Bryant. He treats such cases with skill. Email at [email protected]. Or use WhatsApp at +1 512 577 7957 or +44 7428 662701. Do not delay. Reclaim what is yours.
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17.11.25 03:24
johnny231
INFO@THEBARRYCYBERINVESTIGATIONSDOTCOM is one of the best cyber hackers that i have actually met and had an encounter with, i was suspecting my partner was cheating on me for some time now but i was not sure of my assumptions so i had to contact BARRY CYBER INVESTIGATIONS to help me out with my suspicion. During the cause of their investigation they intercepted his text messages, social media(facebook, twittwer, snapchat whatsapp, instagram),also call logs as well as pictures and videos(deleted files also) they found out my spouse was cheating on me for over 3 years and was already even sending nudes out as well as money to anonymous wallets,so i deciced to file for a divorce and then when i did that i came to the understanding that most of the cryptocurrency we had invested in forex by him was already gone. BARRY CYBER INVESTIGATIONS helped me out through out the cause of my divorce with my spouse they also helped me in retrieving some of the cryptocurrency back, as if that was not enough i decided to introduce them to another of my friend who had lost her most of her savings on a bad crytpo investment and as a result of that it affected her credit score, BARRY CYBER INVESTIGATIONS helped her recover some of the funds back and helped her build her credit score, i have never seen anything like this in my life and to top it off they are very professional and they have intergrity to it you can contact them also on their whatsapp +1814-488-3301. for any hacking or pi jobs you can contact them and i assure you nothing but the best out of the job
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17.11.25 11:26
wendytaylor015
My name is Wendy Taylor, I'm from Los Angeles, i want to announce to you Viewer how Capital Crypto Recover help me to restore my Lost Bitcoin, I invested with a Crypto broker without proper research to know what I was hoarding my hard-earned money into scammers, i lost access to my crypto wallet or had your funds stolen? Don’t worry Capital Crypto Recover is here to help you recover your cryptocurrency with cutting-edge technical expertise, With years of experience in the crypto world, Capital Crypto Recover employs the best latest tools and ethical hacking techniques to help you recover lost assets, unlock hacked accounts, Whether it’s a forgotten password, Capital Crypto Recover has the expertise to help you get your crypto back. a security company service that has a 100% success rate in the recovery of crypto assets, i lost wallet and hacked accounts. I provided them the information they requested and they began their investigation. To my surprise, Capital Crypto Recover was able to trace and recover my crypto assets successfully within 24hours. Thank you for your service in helping me recover my $647,734 worth of crypto funds and I highly recommend their recovery services, they are reliable and a trusted company to any individuals looking to recover lost money. Contact email [email protected] OR Telegram @Capitalcryptorecover Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
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17.11.25 11:27
wendytaylor015
My name is Wendy Taylor, I'm from Los Angeles, i want to announce to you Viewer how Capital Crypto Recover help me to restore my Lost Bitcoin, I invested with a Crypto broker without proper research to know what I was hoarding my hard-earned money into scammers, i lost access to my crypto wallet or had your funds stolen? Don’t worry Capital Crypto Recover is here to help you recover your cryptocurrency with cutting-edge technical expertise, With years of experience in the crypto world, Capital Crypto Recover employs the best latest tools and ethical hacking techniques to help you recover lost assets, unlock hacked accounts, Whether it’s a forgotten password, Capital Crypto Recover has the expertise to help you get your crypto back. a security company service that has a 100% success rate in the recovery of crypto assets, i lost wallet and hacked accounts. I provided them the information they requested and they began their investigation. To my surprise, Capital Crypto Recover was able to trace and recover my crypto assets successfully within 24hours. Thank you for your service in helping me recover my $647,734 worth of crypto funds and I highly recommend their recovery services, they are reliable and a trusted company to any individuals looking to recover lost money. Contact email [email protected] OR Telegram @Capitalcryptorecover Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
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19.11.25 01:56
VERONICAFREDDIE809
Earlier this year, I made a mistake that changed everything. I downloaded what I thought was a legitimate trading app I’d found through a Telegram channel. At first, everything looked real until I tried to withdraw. My entire investment vanished into a bot account, and that’s when the truth hit me: I had been scammed. I can’t describe the feeling. It was as if the ground dropped out from under me. I blamed myself. I felt stupid, ashamed, helpless every painful emotion at once. For a while, I couldn’t even talk about it. I thought no one would understand. But then I got connected to the best female expert AGENT Jasmine Lopez,,( [email protected] ) ,She didn’t brush me off or judge me. She took my fear seriously. She followed leads I didn’t even know existed, and identified multiple off-chain indicators and wallet clusters linked to the scammer network, she helped me understand what had truly happened behind the scenes. For the first time since everything fell apart, I felt hope. Hearing that other people students, parents, hardworking people had been targeted the same way made me realize I wasn’t alone. What happened to us wasn’t stupidity. It was a coordinated attack. We were prey in a system built to deceive. And somehow, through all the chaos, Agent Jasmine stepped in and shined a light into the darkest moment of my life. I’m still healing from the experience. It changed me. But it also reminded me that even when you think you’re at the end, sometimes a lifeline appears where you least expect it. Contact her at [email protected] WhatsApp at +44 736-644-5035.
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19.11.25 08:11
JuneWatkins
I’m June Watkins from California. I never thought I’d lose my life savings in Bitcoin. One wrong click, a fake wallet update, and $187,000 vanished in seconds. I cried for days, felt stupid, ashamed, and completely hopeless. But God wouldn’t let me stay silent or defeated. A friend sent me a simple message: “Contact Mbcoin Recovery Group, they specialize in this.” I was skeptical (there are so many scammers), but something in my spirit said “try.” I reached out to Mbcoin Recovery Group through their official site and within minutes their team responded with kindness and clarity. They walked with me step by step, and stayed in constant contact. Three days later, I watched in tears as every single Bitcoin returned to my wallet, 100% recovered. God turned my mess into a message and my shame into a testimony! If you’ve lost crypto and feel it’s gone forever, don’t give up. I’m living proof that recovery is possible. Thank you, Mbcoin Recovery Group, and thank You, Jesus, for never leaving me stranded. contact: (https://mbcoinrecoverygrou.wixsite.com/mb-coin-recovery) (Email: [email protected]) (Call Number: +1 346 954-1564)
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19.11.25 08:26
elizabethmadison
My name is Elizabeth Madison currently living in New York. There was a time I felt completely broken. I had trusted a fraudulent bitcoin investment organization, who turned out to be a fraudster. I sent money, believing their sweet words and promises on the interest rate I will get back in return, only to realize later that I’ve been scammed. On the day of withdrawal there was no money in my account. The pain hit deep. I couldn’t sleep, I kept asking myself how I could have been so careless, meanwhile my mom was battling with a stroke and the expenses were too much. For days, I cried and blamed myself. The betrayal, the disappointment and my mom's health issues all of this stress made me want to give up on life. But one day, I decided that sitting in pain wouldn’t solve anything. I picked myself up and chose to fight for what I lost then I came across GREAT WHIP RECOVERY CYBER SERVICES and saw how he helped people recover their funds from online fraud. I emailed all the transactions and paperwork I had with the fraudulent organization and they helped me recover all my lost money in just five days. If you have ever fallen victim to scammers, contact GREAT WHIP RECOVERY CYBER SERVICES to help you recover every penny you have lost. (Text +1(406)2729101) (Email [email protected])
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19.11.25 08:27
elizabethmadison
My name is Elizabeth Madison currently living in New York. There was a time I felt completely broken. I had trusted a fraudulent bitcoin investment organization, who turned out to be a fraudster. I sent money, believing their sweet words and promises on the interest rate I will get back in return, only to realize later that I’ve been scammed. On the day of withdrawal there was no money in my account. The pain hit deep. I couldn’t sleep, I kept asking myself how I could have been so careless, meanwhile my mom was battling with a stroke and the expenses were too much. For days, I cried and blamed myself. The betrayal, the disappointment and my mom's health issues all of this stress made me want to give up on life. But one day, I decided that sitting in pain wouldn’t solve anything. I picked myself up and chose to fight for what I lost then I came across GREAT WHIP RECOVERY CYBER SERVICES and saw how he helped people recover their funds from online fraud. I emailed all the transactions and paperwork I had with the fraudulent organization and they helped me recover all my lost money in just five days. If you have ever fallen victim to scammers, contact GREAT WHIP RECOVERY CYBER SERVICES to help you recover every penny you have lost. (Text +1(406)2729101) Website https://greatwhiprecoveryc.wixsite.com/greatwhip-site (Email [email protected])
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19.11.25 16:30
marcushenderson624
Bitcoin Recovery Testimonial After falling victim to a cryptocurrency scam group, I lost $354,000 worth of USDT. I thought all hope was lost from the experience of losing my hard-earned money to scammers. I was devastated and believed there was no way to recover my funds. Fortunately, I started searching for help to recover my stolen funds and I came across a lot of testimonials online about Capital Crypto Recovery, an agent who helps in recovery of lost bitcoin funds, I contacted Capital Crypto Recover Service, and with their expertise, they successfully traced and recovered my stolen assets. Their team was professional, kept me updated throughout the process, and demonstrated a deep understanding of blockchain transactions and recovery protocols. They are trusted and very reliable with a 100% successful rate record Recovery bitcoin, I’m grateful for their help and highly recommend their services to anyone seeking assistance with lost crypto. Contact: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Email: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
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19.11.25 16:30
marcushenderson624
Bitcoin Recovery Testimonial After falling victim to a cryptocurrency scam group, I lost $354,000 worth of USDT. I thought all hope was lost from the experience of losing my hard-earned money to scammers. I was devastated and believed there was no way to recover my funds. Fortunately, I started searching for help to recover my stolen funds and I came across a lot of testimonials online about Capital Crypto Recovery, an agent who helps in recovery of lost bitcoin funds, I contacted Capital Crypto Recover Service, and with their expertise, they successfully traced and recovered my stolen assets. Their team was professional, kept me updated throughout the process, and demonstrated a deep understanding of blockchain transactions and recovery protocols. They are trusted and very reliable with a 100% successful rate record Recovery bitcoin, I’m grateful for their help and highly recommend their services to anyone seeking assistance with lost crypto. Contact: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Email: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
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20.11.25 15:55
mariotuttle94
HIRE THE BEST HACKER ONLINE FOR CRYPTO BITCOIN SCAM RECOVERY / iFORCE HACKER RECOVERY After a security breach, my husband lost $133,000 in Bitcoin. We sought help from a professional cybersecurity team iForce Hacker Recovery they guided us through each step of the recovery process. Their expertise allowed them to trace the compromised funds and help us understand how the breach occurred. The experience brought us clarity, restored a sense of stability, and reminded us of the importance of strong digital asset and security practices. Website: ht tps:/ /iforcehackers. c om WhatsApp: +1 240-803-3706 Email: iforcehk @ consultant. c om
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21.11.25 10:56
marcushenderson624
Bitcoin Recovery Testimonial After falling victim to a cryptocurrency scam group, I lost $354,000 worth of USDT. I thought all hope was lost from the experience of losing my hard-earned money to scammers. I was devastated and believed there was no way to recover my funds. Fortunately, I started searching for help to recover my stolen funds and I came across a lot of testimonials online about Capital Crypto Recovery, an agent who helps in recovery of lost bitcoin funds, I contacted Capital Crypto Recover Service, and with their expertise, they successfully traced and recovered my stolen assets. Their team was professional, kept me updated throughout the process, and demonstrated a deep understanding of blockchain transactions and recovery protocols. They are trusted and very reliable with a 100% successful rate record Recovery bitcoin, I’m grateful for their help and highly recommend their services to anyone seeking assistance with lost crypto. Contact: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Email: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
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21.11.25 10:56
marcushenderson624
Bitcoin Recovery Testimonial After falling victim to a cryptocurrency scam group, I lost $354,000 worth of USDT. I thought all hope was lost from the experience of losing my hard-earned money to scammers. I was devastated and believed there was no way to recover my funds. Fortunately, I started searching for help to recover my stolen funds and I came across a lot of testimonials online about Capital Crypto Recovery, an agent who helps in recovery of lost bitcoin funds, I contacted Capital Crypto Recover Service, and with their expertise, they successfully traced and recovered my stolen assets. Their team was professional, kept me updated throughout the process, and demonstrated a deep understanding of blockchain transactions and recovery protocols. They are trusted and very reliable with a 100% successful rate record Recovery bitcoin, I’m grateful for their help and highly recommend their services to anyone seeking assistance with lost crypto. Contact: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Email: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
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22.11.25 04:41
VERONICAFREDDIE809
Earlier this year, I made a mistake that changed everything. I downloaded what I thought was a legitimate trading app I’d found through a Telegram channel. At first, everything looked real until I tried to withdraw. My entire investment vanished into a bot account, and that’s when the truth hit me: I had been scammed. I can’t describe the feeling. It was as if the ground dropped out from under me. I blamed myself. I felt stupid, ashamed, helpless every painful emotion at once. For a while, I couldn’t even talk about it. I thought no one would understand. But then I got connected to the best female expert AGENT Jasmine Lopez,,( [email protected] ) ,She didn’t brush me off or judge me. She took my fear seriously. She followed leads I didn’t even know existed, and identified multiple off-chain indicators and wallet clusters linked to the scammer network, she helped me understand what had truly happened behind the scenes. For the first time since everything fell apart, I felt hope. Hearing that other people students, parents, hardworking people had been targeted the same way made me realize I wasn’t alone. What happened to us wasn’t stupidity. It was a coordinated attack. We were prey in a system built to deceive. And somehow, through all the chaos, Agent Jasmine stepped in and shined a light into the darkest moment of my life. I’m still healing from the experience. It changed me. But it also reminded me that even when you think you’re at the end, sometimes a lifeline appears where you least expect it. Contact her at [email protected] WhatsApp at +44 736-644-5035.
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22.11.25 22:04
wendytaylor015
My name is Wendy Taylor, I'm from Los Angeles, i want to announce to you Viewer how Capital Crypto Recover help me to restore my Lost Bitcoin, I invested with a Crypto broker without proper research to know what I was hoarding my hard-earned money into scammers, i lost access to my crypto wallet or had your funds stolen? Don’t worry Capital Crypto Recover is here to help you recover your cryptocurrency with cutting-edge technical expertise, With years of experience in the crypto world, Capital Crypto Recover employs the best latest tools and ethical hacking techniques to help you recover lost assets, unlock hacked accounts, Whether it’s a forgotten password, Capital Crypto Recover has the expertise to help you get your crypto back. a security company service that has a 100% success rate in the recovery of crypto assets, i lost wallet and hacked accounts. I provided them the information they requested and they began their investigation. To my surprise, Capital Crypto Recover was able to trace and recover my crypto assets successfully within 24hours. Thank you for your service in helping me recover my $647,734 worth of crypto funds and I highly recommend their recovery services, they are reliable and a trusted company to any individuals looking to recover lost money. Contact email [email protected] OR Telegram @Capitalcryptorecover Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
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22.11.25 22:04
wendytaylor015
My name is Wendy Taylor, I'm from Los Angeles, i want to announce to you Viewer how Capital Crypto Recover help me to restore my Lost Bitcoin, I invested with a Crypto broker without proper research to know what I was hoarding my hard-earned money into scammers, i lost access to my crypto wallet or had your funds stolen? Don’t worry Capital Crypto Recover is here to help you recover your cryptocurrency with cutting-edge technical expertise, With years of experience in the crypto world, Capital Crypto Recover employs the best latest tools and ethical hacking techniques to help you recover lost assets, unlock hacked accounts, Whether it’s a forgotten password, Capital Crypto Recover has the expertise to help you get your crypto back. a security company service that has a 100% success rate in the recovery of crypto assets, i lost wallet and hacked accounts. I provided them the information they requested and they began their investigation. To my surprise, Capital Crypto Recover was able to trace and recover my crypto assets successfully within 24hours. Thank you for your service in helping me recover my $647,734 worth of crypto funds and I highly recommend their recovery services, they are reliable and a trusted company to any individuals looking to recover lost money. Contact email [email protected] OR Telegram @Capitalcryptorecover Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
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22.11.25 22:05
wendytaylor015
My name is Wendy Taylor, I'm from Los Angeles, i want to announce to you Viewer how Capital Crypto Recover help me to restore my Lost Bitcoin, I invested with a Crypto broker without proper research to know what I was hoarding my hard-earned money into scammers, i lost access to my crypto wallet or had your funds stolen? Don’t worry Capital Crypto Recover is here to help you recover your cryptocurrency with cutting-edge technical expertise, With years of experience in the crypto world, Capital Crypto Recover employs the best latest tools and ethical hacking techniques to help you recover lost assets, unlock hacked accounts, Whether it’s a forgotten password, Capital Crypto Recover has the expertise to help you get your crypto back. a security company service that has a 100% success rate in the recovery of crypto assets, i lost wallet and hacked accounts. I provided them the information they requested and they began their investigation. To my surprise, Capital Crypto Recover was able to trace and recover my crypto assets successfully within 24hours. Thank you for your service in helping me recover my $647,734 worth of crypto funds and I highly recommend their recovery services, they are reliable and a trusted company to any individuals looking to recover lost money. Contact email [email protected] OR Telegram @Capitalcryptorecover Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
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23.11.25 03:34
Matt Kegan
SolidBlock Forensics are absolutely the best Crypto forensics team, they're swift to action and accurate
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23.11.25 09:54
elizabethrush89
God bless Capital Crypto Recover Services for the marvelous work you did in my life, I have learned the hard way that even the most sensible investors can fall victim to scams. When my USD was stolen, for anyone who has fallen victim to one of the bitcoin binary investment scams that are currently ongoing, I felt betrayal and upset. But then I was reading a post on site when I saw a testimony of Wendy Taylor online who recommended that Capital Crypto Recovery has helped her recover scammed funds within 24 hours. after reaching out to this cyber security firm that was able to help me recover my stolen digital assets and bitcoin. I’m genuinely blown away by their amazing service and professionalism. I never imagined I’d be able to get my money back until I complained to Capital Crypto Recovery Services about my difficulties and gave all of the necessary paperwork. I was astounded that it took them 12 hours to reclaim my stolen money back. Without a doubt, my USDT assets were successfully recovered from the scam platform, Thank you so much Sir, I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover for any of your bitcoin recovery, digital funds recovery, hacking, and cybersecurity concerns. You reach them Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 His Email: [email protected] Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Via Contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
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23.11.25 18:01
mosbygerry
I recently had the opportunity to work with a skilled programmer who specialized in recovering crypto assets, and the results were nothing short of impressive. The experience not only helped me regain control of my investments but also provided valuable insight into the intricacies of cryptocurrency technology and cybersecurity. The journey began when I attempted to withdraw $183,000 from an investment firm, only to encounter a series of challenges that made it impossible for me to access my funds. Despite seeking assistance from individuals claiming to be Bitcoin miners, I was unable to recover my investments. The situation was further complicated by the fact that all my deposits were made using various cryptocurrencies that are difficult to trace. However, I persisted in my pursuit of recovery, driven by the determination to reclaim my losses. It was during this time that I discovered TechY Force Cyber Retrieval, a team of experts with a proven track record of successfully recovering crypto assets. With their assistance, I was finally able to recover my investments, and in doing so, gained a deeper understanding of the complex mechanisms that underpin cryptocurrency transactions. The experience taught me that with the right expertise and guidance, even the most seemingly insurmountable challenges can be overcome. I feel a sense of obligation to share my positive experience with others who may have fallen victim to cryptocurrency scams or are struggling to recover their investments. If you find yourself in a similar situation, I highly recommend seeking the assistance of a trustworthy and skilled programmer, such as those at TechY Force Cyber Retrieval. WhatsApp (+1561726 3697) or (+1561726 3697). Their expertise and dedication to helping individuals recover their crypto assets are truly commendable, and I have no hesitation in endorsing their services to anyone in need. By sharing my story, I hope to provide a beacon of hope for those who may have lost faith in their ability to recover their investments and to emphasize the importance of seeking professional help when navigating the complex world of cryptocurrency.
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24.11.25 11:43
michaeldavenport238
I was recently scammed out of $53,000 by a fraudulent Bitcoin investment scheme, which added significant stress to my already difficult health issues, as I was also facing cancer surgery expenses. Desperate to recover my funds, I spent hours researching and consulting other victims, which led me to discover the excellent reputation of Capital Crypto Recover, I came across a Google post It was only after spending many hours researching and asking other victims for advice that I discovered Capital Crypto Recovery’s stellar reputation. I decided to contact them because of their successful recovery record and encouraging client testimonials. I had no idea that this would be the pivotal moment in my fight against cryptocurrency theft. Thanks to their expert team, I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency back. The process was intricate, but Capital Crypto Recovery's commitment to utilizing the latest technology ensured a successful outcome. I highly recommend their services to anyone who has fallen victim to cryptocurrency fraud. For assistance contact [email protected] and on Telegram OR Call Number +1 (336)390-6684 via email: [email protected] you can visit his website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
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24.11.25 11:43
michaeldavenport238
I was recently scammed out of $53,000 by a fraudulent Bitcoin investment scheme, which added significant stress to my already difficult health issues, as I was also facing cancer surgery expenses. Desperate to recover my funds, I spent hours researching and consulting other victims, which led me to discover the excellent reputation of Capital Crypto Recover, I came across a Google post It was only after spending many hours researching and asking other victims for advice that I discovered Capital Crypto Recovery’s stellar reputation. I decided to contact them because of their successful recovery record and encouraging client testimonials. I had no idea that this would be the pivotal moment in my fight against cryptocurrency theft. Thanks to their expert team, I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency back. The process was intricate, but Capital Crypto Recovery's commitment to utilizing the latest technology ensured a successful outcome. I highly recommend their services to anyone who has fallen victim to cryptocurrency fraud. For assistance contact [email protected] and on Telegram OR Call Number +1 (336)390-6684 via email: [email protected] you can visit his website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
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24.11.25 16:34
Mundo
I wired 120k in crypto to the wrong wallet. One dumb slip-up, and poof gone. That hit me hard. Lost everything I had built up. Crypto moves on the blockchain. It's like a public record book. Once you send, that's it. No take-backs. Banks can fix wire mistakes. Not here. Transfers stick forever. a buddy tipped me off right away. Meet Sylvester Bryant. Guy's a pro at pulling back lost crypto. Handles cases others can't touch, he spots scammer moves cold. Follows money down secret paths. Mixers. Fake trades. Hidden swaps. You name it, he tracks it. this happens to tons of folks. Fat-finger a key. Miss one digit in the address. Boom. Billions vanish like that each year. I panicked. Figured my stash was toast for good. Bryant flipped the script. He jumps on hard jobs quick. Digs deep. Cracks the trail. Got my funds back safe. You're in the same boat? Don't sit there. Hit him up today. Email [email protected]. WhatsApp +1 512 577 7957. Or +44 7428 662701. Time's your enemy here. Scammers spend fast. Chains churn non-stop. Move now. Grab your cash back home.
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25.11.25 05:15
michaeldavenport218
I was recently scammed out of $53,000 by a fraudulent Bitcoin investment scheme, which added significant stress to my already difficult health issues, as I was also facing cancer surgery expenses. Desperate to recover my funds, I spent hours researching and consulting other victims, which led me to discover the excellent reputation of Capital Crypto Recover, I came across a Google post It was only after spending many hours researching and asking other victims for advice that I discovered Capital Crypto Recovery’s stellar reputation. I decided to contact them because of their successful recovery record and encouraging client testimonials. I had no idea that this would be the pivotal moment in my fight against cryptocurrency theft. Thanks to their expert team, I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency back. The process was intricate, but Capital Crypto Recovery's commitment to utilizing the latest technology ensured a successful outcome. I highly recommend their services to anyone who has fallen victim to cryptocurrency fraud. For assistance contact [email protected] and on Telegram OR Call Number +1 (336)390-6684 via email: [email protected] you can visit his website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
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25.11.25 13:31
mickaelroques52
CRYPTO TRACING AND INVESTIGATION EXPERT: HOW TO RECOVER STOLEN CRYPTO_HIRE RAPID DIGITAL RECOVERY
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25.11.25 13:31
mickaelroques52
I’ve always considered myself a careful person when it comes to money, but even the most cautious people can be fooled. A few months ago, I invested some of my Bitcoin into what I believed was a legitimate platform. Everything seemed right, professional website, live chat support and even convincing testimonials. I thought I had done my homework. But when I tried to withdraw my funds, everything fell apart. My account was blocked, the so-called support team disappeared and I realized I had been scammed. The shock was overwhelming. I couldn’t believe I had fallen for it. That Bitcoin represented years of savings and sacrifices and it felt like everything had been stolen from me in seconds. I didn’t sleep for days and I was angry at myself for trusting the wrong people. In my desperation, I started searching for solutions and came across Rapid Digital Recovery. At first, I thought it was just another promise that would lead nowhere. But after speaking with them, I realized this was different. They were professional, clear and understanding. They explained exactly how they track stolen funds through blockchain forensics and what steps would be taken in my case. I gave them all the transaction details and they immediately got to work. What impressed me most was their transparency, they gave me updates regularly and kept me involved in the process. After weeks of investigation, they achieved what I thought was impossible: they recovered my stolen Bitcoin and safely returned it to my wallet. The relief I felt that day is indescribable. I went from feeling hopeless and broken to feeling like I had been given a second chance. I am forever grateful to Rapid Digital Recovery. They didn’t just recover my money, they restored my peace of mind. If you’re reading this because you’ve been scammed, please know you’re not alone and that recovery is possible. I’m living proof that with the right help, you can get your funds back... Contact Info Below WhatSapp: + 1 414 807 1485 Email: rapiddigitalrecovery (@) execs. com Telegram: + 1 680 5881 631
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26.11.25 18:18
harristhomas7376
"In the crypto world, this is great news I want to share. Last year, I fell victim to a scam disguised as a safe investment option. I have invested in crypto trading platforms for about 10yrs thinking I was ensuring myself a retirement income, only to find that all my assets were either frozen, I believed my assets were secure — until I discovered that my BTC funds had been frozen and withdrawals were impossible. It was a devastating moment when I realized I had been scammed, and I thought my Bitcoin was gone forever, Everything changed when a close friend recommended the Capital Crypto Recover Service. Their professionalism, expertise, and dedication enabled me to recover my lost Bitcoin funds back — more than €560.000 DEM to my BTC wallet. What once felt impossible became a reality thanks to their support. If you have lost Bitcoin through scams, hacking, failed withdrawals, or similar challenges, don’t lose hope. I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover Service to anyone seeking a reliable and effective solution for recovering any wallet assets. They have a proven track record of successful reputation in recovering lost password assets for their clients and can help you navigate the process of recovering your funds. Don’t let scammers get away with your hard-earned money – contact Email: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Contact: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
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26.11.25 18:20
harristhomas7376
"In the crypto world, this is great news I want to share. Last year, I fell victim to a scam disguised as a safe investment option. I have invested in crypto trading platforms for about 10yrs thinking I was ensuring myself a retirement income, only to find that all my assets were either frozen, I believed my assets were secure — until I discovered that my BTC funds had been frozen and withdrawals were impossible. It was a devastating moment when I realized I had been scammed, and I thought my Bitcoin was gone forever, Everything changed when a close friend recommended the Capital Crypto Recover Service. Their professionalism, expertise, and dedication enabled me to recover my lost Bitcoin funds back — more than €560.000 DEM to my BTC wallet. What once felt impossible became a reality thanks to their support. If you have lost Bitcoin through scams, hacking, failed withdrawals, or similar challenges, don’t lose hope. I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover Service to anyone seeking a reliable and effective solution for recovering any wallet assets. They have a proven track record of successful reputation in recovering lost password assets for their clients and can help you navigate the process of recovering your funds. Don’t let scammers get away with your hard-earned money – contact Email: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Contact: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
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26.11.25 19:13
James Robert
I am James Robert from Chicago. Few months ago, I fell victim to an online Bitcoin investment scheme that promised high returns within a short period. At first, everything seemed legitimate, their website looked professional, and the people behind it were very convincing. I invested a significant amount of money about $440,000 with the way they talk to me into investing on their bitcoin platform. Two months later I realized that it was a scam when I could no longer have access to my account and couldn’t withdraw my money. At first, I lost hope that I wouldn't be able to get my money back, I cried and was angry at how I even fell victim to a scam. For days after doing some research and seeking professional help online, I came across GREAT WHIP RECOVERY CYBER SERVICES and saw how they have helped people recover their money back from scammers. I reported the case immediately to them and gather every transaction detail, documentation and sent it to them. Today, I’m very happy because the GREAT WHIP RECOVERY CYBER SERVICES help me recover all my money I was scammed. You can contact GREAT WHIP RECOVERY CYBER SERVICES if you have ever fallen victim to scam. Email: [email protected] or Website https://greatwhiprecoveryc.wixsite.com/greatwhip-site
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26.11.25 19:13
James Robert
I am James Robert from Chicago. Few months ago, I fell victim to an online Bitcoin investment scheme that promised high returns within a short period. At first, everything seemed legitimate, their website looked professional, and the people behind it were very convincing. I invested a significant amount of money about $440,000 with the way they talk to me into investing on their bitcoin platform. Two months later I realized that it was a scam when I could no longer have access to my account and couldn’t withdraw my money. At first, I lost hope that I wouldn't be able to get my money back, I cried and was angry at how I even fell victim to a scam. For days after doing some research and seeking professional help online, I came across GREAT WHIP RECOVERY CYBER SERVICES and saw how they have helped people recover their money back from scammers. I reported the case immediately to them and gather every transaction detail, documentation and sent it to them. Today, I’m very happy because the GREAT WHIP RECOVERY CYBER SERVICES help me recover all my money I was scammed. You can contact GREAT WHIP RECOVERY CYBER SERVICES if you have ever fallen victim to scam. Email: [email protected] or Website https://greatwhiprecoveryc.wixsite.com/greatwhip-site
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26.11.25 19:13
James Robert
I am James Robert from Chicago. Few months ago, I fell victim to an online Bitcoin investment scheme that promised high returns within a short period. At first, everything seemed legitimate, their website looked professional, and the people behind it were very convincing. I invested a significant amount of money about $440,000 with the way they talk to me into investing on their bitcoin platform. Two months later I realized that it was a scam when I could no longer have access to my account and couldn’t withdraw my money. At first, I lost hope that I wouldn't be able to get my money back, I cried and was angry at how I even fell victim to a scam. For days after doing some research and seeking professional help online, I came across GREAT WHIP RECOVERY CYBER SERVICES and saw how they have helped people recover their money back from scammers. I reported the case immediately to them and gather every transaction detail, documentation and sent it to them. Today, I’m very happy because the GREAT WHIP RECOVERY CYBER SERVICES help me recover all my money I was scammed. You can contact GREAT WHIP RECOVERY CYBER SERVICES if you have ever fallen victim to scam. Email: [email protected] or Website https://greatwhiprecoveryc.wixsite.com/greatwhip-site
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27.11.25 10:56
harristhomas7376
"In the crypto world, this is great news I want to share. Last year, I fell victim to a scam disguised as a safe investment option. I have invested in crypto trading platforms for about 10yrs thinking I was ensuring myself a retirement income, only to find that all my assets were either frozen, I believed my assets were secure — until I discovered that my BTC funds had been frozen and withdrawals were impossible. It was a devastating moment when I realized I had been scammed, and I thought my Bitcoin was gone forever, Everything changed when a close friend recommended the Capital Crypto Recover Service. Their professionalism, expertise, and dedication enabled me to recover my lost Bitcoin funds back — more than €560.000 DEM to my BTC wallet. What once felt impossible became a reality thanks to their support. If you have lost Bitcoin through scams, hacking, failed withdrawals, or similar challenges, don’t lose hope. I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover Service to anyone seeking a reliable and effective solution for recovering any wallet assets. They have a proven track record of successful reputation in recovering lost password assets for their clients and can help you navigate the process of recovering your funds. Don’t let scammers get away with your hard-earned money – contact Email: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Contact: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
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27.11.25 10:56
harristhomas7376
"In the crypto world, this is great news I want to share. Last year, I fell victim to a scam disguised as a safe investment option. I have invested in crypto trading platforms for about 10yrs thinking I was ensuring myself a retirement income, only to find that all my assets were either frozen, I believed my assets were secure — until I discovered that my BTC funds had been frozen and withdrawals were impossible. It was a devastating moment when I realized I had been scammed, and I thought my Bitcoin was gone forever, Everything changed when a close friend recommended the Capital Crypto Recover Service. Their professionalism, expertise, and dedication enabled me to recover my lost Bitcoin funds back — more than €560.000 DEM to my BTC wallet. What once felt impossible became a reality thanks to their support. If you have lost Bitcoin through scams, hacking, failed withdrawals, or similar challenges, don’t lose hope. I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover Service to anyone seeking a reliable and effective solution for recovering any wallet assets. They have a proven track record of successful reputation in recovering lost password assets for their clients and can help you navigate the process of recovering your funds. Don’t let scammers get away with your hard-earned money – contact Email: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Contact: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
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27.11.25 20:04
deborah113
Scammed Crypto Asset Recovery Solution Hire iFORCE HACKER RECOVERY When I traded online, I lost both my investment money and the anticipated gains. Before permitting any withdrawals, the site kept requesting more money, and soon I recognized I had been duped. It was really hard to deal with the loss after their customer service ceased responding. I saw a Facebook testimonial about how iForce Hacker Recovery assisted a victim of fraud in getting back the bitcoin she had transferred to con artists. I contacted iForce Hacker Recovery, submitted all relevant case paperwork, and meticulously followed the guidelines. I'm relieved that I was eventually able to get my money back, including the gains that were initially displayed on my account. I'm sharing my story to let others who have been conned know that you can recover your money. WhatsApp: +1 240-803-3706 Email: iforcehk @ consultant. c om Website: ht tps:/ /iforcehackers. c om
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27.11.25 23:48
elizabethrush89
God bless Capital Crypto Recover Services for the marvelous work you did in my life, I have learned the hard way that even the most sensible investors can fall victim to scams. When my USD was stolen, for anyone who has fallen victim to one of the bitcoin binary investment scams that are currently ongoing, I felt betrayal and upset. But then I was reading a post on site when I saw a testimony of Wendy Taylor online who recommended that Capital Crypto Recovery has helped her recover scammed funds within 24 hours. after reaching out to this cyber security firm that was able to help me recover my stolen digital assets and bitcoin. I’m genuinely blown away by their amazing service and professionalism. I never imagined I’d be able to get my money back until I complained to Capital Crypto Recovery Services about my difficulties and gave all of the necessary paperwork. I was astounded that it took them 12 hours to reclaim my stolen money back. Without a doubt, my USDT assets were successfully recovered from the scam platform, Thank you so much Sir, I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover for any of your bitcoin recovery, digital funds recovery, hacking, and cybersecurity concerns. You reach them Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 His Email: [email protected] Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Via Contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
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27.11.25 23:48
elizabethrush89
God bless Capital Crypto Recover Services for the marvelous work you did in my life, I have learned the hard way that even the most sensible investors can fall victim to scams. When my USD was stolen, for anyone who has fallen victim to one of the bitcoin binary investment scams that are currently ongoing, I felt betrayal and upset. But then I was reading a post on site when I saw a testimony of Wendy Taylor online who recommended that Capital Crypto Recovery has helped her recover scammed funds within 24 hours. after reaching out to this cyber security firm that was able to help me recover my stolen digital assets and bitcoin. I’m genuinely blown away by their amazing service and professionalism. I never imagined I’d be able to get my money back until I complained to Capital Crypto Recovery Services about my difficulties and gave all of the necessary paperwork. I was astounded that it took them 12 hours to reclaim my stolen money back. Without a doubt, my USDT assets were successfully recovered from the scam platform, Thank you so much Sir, I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover for any of your bitcoin recovery, digital funds recovery, hacking, and cybersecurity concerns. You reach them Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 His Email: [email protected] Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Via Contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
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28.11.25 00:08
VERONICAFREDDIE809
Earlier this year, I made a mistake that changed everything. I downloaded what I thought was a legitimate trading app I’d found through a Telegram channel. At first, everything looked real until I tried to withdraw. My entire investment vanished into a bot account, and that’s when the truth hit me: I had been scammed. I can’t describe the feeling. It was as if the ground dropped out from under me. I blamed myself. I felt stupid, ashamed, helpless every painful emotion at once. For a while, I couldn’t even talk about it. I thought no one would understand. But then I found someone Agent Jasmine Lopez ([email protected])WhatsApp at +44 736-644-5035. ,She didn’t brush me off or judge me. She took my fear seriously. She followed leads I didn’t even know existed, and identified multiple off-chain indicators and wallet clusters linked to the scammer network, she helped me understand what had truly happened behind the scenes. For the first time since everything fell apart, I felt hope. Hearing that other people students, parents, hardworking people had been targeted the same way made me realize I wasn’t alone. What happened to us wasn’t stupidity. It was a coordinated attack. We were prey in a system built to deceive. And somehow, through all the chaos, Agent Jasmine stepped in and shined a light into the darkest moment of my life. I’m still healing from the experience. It changed me. But it also reminded me that even when you think you’re at the end, sometimes a lifeline appears where you least expect it.
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28.11.25 11:15
robertalfred175
CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: 📧 Email: [email protected] 📱 Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] 📞 Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 🌐 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
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28.11.25 11:15
robertalfred175
CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: 📧 Email: [email protected] 📱 Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] 📞 Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 🌐 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
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28.11.25 11:43
elizabethmadison
My name is Elizabeth Madison currently living in New York. There was a time I felt completely broken. I had trusted a fraudulent bitcoin investment organization, who turned out to be a fraudster. I sent money, believing their sweet words and promises on the interest rate I will get back in return, only to realize later that I’ve been scammed. On the day of withdrawal there was no money in my account. The pain hit deep. I couldn’t sleep, I kept asking myself how I could have been so careless, meanwhile my mom was battling with a stroke and the expenses were too much. For days, I cried and blamed myself. The betrayal, the disappointment and my mom's health issues all of this stress made me want to give up on life. But one day, I decided that sitting in pain wouldn’t solve anything. I picked myself up and chose to fight for what I lost then I came across GREAT WHIP RECOVERY CYBER SERVICES and saw how he helped people recover their funds from online fraud. I emailed all the transactions and paperwork I had with the fraudulent organization and they helped me recover all my lost money in just five days. If you have ever fallen victim to scammers, contact GREAT WHIP RECOVERY CYBER SERVICES to help you recover every penny you have lost. (Text +1(406)2729101) Website https://greatwhiprecoveryc.wixsite.com/greatwhip-site (Email [email protected])
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28.11.25 11:43
elizabethmadison
My name is Elizabeth Madison currently living in New York. There was a time I felt completely broken. I had trusted a fraudulent bitcoin investment organization, who turned out to be a fraudster. I sent money, believing their sweet words and promises on the interest rate I will get back in return, only to realize later that I’ve been scammed. On the day of withdrawal there was no money in my account. The pain hit deep. I couldn’t sleep, I kept asking myself how I could have been so careless, meanwhile my mom was battling with a stroke and the expenses were too much. For days, I cried and blamed myself. The betrayal, the disappointment and my mom's health issues all of this stress made me want to give up on life. But one day, I decided that sitting in pain wouldn’t solve anything. I picked myself up and chose to fight for what I lost then I came across GREAT WHIP RECOVERY CYBER SERVICES and saw how he helped people recover their funds from online fraud. I emailed all the transactions and paperwork I had with the fraudulent organization and they helped me recover all my lost money in just five days. If you have ever fallen victim to scammers, contact GREAT WHIP RECOVERY CYBER SERVICES to help you recover every penny you have lost. (Text +1(406)2729101) Website https://greatwhiprecoveryc.wixsite.com/greatwhip-site (Email [email protected])
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29.11.25 12:35
elizabethrush89
God bless Capital Crypto Recover Services for the marvelous work you did in my life, I have learned the hard way that even the most sensible investors can fall victim to scams. When my USD was stolen, for anyone who has fallen victim to one of the bitcoin binary investment scams that are currently ongoing, I felt betrayal and upset. But then I was reading a post on site when I saw a testimony of Wendy Taylor online who recommended that Capital Crypto Recovery has helped her recover scammed funds within 24 hours. after reaching out to this cyber security firm that was able to help me recover my stolen digital assets and bitcoin. I’m genuinely blown away by their amazing service and professionalism. I never imagined I’d be able to get my money back until I complained to Capital Crypto Recovery Services about my difficulties and gave all of the necessary paperwork. I was astounded that it took them 12 hours to reclaim my stolen money back. Without a doubt, my USDT assets were successfully recovered from the scam platform, Thank you so much Sir, I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover for any of your bitcoin recovery, digital funds recovery, hacking, and cybersecurity concerns. You reach them Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 His Email: [email protected] Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Via Contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
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29.11.25 12:35
elizabethrush89
God bless Capital Crypto Recover Services for the marvelous work you did in my life, I have learned the hard way that even the most sensible investors can fall victim to scams. When my USD was stolen, for anyone who has fallen victim to one of the bitcoin binary investment scams that are currently ongoing, I felt betrayal and upset. But then I was reading a post on site when I saw a testimony of Wendy Taylor online who recommended that Capital Crypto Recovery has helped her recover scammed funds within 24 hours. after reaching out to this cyber security firm that was able to help me recover my stolen digital assets and bitcoin. I’m genuinely blown away by their amazing service and professionalism. I never imagined I’d be able to get my money back until I complained to Capital Crypto Recovery Services about my difficulties and gave all of the necessary paperwork. I was astounded that it took them 12 hours to reclaim my stolen money back. Without a doubt, my USDT assets were successfully recovered from the scam platform, Thank you so much Sir, I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover for any of your bitcoin recovery, digital funds recovery, hacking, and cybersecurity concerns. You reach them Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 His Email: [email protected] Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Via Contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
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29.11.25 12:35
elizabethrush89
God bless Capital Crypto Recover Services for the marvelous work you did in my life, I have learned the hard way that even the most sensible investors can fall victim to scams. When my USD was stolen, for anyone who has fallen victim to one of the bitcoin binary investment scams that are currently ongoing, I felt betrayal and upset. But then I was reading a post on site when I saw a testimony of Wendy Taylor online who recommended that Capital Crypto Recovery has helped her recover scammed funds within 24 hours. after reaching out to this cyber security firm that was able to help me recover my stolen digital assets and bitcoin. I’m genuinely blown away by their amazing service and professionalism. I never imagined I’d be able to get my money back until I complained to Capital Crypto Recovery Services about my difficulties and gave all of the necessary paperwork. I was astounded that it took them 12 hours to reclaim my stolen money back. Without a doubt, my USDT assets were successfully recovered from the scam platform, Thank you so much Sir, I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover for any of your bitcoin recovery, digital funds recovery, hacking, and cybersecurity concerns. You reach them Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 His Email: [email protected] Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Via Contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
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30.11.25 20:37
robertalfred175
CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: 📧 Email: [email protected] 📱 Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] 📞 Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 🌐 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
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01.12.25 12:27
Thomas Muller
YOU CAN REACH OUT TO GREAT WHIP RECOVERY CYBER SERVICES FOR HELP TO RECOVER YOUR STOLEN BTC OR ETH BACK WHATSAPP +1(208)713-0697 I once fell victim to online investment scheme that cost me a devastating €254,000. I’m Thomas Muller from Berlin, Germany. The person I trusted turned out to be a fraud, and the moment I realized I’d been deceived, my entire world stopped. I immediately began searching for legitimate ways to recover my funds and hold the scammer accountable. During my search, I came across several testimonies of how Great Whip Recovery Cyber Services helped some people recover money they lost to cyber fraud, I contacted Great Whip Recovery Cyber Service team and provided all the evidence I had. Within about 36 hours, the experts traced the digital trail left by the fraudster, the individual was eventually tracked down and I recovered all my money back. You can contact them with, website https://greatwhiprecoveryc.wixsite.com/greatwhip-site text +1(406)2729101 email [email protected]
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01.12.25 12:27
Thomas Muller
YOU CAN REACH OUT TO GREAT WHIP RECOVERY CYBER SERVICES FOR HELP TO RECOVER YOUR STOLEN BTC OR ETH BACK WHATSAPP +1(208)713-0697 I once fell victim to online investment scheme that cost me a devastating €254,000. I’m Thomas Muller from Berlin, Germany. The person I trusted turned out to be a fraud, and the moment I realized I’d been deceived, my entire world stopped. I immediately began searching for legitimate ways to recover my funds and hold the scammer accountable. During my search, I came across several testimonies of how Great Whip Recovery Cyber Services helped some people recover money they lost to cyber fraud, I contacted Great Whip Recovery Cyber Service team and provided all the evidence I had. Within about 36 hours, the experts traced the digital trail left by the fraudster, the individual was eventually tracked down and I recovered all my money back. You can contact them with, website https://greatwhiprecoveryc.wixsite.com/greatwhip-site text +1(406)2729101 email [email protected]
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01.12.25 23:45
michaeldavenport238
I was recently scammed out of $53,000 by a fraudulent Bitcoin investment scheme, which added significant stress to my already difficult health issues, as I was also facing cancer surgery expenses. Desperate to recover my funds, I spent hours researching and consulting other victims, which led me to discover the excellent reputation of Capital Crypto Recover, I came across a Google post It was only after spending many hours researching and asking other victims for advice that I discovered Capital Crypto Recovery’s stellar reputation. I decided to contact them because of their successful recovery record and encouraging client testimonials. I had no idea that this would be the pivotal moment in my fight against cryptocurrency theft. Thanks to their expert team, I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency back. The process was intricate, but Capital Crypto Recovery's commitment to utilizing the latest technology ensured a successful outcome. I highly recommend their services to anyone who has fallen victim to cryptocurrency fraud. For assistance contact [email protected] and on Telegram OR Call Number +1 (336)390-6684 via email: [email protected] you can visit his website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
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01.12.25 23:45
michaeldavenport238
I was recently scammed out of $53,000 by a fraudulent Bitcoin investment scheme, which added significant stress to my already difficult health issues, as I was also facing cancer surgery expenses. Desperate to recover my funds, I spent hours researching and consulting other victims, which led me to discover the excellent reputation of Capital Crypto Recover, I came across a Google post It was only after spending many hours researching and asking other victims for advice that I discovered Capital Crypto Recovery’s stellar reputation. I decided to contact them because of their successful recovery record and encouraging client testimonials. I had no idea that this would be the pivotal moment in my fight against cryptocurrency theft. Thanks to their expert team, I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency back. The process was intricate, but Capital Crypto Recovery's commitment to utilizing the latest technology ensured a successful outcome. I highly recommend their services to anyone who has fallen victim to cryptocurrency fraud. For assistance contact [email protected] and on Telegram OR Call Number +1 (336)390-6684 via email: [email protected] you can visit his website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
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02.12.25 02:21
donald121
In 2025 alone, hackers stole over $1.5 billion in digital assets from users worldwide. That's a wake-up call for anyone holding crypto. Theft hits hard because once funds move, they're tough to get back. Common ways it happens include phishing emails that trick you into giving up keys, big exchange breaches, or malware sneaking into your wallet. Marie guide walks you through steps to recover stolen cryptocurrency. You'll learn quick actions to stop more loss, how to trace funds, and ways to fight back legally. Plus, tips to avoid this mess next time. reach her (infocyberrecoveryinc@gmail com and whatsapp:+1 7127594675)
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02.12.25 15:05
Matt Kegan
Reach out to SolidBlock Forensics if you want to get back your coins from fake crypto investment or your wallet was compromised and all your coins gone. SolidBlock Forensics provide deep ethical analysis and investigation that enables them to trace these schemes, and recover all your funds. Their services are professional and reliable.
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03.12.25 09:22
tyrelldavis1
I still recall the day I fell victim to an online scam, losing a substantial amount of money to a cunning fraudster. The feeling of helplessness and despair that followed was overwhelming, and I thought I had lost all hope of ever recovering my stolen funds. However, after months of searching for a solution, I stumbled upon a beacon of hope - GRAYWARE TECH SERVICE, a highly reputable and exceptionally skilled investigative and recovery firm. Their team of expert cybersecurity professionals specializes in tracking and retrieving money lost to internet fraud, and I was impressed by their unwavering dedication to helping victims like me. With their extensive knowledge and cutting-edge technology, they were able to navigate the complex world of online finance and identify the culprits behind my loss. What struck me most about GRAYWARE TECH SERVICE was their unparalleled expertise and exceptional customer service. They took the time to understand my situation, provided me with regular updates, and kept me informed throughout the entire recovery process. Their transparency and professionalism were truly reassuring, and I felt confident that I had finally found a reliable partner to help me recover my stolen money. Thanks to GRAYWARE TECH SERVICE, I was able to recover a significant portion of my lost funds, and I am forever grateful for their assistance. Their success in retrieving my money not only restored my financial stability but also restored my faith in the ability of authorities to combat online fraud. If you have fallen victim to internet scams, I highly recommend reaching out to GRAYWARE TECH SERVICE - their expertise and dedication to recovering stolen funds are unparalleled, and they may be your only hope for retrieving what is rightfully yours. You can reach them on whatsapp+18582759508 web at ( https://graywaretechservice.com/ ) also on Mail: ([email protected]
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03.12.25 21:01
VERONICAFREDDIE809
Earlier this year, I made a mistake that changed everything. I downloaded what I thought was a legitimate trading app I’d found through a Telegram channel. At first, everything looked real until I tried to withdraw. My entire investment vanished into a bot account, and that’s when the truth hit me: I had been scammed. I can’t describe the feeling. It was as if the ground dropped out from under me. I blamed myself. I felt stupid, ashamed, helpless every painful emotion at once. For a while, I couldn’t even talk about it. I thought no one would understand. But then I found someone Agent Jasmine Lopez ([email protected]) ,She didn’t brush me off or judge me. She took my fear seriously. She followed leads I didn’t even know existed, and identified multiple off-chain indicators and wallet clusters linked to the scammer network, she helped me understand what had truly happened behind the scenes. For the first time since everything fell apart, I felt hope. Hearing that other people students, parents, hardworking people had been targeted the same way made me realize I wasn’t alone. What happened to us wasn’t stupidity. It was a coordinated attack. We were prey in a system built to deceive. And somehow, through all the chaos, Agent Jasmine stepped in and shined a light into the darkest moment of my life. I’m still healing from the experience. It changed me. But it also reminded me that even when you think you’re at the end, sometimes a lifeline appears where you least expect it. Contact her at [email protected] WhatsApp at +44 736-644-5035.
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03.12.25 22:17
Tonerdomark
I lost $300,000 in USDC to a phishing scam. Scammers tricked me with a fake wallet link. They drained my account fast. I felt hopeless. No way to get it back. Then Sylvester stepped in. His skills traced the funds. He recovered every bit. USDC is a stablecoin tied to the dollar. Phishing scams hit hard in crypto. They fool you with urgent emails or sites. Billions vanish each year this way. Sylvester knows blockchain tracks. He used tools to follow the trail. I got my money back in weeks. Skills like his turn loss to win. Don't wait if scammed. Contact Mr. Sylvester now. Email: yt7cracker@gmail. com. WhatsApp only: + 1 512 577 7957 or + 44 7428 662701. He helped me. He can help you.
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04.12.25 01:37
michaeldavenport238
I was recently scammed out of $53,000 by a fraudulent Bitcoin investment scheme, which added significant stress to my already difficult health issues, as I was also facing cancer surgery expenses. Desperate to recover my funds, I spent hours researching and consulting other victims, which led me to discover the excellent reputation of Capital Crypto Recover, I came across a Google post It was only after spending many hours researching and asking other victims for advice that I discovered Capital Crypto Recovery’s stellar reputation. I decided to contact them because of their successful recovery record and encouraging client testimonials. I had no idea that this would be the pivotal moment in my fight against cryptocurrency theft. Thanks to their expert team, I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency back. The process was intricate, but Capital Crypto Recovery's commitment to utilizing the latest technology ensured a successful outcome. I highly recommend their services to anyone who has fallen victim to cryptocurrency fraud. For assistance contact [email protected] and on Telegram OR Call Number +1 (336)390-6684 via email: [email protected] you can visit his website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
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04.12.25 01:37
michaeldavenport238
I was recently scammed out of $53,000 by a fraudulent Bitcoin investment scheme, which added significant stress to my already difficult health issues, as I was also facing cancer surgery expenses. Desperate to recover my funds, I spent hours researching and consulting other victims, which led me to discover the excellent reputation of Capital Crypto Recover, I came across a Google post It was only after spending many hours researching and asking other victims for advice that I discovered Capital Crypto Recovery’s stellar reputation. I decided to contact them because of their successful recovery record and encouraging client testimonials. I had no idea that this would be the pivotal moment in my fight against cryptocurrency theft. Thanks to their expert team, I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency back. The process was intricate, but Capital Crypto Recovery's commitment to utilizing the latest technology ensured a successful outcome. I highly recommend their services to anyone who has fallen victim to cryptocurrency fraud. For assistance contact [email protected] and on Telegram OR Call Number +1 (336)390-6684 via email: [email protected] you can visit his website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
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04.12.25 04:35
Tonerdomark
I lost $300,000 in USDC to a phishing scam. Scammers tricked me with a fake wallet link. They drained my account fast. I felt hopeless. No way to get it back. Then Sylvester stepped in. His skills traced the funds. He recovered every bit. USDC is a stablecoin tied to the dollar. Phishing scams hit hard in crypto. They fool you with urgent emails or sites. Billions vanish each year this way. Sylvester knows blockchain tracks. He used tools to follow the trail. I got my money back in weeks. Skills like his turn loss to win. Don't wait if scammed. Contact Mr. Sylvester now. Email: [email protected]. WhatsApp only: + 1 512 577 7957 or + 44 7428 662701. He helped me. He can help you.
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04.12.25 10:32
Tonerdomark
I lost $300,000 in USDC to a phishing scam. Scammers tricked me with a fake wallet link. They drained my account fast. I felt hopeless. No way to get it back. Then Sylvester stepped in. His skills traced the funds. He recovered every bit. USDC is a stablecoin tied to the dollar. Phishing scams hit hard in crypto. They fool you with urgent emails or sites. Billions vanish each year this way. Sylvester knows blockchain tracks. He used tools to follow the trail. I got my money back in weeks. Skills like his turn loss to win. Don't wait if scammed. Contact Mr. Sylvester now. Email: [email protected]. WhatsApp only: + 1 512 577 7957 or + 44 7428 662701. He helped me. He can help you.
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04.12.25 18:25
smithhazael
Hire Proficient Expert Consultant For any form of lost crypto "A man in Indonesia tragically took his own life after losing his family's savings to a scam. The shame and blame were too much to bear. It's heartbreaking to think he might still be alive if he knew help existed. "PROFICIENT EXPERT CONSULTANTS, I worked alongside PROFICIENT EXPERT CONSULTANTS when I lost my funds to an investment platform on Telegram. PROFICIENT EXPERT CONSULTANTS did a praiseworthy job, tracked and successfully recovered all my lost funds a total of $770,000 within 48hours after contacting them, with their verse experience in recovery issues and top tier skills they were able to transfer back all my funds into my account, to top it up I had full access to my account and immediately converted it to cash, they handled my case with professionalism and empathy and successfully recovered all my lost funds, with so many good reviews about PROFICIENT EXPERT CONSULTANTS, I’m glad I followed my instincts after reading all the reviews and I was able to recovery everything I thought I had lost, don’t commit suicide if in any case you are caught in the same situation, contact: Proficientexpert@consultant. com Telegram: @ PROFICIENTEXPERT, the reliable experts in recovery.
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04.12.25 21:45
elizabethrush89
God bless Capital Crypto Recover Services for the marvelous work you did in my life, I have learned the hard way that even the most sensible investors can fall victim to scams. When my USD was stolen, for anyone who has fallen victim to one of the bitcoin binary investment scams that are currently ongoing, I felt betrayal and upset. But then I was reading a post on site when I saw a testimony of Wendy Taylor online who recommended that Capital Crypto Recovery has helped her recover scammed funds within 24 hours. after reaching out to this cyber security firm that was able to help me recover my stolen digital assets and bitcoin. I’m genuinely blown away by their amazing service and professionalism. I never imagined I’d be able to get my money back until I complained to Capital Crypto Recovery Services about my difficulties and gave all of the necessary paperwork. I was astounded that it took them 12 hours to reclaim my stolen money back. Without a doubt, my USDT assets were successfully recovered from the scam platform, Thank you so much Sir, I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover for any of your bitcoin recovery, digital funds recovery, hacking, and cybersecurity concerns. You reach them Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 His Email: [email protected] Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Via Contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
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04.12.25 21:45
elizabethrush89
God bless Capital Crypto Recover Services for the marvelous work you did in my life, I have learned the hard way that even the most sensible investors can fall victim to scams. When my USD was stolen, for anyone who has fallen victim to one of the bitcoin binary investment scams that are currently ongoing, I felt betrayal and upset. But then I was reading a post on site when I saw a testimony of Wendy Taylor online who recommended that Capital Crypto Recovery has helped her recover scammed funds within 24 hours. after reaching out to this cyber security firm that was able to help me recover my stolen digital assets and bitcoin. I’m genuinely blown away by their amazing service and professionalism. I never imagined I’d be able to get my money back until I complained to Capital Crypto Recovery Services about my difficulties and gave all of the necessary paperwork. I was astounded that it took them 12 hours to reclaim my stolen money back. Without a doubt, my USDT assets were successfully recovered from the scam platform, Thank you so much Sir, I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover for any of your bitcoin recovery, digital funds recovery, hacking, and cybersecurity concerns. You reach them Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 His Email: [email protected] Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Via Contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
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05.12.25 08:35
into11
The digital world of cryptocurrency offers big chances, but it also hides tricky scams. Losing your crypto to fraud feels awful. It can leave you feeling lost and violated. This guide tells you what to do right away if a crypto scam has hit you. These steps can help you get funds back or stop more trouble. Knowing what to do fast can change everything,reach marie ([email protected] and whatsapp:+1 7127594675)
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05.12.25 08:48
Tonerdomark
SYLVESTER BRYANT WAS A PROFESSIONAL/ RELIABLE HACKER AND HIGHLY RECOMMENDED I’m very excited to speak about him as a Bitcoin Recovery agent, this cyber security company was able to assist me in recovering my stolen funds in cryptocurrency. I’m truly amazed by their excellent service and professional work. I never thought I could get back my funds until I approached them with my problems and provided all the necessary information. It took them time to recover my funds and I was amazed. Without any doubt, I highly recommend Sylvester for your BITCOIN, USDC, USDT, ETH Recovery, for all Cryptocurrency recovery, digital funds recovery, hacking Related issues, contact Sylvester Bryant professional services waapp only= +1 512 577 7957 or + 44 7428 662701 EMAIL = [email protected]
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06.12.25 01:44
Tonerdomark
SYLVESTER BRYANT WAS A PROFESSIONAL/ RELIABLE HACKER AND HIGHLY RECOMMENDED I’m very excited to speak about him as a Bitcoin Recovery agent, this cyber security company was able to assist me in recovering my stolen funds in cryptocurrency. I’m truly amazed by their excellent service and professional work. I never thought I could get back my funds until I approached them with my problems and provided all the necessary information. It took them time to recover my funds and I was amazed. Without any doubt, I highly recommend Sylvester for your BITCOIN, USDC, USDT, ETH Recovery, for all Cryptocurrency recovery, digital funds recovery, hacking Related issues, contact Sylvester Bryant professional services waapp only= +1 512 577 7957 or + 44 7428 662701 EMAIL = [email protected]
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06.12.25 01:48
Tonerdomark
SYLVESTER BRYANT WAS A PROFESSIONAL/ RELIABLE HACKER AND HIGHLY RECOMMENDED I’m very excited to speak about him as a Bitcoin Recovery agent, this cyber security company was able to assist me in recovering my stolen funds in cryptocurrency. I’m truly amazed by their excellent service and professional work. I never thought I could get back my funds until I approached them with my problems and provided all the necessary information. It took them time to recover my funds and I was amazed. Without any doubt, I highly recommend Sylvester for your BITCOIN, USDC, USDT, ETH Recovery, for all Cryptocurrency recovery, digital funds recovery, hacking Related issues, contact Sylvester Bryant professional services waapp only= +1 512 577 7957 or + 44 7428 662701 EMAIL = [email protected]
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06.12.25 10:36
Thomas Muller
YOU CAN REACH OUT TO GREAT WHIP RECOVERY CYBER SERVICES FOR HELP TO RECOVER YOUR STOLEN BTC OR ETH BACK WHATSAPP +1(208)713-0697 I once fell victim to online investment scheme that cost me a devastating €254,000. I’m Thomas Muller from Berlin, Germany. The person I trusted turned out to be a fraud, and the moment I realized I’d been deceived, my entire world stopped. I immediately began searching for legitimate ways to recover my funds and hold the scammer accountable. During my search, I came across several testimonies of how Great Whip Recovery Cyber Services helped some people recover money they lost to cyber fraud, I contacted Great Whip Recovery Cyber Service team and provided all the evidence I had. Within about 36 hours, the experts traced the digital trail left by the fraudster, the individual was eventually tracked down and I recovered all my money back. You can contact them with, website https://greatwhiprecoveryc.wixsite.com/greatwhip-site text +1(406)2729101 email [email protected]
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06.12.25 10:36
Thomas Muller
YOU CAN REACH OUT TO GREAT WHIP RECOVERY CYBER SERVICES FOR HELP TO RECOVER YOUR STOLEN BTC OR ETH BACK WHATSAPP +1(208)713-0697 I once fell victim to online investment scheme that cost me a devastating €254,000. I’m Thomas Muller from Berlin, Germany. The person I trusted turned out to be a fraud, and the moment I realized I’d been deceived, my entire world stopped. I immediately began searching for legitimate ways to recover my funds and hold the scammer accountable. During my search, I came across several testimonies of how Great Whip Recovery Cyber Services helped some people recover money they lost to cyber fraud, I contacted Great Whip Recovery Cyber Service team and provided all the evidence I had. Within about 36 hours, the experts traced the digital trail left by the fraudster, the individual was eventually tracked down and I recovered all my money back. You can contact them with, website https://greatwhiprecoveryc.wixsite.com/greatwhip-site text +1(406)2729101 email [email protected]
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06.12.25 10:39
michaeldavenport238
I was recently scammed out of $53,000 by a fraudulent Bitcoin investment scheme, which added significant stress to my already difficult health issues, as I was also facing cancer surgery expenses. Desperate to recover my funds, I spent hours researching and consulting other victims, which led me to discover the excellent reputation of Capital Crypto Recover, I came across a Google post It was only after spending many hours researching and asking other victims for advice that I discovered Capital Crypto Recovery’s stellar reputation. I decided to contact them because of their successful recovery record and encouraging client testimonials. I had no idea that this would be the pivotal moment in my fight against cryptocurrency theft. Thanks to their expert team, I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency back. The process was intricate, but Capital Crypto Recovery's commitment to utilizing the latest technology ensured a successful outcome. I highly recommend their services to anyone who has fallen victim to cryptocurrency fraud. For assistance contact [email protected] and on Telegram OR Call Number +1 (336)390-6684 via email: [email protected] you can visit his website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
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06.12.25 10:42
michaeldavenport238
I was recently scammed out of $53,000 by a fraudulent Bitcoin investment scheme, which added significant stress to my already difficult health issues, as I was also facing cancer surgery expenses. Desperate to recover my funds, I spent hours researching and consulting other victims, which led me to discover the excellent reputation of Capital Crypto Recover, I came across a Google post It was only after spending many hours researching and asking other victims for advice that I discovered Capital Crypto Recovery’s stellar reputation. I decided to contact them because of their successful recovery record and encouraging client testimonials. I had no idea that this would be the pivotal moment in my fight against cryptocurrency theft. Thanks to their expert team, I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency back. The process was intricate, but Capital Crypto Recovery's commitment to utilizing the latest technology ensured a successful outcome. I highly recommend their services to anyone who has fallen victim to cryptocurrency fraud. For assistance contact [email protected] and on Telegram OR Call Number +1 (336)390-6684 via email: [email protected] you can visit his website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
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07.12.25 08:43
Tonerdomark
SYLVESTER BRYANT WAS A PROFESSIONAL/ RELIABLE HACKER AND HIGHLY RECOMMENDED I’m very excited to speak about him as a Bitcoin Recovery agent, this cyber security company was able to assist me in recovering my stolen funds in cryptocurrency. I’m truly amazed by their excellent service and professional work. I never thought I could get back my funds until I approached them with my problems and provided all the necessary information. It took them time to recover my funds and I was amazed. Without any doubt, I highly recommend Sylvester for your BITCOIN, USDC, USDT, ETH Recovery, for all Cryptocurrency recovery, digital funds recovery, hacking Related issues, contact Sylvester Bryant professional services waapp only= +1 512 577 7957 or + 44 7428 662701 EMAIL = [email protected]
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02:17
liam
I recently fell a victim of cryptocurrency investment and mining scam, I lost almost all my life savings to BTC scammers. I almost gave up because the amount of crypto I lost was too much. So I spoke to a friend who told me about ANTHONYDAVIESTECH company. I Contacted them through their email and i provided them with the necessary information they requested from me and they told me to be patient and wait to see the outcome of their job. I was shocked after two days my Bitcoin was returned to my Wallet. All thanks to them for their genius work. I Contacted them via Email: anthonydaviestech @ gmail . com all thanks to my friend who saved my life
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09:07
Tonerdomark
SYLVESTER BRYANT WAS A PROFESSIONAL/ RELIABLE HACKER AND HIGHLY RECOMMENDED I’m very excited to speak about him as a Bitcoin Recovery agent, this cyber security company was able to assist me in recovering my stolen funds in cryptocurrency. I’m truly amazed by their excellent service and professional work. I never thought I could get back my funds until I approached them with my problems and provided all the necessary information. It took them time to recover my funds and I was amazed. Without any doubt, I highly recommend Sylvester for your BITCOIN, USDC, USDT, ETH Recovery, for all Cryptocurrency recovery, digital funds recovery, hacking Related issues, contact Sylvester Bryant professional services waapp only= +1 512 577 7957 or + 44 7428 662701 EMAIL = [email protected]
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