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[Перевод] Самопаркующийся авто за 500 строк кода

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TLDR


В этой статье мы научим авто самостоятельно парковаться с помощью генетического алгоритма.


Мы создадим первое поколение авто с произвольными геномами, которое будет вести себя примерно так:


8gbsullqgo6q2vikath_8qrhuim.gif



Примерно на сороковом поколении авто начнут понимать, что такое авто-парковка, и начнут приближаться к парковочному месту:


k96gh0vysbjgtgrea-2-6wc-9kg.gif



Другой пример с более сложной отправной точкой:


uskc64_n8y2t_l5rsr2rzigwjhi.gif



Да-да, авто врезаются в другие авто и паркуются не идеально, но это лишь 40 поколение с момента создания их мира, поэтому будьте милостивы и позвольте авто расти :D

Вы можете запустить симулятор, чтобы увидеть процесс эволюции прямо в браузере. Симулятор предоставляет следующие возможности:



Генетический алгоритм для этого проекта реализован на TypeScript. Полный исходный код проекта можно найти в этом репозитории.


Мы будем использовать генетический алгоритм для эволюционирования геномов авто. Однако статья затрагивает только основы алгоритма и не является исчерпывающим руководством по генетическим алгоритмам.

Готовы? Тогда поехали.


План


Шаг за шагом мы перейдем от высокоуровневой задачи создания самопаркующегося авто к простой низкоуровневой задаче поиска оптимальной комбинации 180 битов (поиска оптимального генома авто).


Мы собираемся сделать следующее:


  1. 💪🏻 Дать авто мышцы (мускулы) (двигатель, рулевое колесо), чтобы оно могло двигаться к парковочному месту.
  2. 👀 Дать авто глаза (сенсоры или датчики), чтобы оно могло видеть препятствия вокруг.
  3. 🧠 Дать авто мозг, чтобы оно могло управлять мышцами (движениями) на основе того, что оно видит (препятствия через сенсоры). Мозг будет простой чистой функцией движения = f(сенсоры)
  4. 🧬 Эволюционировать мозг, чтобы совершать правильные движения на основе данных сенсоров. Здесь мы будем применять генетический алгоритм. Поколение за поколением наша функция мозга движения = f(сенсоры) будет учиться парковаться.

Даем авто мышцы


Для того, чтобы двигаться, авто нужны "мышцы". Дадим авто 2 типа мышц:


  1. Мышцы двигателя — позволяют авто двигаться ↓ назад, ↑ вперед или ◎ продолжать движение (нейтральная передача)
  2. Мышцы руля — позволяют авто поворачивать ← влево, → вправо или ◎ двигаться прямо

С этими двумя мышцами авто сможет выполнять следующие движения:


me0fr_70mnb0amrrqomvygdx858.gif



В нашем случае мышцы — это приемники сигналов, поступающих от мозга каждые 100 мс. Мышцы ведут себя по-разному в зависимости от сигнала мозга. Мы поговорим о "мозге" ниже, а сейчас допустим, что мозг может посылать 3 сигнала для каждой мышцы: -1, 0 или +1.


type MuscleSignal = -1 | 0 | 1;

Например, мозг может послать сигнал со значением +1 в мышцу двигателя и авто начнет двигаться вперед. Сигнал -1 в мышцу двигателя двигает авто назад. Если мозг посылает сигнал -1 в мышцу руля, авто поворачивает налево и т.д.


Вот как значения сигнала мозга сопоставляются с действиями мышц в нашем случае:


Мышца -1 0 1
Двигатель ↓ Назад ◎ Нейтраль ↑ Вперед
Руль ← Налево ◎ Прямо → Направо

В случае ручной парковки в симуляторе при нажатии одной из клавиш WASD (или касании сенсорного экрана) в мышцы посылаются сигналы -1, 0 или +1.

Даем авто глаза


Перед тем, как наше авто научится парковаться с помощью мышц, оно должно иметь возможность "видеть" окружение. Дадим ему 8 глаз в форме сенсоров расстояния:


  • каждый сенсор обнаруживает препятствие на расстоянии от 0 до 4 м
  • каждый сенсор отправляет информацию о видимом препятствии в мозг каждые 100 мс
  • если сенсор не видит препятствия, он отправляет в мозг значение 0. Если значение сенсора чуть больше нуля (например, 0.01), значит, препятствие находится очень близко

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С помощью симулятора можно увидеть, как меняется цвет каждого сенсора в зависимости от близости препятствия.

type Sensors = number[];

Даем авто мозг


На данный момент наше авто может видеть и двигаться, но отсутствует "координатор", который будет трансформировать сигналы от глаз в соответствующие движения мышц. Нам нужен мозг.


Входные данные мозга


В качестве входных данных от сенсоров каждые 100 мс мозг будет получать 8 чисел с плавающей запятой, каждое в диапазоне [0...4]. Входные данные могут выглядеть так:


const sensors: Sensors = [s0, s1, s2, s3, s4, s5, s6, s7];
// например, 🧠 ← [0, 0.5, 4, 0.002, 0, 3.76, 0, 1.245]

Выходные данные


Каждые 100 мс мозг должен генерировать 2 целых числа:


  1. Сигнал для двигателя — engineSignal.
  2. Сигнал для руля — wheelSignal.

Каждое число должно иметь тип MuscleSignal и принимать одно из 3 значений: -1, 0 или +1.


Формулы/функции мозга


Принимая во внимание только что написанное, можно сказать, что мозг — это просто функция:


const { engineSignal, wheelSignal } = brainToMuscleSignal(
  brainFunction(sensors)
);
// например, { engineSignal: 0, wheelSignal: -1 } ← 🧠 ← [0, 0.5, 4, 0.002, 0, 3.76, 0, 1.245]

Где brainToMuscleSignal — это функция, конвертирующая сырые сигналы мозга (числа с плавающей запятой) в сигналы мышц (числа -1, 0 или +1), которые мышцы способны понять. Мы реализуем эту функцию преобразования позже.


Сейчас главный вопрос — что представляет собой brainFunction?


Чтобы сделать автомобиль умнее, а его движения более сложными, можно использовать многослойный перцептрон. Название немного пугающее, но это просто нейронная сеть с базовой архитектурой (думайте об этом как о формуле с большим количеством параметров/коэффициентов).


Я рассказывал о многослойном перцептроне в проектах homemade-machine-learning, machine-learning-experiments и nano-neuron.

Однако, вместо нейронных сетей, мы выберем гораздо более простой подход и будем использовать два линейных полинома с несколькими переменными (если быть точнее, то в каждом полиноме будет ровно 8 переменных, по 1 на сенсор), которые будут выглядеть примерно так:


engineSignal = brainToMuscleSignal(
  (e0 * s0) + (e1 * s1) + ... + (e7 * s7) + e8 // <- brainFunction
)

wheelSignal = brainToMuscleSignal(
  (w0 * s0) + (w1 * s1) + ... + (w7 * s7) + w8 // <- brainFunction
)

Где:


  • [s0, s1, ..., s7] — 8 переменных: значения сенсоров, являются динамическими
  • [e0, e1, ..., e8] — 9 коэффициентов для полинома двигателя. Авто должен будет этому научиться, значения будут статическими
  • [w0, w1, ..., w8] — 9 коэффициентов для полинома руля. Авто должен будет этому научиться, значения будут статическими

Ценой использования простой функции будет то, что мозг авто не сможет учиться сложным движениям, будет плохо обобщать и адаптироваться к неизвестному окружению. Но для парковки и в целях демонстрации работы генетического алгоритма этого должно быть достаточно.


Общую полиномиальную функцию можно реализовать следующим образом:


type Coefficients = number[];

// Функция для вычисления линейного полинома на основе коэффициентов и переменных
const linearPolynomial = (coefficients: Coefficients, variables: number[]): number => {
  if (coefficients.length !== (variables.length + 1)) {
    throw new Error('Количество коэффициентов и переменных не совпадает');
  }
  let result = 0;
  coefficients.forEach((coefficient: number, coefficientIndex: number) => {
    if (coefficientIndex < variables.length) {
      result += coefficient * variables[coefficientIndex];
    } else {
      // Последний коэффициент добавляется без умножения
      result += coefficient
    }
  });
  return result;
};

В этом случае мозг авто будет состоять из 2 полиномов и будет выглядеть так:


const engineSignal: MuscleSignal = brainToMuscleSignal(
  linearPolynomial(engineCoefficients, sensors)
);

const wheelSignal: MuscleSignal = brainToMuscleSignal(
  linearPolynomial(wheelCoefficients, sensors)
);

Результатом функции linearPolynomial является число с плавающей запятой. Функция brainToMuscleSignal должна конвертировать широкий диапазон чисел с плавающей запятой в 3 целых числа. Она будет это делать в 2 этапа:


  1. Преобразование любого числа с плавающей запятой (например, 0.456, 3673.45 или -280) в число с плавающей запятой в диапазоне (0...1) (например, 0.05 или 0.86).
  2. Преобразование числа с плавающей запятой в диапазоне (0...1) в целые числа -1, 0 или +1. Например, число, близкое к 0, будет преобразовано в -1, число, близкое к 0.5, будет преобразовано в 0, а число, близкое к 1, будет преобразовано в 1.

Для выполнения первого преобразования нам потребуется сигмоида, реализующая следующую формулу:


3ugloonpejunico7hnqwdrrdopa.png



Она преобразует любое число с плавающей запятой (ось x) в число в диапазоне (0...1) (ось y). Это именно то, что нам нужно.


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Вот как выглядят шаги преобразования на сигмовидном графике:


lxo-5lpjeaie9yosx-cpydvoiuq.png



Возможная реализация двух упомянутых выше преобразований:


// Вычисляет сигмоидное значение для переданного числа
const sigmoid = (x: number): number => {
  return 1 / (1 + Math.E ** -x);
};

// Преобразует сигмоидное значение (0...1) в сигналы мышц (-1, 0, +1).
// Параметр `margin` - это значение между 0 и 0.5:
// [0 ... (0.5 - margin) ... 0.5 ... (0.5 + margin) ... 1]
const sigmoidToMuscleSignal = (sigmoidValue: number, margin: number = 0.4): MuscleSignal => {
  if (sigmoidValue < (0.5 - margin)) {
    return -1;
  }
  if (sigmoidValue > (0.5 + margin)) {
    return 1;
  }
  return 0;
};

// Преобразует сигнал мозга в сигнал мышц
const brainToMuscleSignal = (rawBrainSignal: number): MuscleSignal => {
  const normalizedBrainSignal = sigmoid(rawBrainSignal);
  return sigmoidToMuscleSignal(normalizedBrainSignal);
}

Геном авто (ДНК)


Основной вывод предыдущего раздела: коэффициенты [e0, e1, ..., e8] и [w0, w1, ..., w8] определяют поведение авто. Эти 18 чисел вместе формируют уникальный геном авто (его ДНК, если угодно).

Геном авто в десятичной форме


Объединим коэффициенты [e0, e1, ..., e8] и [w0, w1, ..., w8] вместе для формирования генома авто в десятичной форме:


// Геном авто - это список десятичных чисел (коэффициентов)
const carGenomeBase10 = [e0, e1, ..., e8, w0, w1, ..., w8];
// например, carGenomeBase10 = [17.5, 0.059, -46, 25, 156, -0.085, -0.207, -0.546, 0.071, -58, 41, 0.011, 252, -3.5, -0.017, 1.532, -360, 0.157]

Геном авто в двоичной форме


Сделаем шаг вперед (на уровень генов) и преобразуем десятичные числа генома авто в двоичный формат (в 1 и 0).


Я подробно описал процесс преобразования чисел с плавающей запятой в двоичные числа в статье "Двоичное представление чисел с плавающей запятой". Взгляните на нее, если возникнут вопросы.

Пример преобразования числа с плавающей запятой в 16-битное двоичное число:


q_9whgngpzhj9yfbcp-zz7ufyx8.png



В нашем случае для уменьшения длины генома мы конвертируем каждое число в нестандартное 10-битное число (1 бит знака, 4 бита экспоненты и 5 дробных битов).


Всего у нас 18 коэффициентов, каждый будет конвертирован в 10-битное число. Это означает, что геном авто будет представлять собой массив из 0 и 1 длиной 18 * 10 = 180 бит.


Например, геном в десятичном формате, упомянутый выше, в двоичном формате будет выглядеть так:


type Gene = 0 | 1;

type Genome = Gene[];

const genome: Genome = [
  // Коэффициенты двигателя
  0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, // <- 17.5
  0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, // <- 0.059
  1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, // <- -46
  0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, // <- 25
  0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, // <- 156
  1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, // <- -0.085
  1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, // <- -0.207
  1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, // <- -0.546
  0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, // <- 0.071

  // Коэффициенты руля
  1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, // <- -58
  0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, // <- 41
  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, // <- 0.011
  0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, // <- 252
  1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, // <- -3.5
  1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, // <- -0.017
  0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, // <- 1.532
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, // <- -360
  0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, // <- 0.157
];

О боже! Бинарный геном выглядит так загадочно. Но эти 180 нулей и единиц определяют поведение авто на парковке! Это все равно, что хакнуть чужую ДНК и точно определить, что делает каждый ген. Потрясающе!


Кстати, точные значения геномов и коэффициентов лучшего авто можно видеть на панели управления симулятора:


mydackjh-pnfcjtrnywoe0xxnow.png



Вот исходный код, который выполняет преобразование чисел с плавающей запятой из двоичного в десятичный формат (это понадобится мозгу для декодирования генома и создания мышечных сигналов на основе данных генома):


type Bit = 0 | 1;

type Bits = Bit[];

type PrecisionConfig = {
  signBitsCount: number,
  exponentBitsCount: number,
  fractionBitsCount: number,
  totalBitsCount: number,
};

type PrecisionConfigs = {
  custom: PrecisionConfig,
};

const precisionConfigs: PrecisionConfigs = {
  //  Специальный 10-битный объект для более быстрой эволюции
  custom: {
    signBitsCount: 1,
    exponentBitsCount: 4,
    fractionBitsCount: 5,
    totalBitsCount: 10,
  },
};

// Преобразует числа с плавающей запятой из бинарного в десятичный формат
function bitsToFloat(bits: Bits, precisionConfig: PrecisionConfig): number {
  const { signBitsCount, exponentBitsCount } = precisionConfig;

  // Определяем знак
  const sign = (-1) ** bits[0]; // -1^1 = -1, -1^0 = 1

  // Вычисляем значение экспоненты
  const exponentBias = 2 ** (exponentBitsCount - 1) - 1;
  const exponentBits = bits.slice(signBitsCount, signBitsCount + exponentBitsCount);
  const exponentUnbiased = exponentBits.reduce(
    (exponentSoFar: number, currentBit: Bit, bitIndex: number) => {
      const bitPowerOfTwo = 2 ** (exponentBitsCount - bitIndex - 1);
      return exponentSoFar + currentBit * bitPowerOfTwo;
    },
    0,
  );
  const exponent = exponentUnbiased - exponentBias;

  // Вычисляем значение дроби
  const fractionBits = bits.slice(signBitsCount + exponentBitsCount);
  const fraction = fractionBits.reduce(
    (fractionSoFar: number, currentBit: Bit, bitIndex: number) => {
      const bitPowerOfTwo = 2 ** -(bitIndex + 1);
      return fractionSoFar + currentBit * bitPowerOfTwo;
    },
    0,
  );

  // Объединяем все вместе
  return sign * (2 ** exponent) * (1 + fraction);
}

// Преобразует 8-битное двоичное число с плавающей запятой в десятичное
function bitsToFloat10(bits: Bits): number {
  return bitsToFloat(bits, precisionConfigs.custom);
}

Функция мозга для работы с двоичным геномом


Ранее функция мозга работала с полиномиальными коэффициентами engineCoefficients и wheelCoefficients напрямую. Однако сейчас эти коэффициенты кодируются в бинарную форму генома. Добавим функцию decodeGenome для извлечения коэффициентов из генома и перепишем функции мозга:


// Авто имеет 8 сенсоров расстояния
const CAR_SENSORS_NUM = 8;

// Дополнительный коэффициент, не связанный с сенсорами
const BIAS_UNITS = 1;

// Количество генов для кодирования каждого числового параметра в формулах
const GENES_PER_NUMBER = precisionConfigs.custom.totalBitsCount;

// Нам требуется 2 формулы для определения поведения авто:
// 1. Формула двигателя (входные данные: 8 сенсоров; выходные данные: -1 (назад), 0 (тоже направление), +1 (вперед))
// 2. Формула руля (входные данные: 8 сенсоров; выходные данные: -1 (влево), 0 (прямо), +1 (вправо))
const ENGINE_FORMULA_GENES_NUM = (CAR_SENSORS_NUM + BIAS_UNITS) * GENES_PER_NUMBER;
const WHEELS_FORMULA_GENES_NUM = (CAR_SENSORS_NUM + BIAS_UNITS) * GENES_PER_NUMBER;

// Длина бинарного генома авто
const GENOME_LENGTH = ENGINE_FORMULA_GENES_NUM + WHEELS_FORMULA_GENES_NUM;

type DecodedGenome = {
  engineFormulaCoefficients: Coefficients,
  wheelsFormulaCoefficients: Coefficients,
}

// Преобразует геном из бинарной формы в десятичную
const genomeToNumbers = (genome: Genome, genesPerNumber: number): number[] => {
  if (genome.length % genesPerNumber !== 0) {
    throw new Error('Неверное количество генов');
  }
  const numbers: number[] = [];
  for (let numberIndex = 0; numberIndex < genome.length; numberIndex += genesPerNumber) {
    const number: number = bitsToFloat10(genome.slice(numberIndex, numberIndex + genesPerNumber));
    numbers.push(number);
  }
  return numbers;
};

// Преобразует геном из бинарной формы в десятичную и
// делит геном на 2 набора коэффициентов (по одному на каждую мышцу)
const decodeGenome = (genome: Genome): DecodedGenome => {
  const engineGenes: Gene[] = genome.slice(0, ENGINE_FORMULA_GENES_NUM);
  const wheelsGenes: Gene[] = genome.slice(
    ENGINE_FORMULA_GENES_NUM,
    ENGINE_FORMULA_GENES_NUM + WHEELS_FORMULA_GENES_NUM,
  );

  const engineFormulaCoefficients: Coefficients = genomeToNumbers(engineGenes, GENES_PER_NUMBER);
  const wheelsFormulaCoefficients: Coefficients = genomeToNumbers(wheelsGenes, GENES_PER_NUMBER);

  return {
    engineFormulaCoefficients,
    wheelsFormulaCoefficients,
  };
};

// Обновляет функцию мозга для мышцы двигателя
export const getEngineMuscleSignal = (genome: Genome, sensors: Sensors): MuscleSignal => {
  const { engineFormulaCoefficients: coefficients } = decodeGenome(genome);
  const rawBrainSignal = linearPolynomial(coefficients, sensors);
  return brainToMuscleSignal(rawBrainSignal);
};

// Обновляет функцию мозга для мышцы руля
export const getWheelsMuscleSignal = (genome: Genome, sensors: Sensors): MuscleSignal => {
  const { wheelsFormulaCoefficients: coefficients } = decodeGenome(genome);
  const rawBrainSignal = linearPolynomial(coefficients, sensors);
  return brainToMuscleSignal(rawBrainSignal);
};

Постановка проблемы самопаркующегося автомобиля


Итак, мы свели высокоуровневую задачу самопаркующегося авто к простой задаче оптимизации, заключающейся в поиске оптимальной комбинации 180 единиц и нулей (поиске "достаточно хорошего" генома авто). Звучит просто, не так ли?

Наивный подход


Наивный подход поиска "достаточно хорошего" генома заключается в переборе всех комбинаций генов:


  1. [0, ..., 0, 0]
  2. [0, ..., 0, 1]
  3. [0, ..., 1, 0]
  4. [0, ..., 1, 1]
  5. и т.д.

Но обратимся к математике. 180 нулей или единиц дают нам 2^180 (или 1.53 * 10^54) возможных комбинаций. Допустим, проверка успешности парковки каждого авто занимает 15 сек. Допустим, мы можем запускать симуляцию для 10 авто одновременно. Тогда нам потребуется 15 * (1.53 * 10^54) / 10 = 2.29 * 10^54 [сек] или 7.36 * 10^46 [лет]. Придется ждать довольно долго. К слову, с рождения Христа прошло всего 2.021 * 10^3 [лет].


Генетический подход


Нам нужен более быстрый алгоритм поиска оптимального значения генома. Здесь в игру вступает генетический алгоритм. Мы можем не найти лучшего значения генома, но существует вероятность нахождения оптимального значения. И, что еще важнее, нам не нужно долго ждать. С помощью симулятора я нашел довольно хороший геном за 24 [часа].


Основы генетического алгоритма


Генетические алгоритмы (ГА), вдохновленные процессом естественного отбора, обычно используются для нахождения высококачественных решений задач оптимизации, полагаясь на биологически обусловленные операторы, такие как скрещивание (crossover), мутация (mutation) и отбор (selection).


Задача нахождения "достаточно хорошей" комбинации генов для каждого авто выглядит как задача оптимизации, поэтому велика вероятность того, что ГА хорошо с ней справится.


Мы не будем рассматривать ГА во всех подробностях, но на высоком уровне нам необходимо выполнить следующие шаги:


  1. СОЗДАНИЕ — самое первое поколение авто не может возникнуть из ниоткуда, поэтому мы сгенерируем набор произвольных геномов (набор бинарных массивов длиной 180). Например, мы можем создать ~1000 авто. Чем больше популяция, тем выше шансы быстро найти оптимальное решение (но тем медленнее будет выполняться программа).
  2. ОТБОР — необходимо отобрать лучших (наиболее приспособленных — fittest) особей для дальнейшего скрещивания (см. следующий шаг). Приспособленность каждой особи будет определяться функцией приспособленности (fitness function), которая в нашем случае будет показывать, насколько близко авто подобралось к парковочному месту. Чем ближе, тем лучше.
  3. СКРЕЩИВАНИЕ — простыми словами, мы позволяем "♂ авто отцам" "скрещиваться" с "♀ авто матерями" для смешения их геномов в пропорции ~50/50 и производства геномов "♂♀ авто детей". Идея в том, что дети могут быть лучше (или хуже) в парковке, получая лучшие (или худшие) биты от родителей.
  4. МУТАЦИЯ — в процессе скрещивания некоторые гены могут произвольно мутировать (1 и 0 в геноме потомка могут меняться местами). Это может привести к более широкому разнообразию геномов потомков и, как следствие, к более вариативному поведению авто. Представьте, что первый бит всех ~1000 авто был случайно установлен в 0. Единственный способ попробовать авто с первым битом, установленным в 1 — произвольные мутации. В тоже время частые мутации могут испортить хорошие геномы.
  5. Возврат к шагу 2 до тех пор, пока количество поколений не достигнет лимита (например, 100), или пока лучшие особи не достигнут ожидаемого показателя приспособленности (например, лучшее авто приблизится к парковочному месту ближе чем на 1 метр).

jip3pubxavgmjxee4akdh08ls2y.png



Развитие мозга авто с помощью генетического алгоритма


Создадим функции для каждого шага генетического алгоритма.


Функции шага создания


Функция createGeneration будет создавать массив произвольных геномов (популяцию или поколение) и будет принимать 2 параметра:


  • generationSize — размер популяции. Он будет сохраняться между поколениями
  • genomeLength — длина генома каждой особи. В нашем случае длина генома будет составлять 180

Каждый ген может быть 1 или 0 с вероятностью 50/50.


type Generation = Genome[];

type GenerationParams = {
  generationSize: number,
  genomeLength: number,
};

function createGenome(length: number): Genome {
  return new Array(length)
    .fill(null)
    .map(() => (Math.random() < 0.5 ? 0 : 1));
}

function createGeneration(params: GenerationParams): Generation {
  const { generationSize, genomeLength } = params;
  return new Array(generationSize)
    .fill(null)
    .map(() => createGenome(genomeLength));
}

Функции шага мутации


Функция mutate будет произвольно мутировать некоторые гены на основе значения mutationProbability (вероятность мутации).


Например, mutationProbability = 0.1 означает 10% вероятность, что ген будет мутирован. Допустим, у нас есть геном длиной 10, который выглядит как [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0]. Тогда после мутации есть шанс мутирования одного гена и получения генома, который выглядит как [0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0].


// Число между 0 и 1
type Probability = number;

// @see: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation_(genetic_algorithm)
function mutate(genome: Genome, mutationProbability: Probability): Genome {
  for (let geneIndex = 0; geneIndex < genome.length; geneIndex += 1) {
    const gene: Gene = genome[geneIndex];
    const mutatedGene: Gene = gene === 0 ? 1 : 0;
    genome[geneIndex] = Math.random() < mutationProbability ? mutatedGene : gene;
  }
  return genome;
}

Функции шага скрещивания


Функция mate принимает геномы отца и матери и производит 2 потомков. В процессе скрещивания также возможна мутация (как в реальной жизни).


Каждый бит потомка будет определяться на основе значений соответствующих битов генома отца или матери. Вероятность наследования бита отца или матери составляет 50%. Допустим, у нас есть геном длиной 4 (для простоты):


Геном отца:           [0, 0, 1, 1]
Геном матери:         [0, 1, 0, 1]
                       ↓  ↓  ↓  ↓
Возможный потомок #1: [0, 1, 1, 1]
Возможный потомок #2: [0, 0, 1, 1]

В приведенном примере не учитывается мутация.


Реализация функции:


// Выполняет равномерное скрещивание: каждый бит выбирается от каждого предка с равной вероятностью
// @see: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover_(genetic_algorithm)
function mate(
  father: Genome,
  mother: Genome,
  mutationProbability: Probability,
): [Genome, Genome] {
  if (father.length !== mother.length) {
    throw new Error('Невозможно скрестить разные виды');
  }

  const firstChild: Genome = [];
  const secondChild: Genome = [];

  for (let geneIndex = 0; geneIndex < father.length; geneIndex += 1) {
    firstChild.push(
      Math.random() < 0.5 ? father[geneIndex] : mother[geneIndex]
    );
    secondChild.push(
      Math.random() < 0.5 ? father[geneIndex] : mother[geneIndex]
    );
  }

  return [
    mutate(firstChild, mutationProbability),
    mutate(secondChild, mutationProbability),
  ];
}

Функции шага отбора


Для выбора лучших особей нам нужен способ определения приспособленности каждого генома. Для этого мы будем использовать так называемую функцию приспособленности (фитнес-функцию).


Фитнес-функция всегда связана с конкретной решаемой задачей, она не является универсальной. В нашем случае фитнес-функция будет измерять расстояние между авто и парковочным местом. Чем ближе авто к месту, тем лучше его приспособленность. Мы реализуем фитнес-функцию немного позже, сейчас же представим для нее интерфейс:


type FitnessFunction = (genome: Genome) => number;

Допустим, у нас есть показатели приспособленности для каждой особи в популяции. Допустим также, что мы отсортировали особей по этому показателю, поэтому первая особь является самой приспособленной. Как выбирать предков из этого массива? Отбор должен выполняться таким образом, чтобы особи с более высоким показателем приспособленности чаще выбирались для скрещивания. С этим нам поможет функция weightedRandom:


// Извлекает произвольный элемент на основе его веса.
// Элементы с большим весом извлекаются чаще
const weightedRandom = <T>(items: T[], weights: number[]): { item: T, index: number } => {
  if (items.length !== weights.length) {
    throw new Error('Разное количество элементов и весов');
  }

  // Готовим массив совокупных весов.
  // Например:
  // - weights = [1, 4, 3]
  // - cumulativeWeights = [1, 5, 8]
  const cumulativeWeights: number[] = [];
  for (let i = 0; i < weights.length; i += 1) {
    cumulativeWeights[i] = weights[i] + (cumulativeWeights[i - 1] || 0);
  }

  // Получаем произвольное число в диапазоне [0...sum(weights)]
  // Например:
  // - weights = [1, 4, 3]
  // - maxCumulativeWeight = 8
  // - диапазоном для произвольного числа является [0...8]
  const maxCumulativeWeight = cumulativeWeights[cumulativeWeights.length - 1];
  const randomNumber = maxCumulativeWeight * Math.random();

  // Извлекаем произвольный элемент на основе его веса.
  // Элементы с большим весом извлекаются чаще
  for (let i = 0; i < items.length; i += 1) {
    if (cumulativeWeights[i] >= randomNumber) {
      return {
        item: items[i],
        index: i,
      };
    }
  }
  return {
    item: items[items.length - 1],
    index: items.length - 1,
  };
};

Использование этой функции довольно простое. Допустим, мы очень любим бананы и хотим есть их чаще, чем клубнику. Тогда мы вызываем const fruit = weightedRandom(['banana', 'strawberry'], [9, 1]), и в ≈9 из 10 случаев значение переменной fruit будет banana, а в ≈1 случае — strawberry.


Во избежание потери лучших особей (назовем их победителями) в процессе скрещивания добавим параметр longLivingChampionsPercentage. Например, longLivingChampionsPercentage = 10 будет означать, что 10% лучших авто будут перенесены в следующее поколение. О победителях можно думать, как об особях, которые живут долгую жизнь и видят своих детей и даже внуков.


Реализация функции select:


// Число между 0 и 100
type Percentage = number;

type SelectionOptions = {
  mutationProbability: Probability,
  longLivingChampionsPercentage: Percentage,
};

// @see: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selection_(genetic_algorithm)
function select(
  generation: Generation,
  fitness: FitnessFunction,
  options: SelectionOptions,
) {
  const {
    mutationProbability,
    longLivingChampionsPercentage,
  } = options;

  const newGeneration: Generation = [];

  const oldGeneration = [...generation];
  // Первая особь самая приспособленная
  oldGeneration.sort((genomeA: Genome, genomeB: Genome): number => {
    const fitnessA = fitness(genomeA);
    const fitnessB = fitness(genomeB);
    if (fitnessA < fitnessB) {
      return 1;
    }
    if (fitnessA > fitnessB) {
      return -1;
    }
    return 0;
  });

  // Долгожители переходят в новое поколение
  const longLiversCount = Math.floor(longLivingChampionsPercentage * oldGeneration.length / 100);
  if (longLiversCount) {
    oldGeneration.slice(0, longLiversCount).forEach((longLivingGenome: Genome) => {
      newGeneration.push(longLivingGenome);
    });
  }

  // Получаем данные о приспособленности каждой особи
  const fitnessPerOldGenome: number[] = oldGeneration.map((genome: Genome) => fitness(genome));

  // Заполняем следующее поколение до тех пор, пока оно не сравняется с предыдущим
  while (newGeneration.length < generation.length) {
    // Выбираем произвольного отца и мать из популяции.
    // Лучшие особи выбираются чаще
    let father: Genome | null = null;
    let fatherGenomeIndex: number | null = null;
    let mother: Genome | null = null;
    let matherGenomeIndex: number | null = null;

    // Для производства потомства требуется две разные особи
    while (!father || !mother || fatherGenomeIndex === matherGenomeIndex) {
      const {
        item: randomFather,
        index: randomFatherGenomeIndex,
      } = weightedRandom<Genome>(generation, fitnessPerOldGenome);

      const {
        item: randomMother,
        index: randomMotherGenomeIndex,
      } = weightedRandom<Genome>(generation, fitnessPerOldGenome);

      father = randomFather;
      fatherGenomeIndex = randomFatherGenomeIndex;

      mother = randomMother;
      matherGenomeIndex = randomMotherGenomeIndex;
    }

    // Получаем потомство
    const [firstChild, secondChild] = mate(father, mother, mutationProbability);

    newGeneration.push(firstChild);

    // В зависимости от числа долгожителей, место
    // может остаться только для одного потомка
    if (newGeneration.length < generation.length) {
      newGeneration.push(secondChild);
    }
  }

  return newGeneration;
}

Функция приспособленности


Приспособленность авто будет определяться расстоянием от авто до парковочного места. Чем больше расстояние, тем ниже приспособленность.


Итоговое расстояние будет вычисляться как среднее расстояние от 4 колес авто к соответствующим 4 углам парковочного места. Это расстояние мы будем называть loss. Оно будет обратно пропорционально fitness.


ohfieq23w83kos1ie0_am8ex9ea.png



Вычисление расстояния между каждым колесом и каждым углом отдельно (вместо вычисления расстояния от центра автомобиля до центра парковочного места) позволит автомобилю сохранять правильную ориентацию относительно места.


Расстояние между двумя точками в пространстве будет рассчитываться на основе теоремы Пифагора следующим образом:


type NumVec3 = [number, number, number];

// Вычисляет расстояние XZ между 2 точками в пространстве.
// Вертикальное расстояние Y не принимается в расчет
const euclideanDistance = (from: NumVec3, to: NumVec3) => {
  const fromX = from[0];
  const fromZ = from[2];
  const toX = to[0];
  const toZ = to[2];
  return Math.sqrt((fromX - toX) ** 2 + (fromZ - toZ) ** 2);
};

Расстояние (loss) между автомобилем и парковочным местом будет рассчитываться так:


type RectanglePoints = {
  fl: NumVec3, // передний левый угол
  fr: NumVec3, // передний правый
  bl: NumVec3, // задний левый
  br: NumVec3, // задний правый
};

type GeometricParams = {
  wheelsPosition: RectanglePoints,
  parkingLotCorners: RectanglePoints,
};

const carLoss = (params: GeometricParams): number => {
  const { wheelsPosition, parkingLotCorners } = params;

  const {
    fl: flWheel,
    fr: frWheel,
    br: brWheel,
    bl: blWheel,
  } = wheelsPosition;

  const {
    fl: flCorner,
    fr: frCorner,
    br: brCorner,
    bl: blCorner,
  } = parkingLotCorners;

  const flDistance = euclideanDistance(flWheel, flCorner);
  const frDistance = euclideanDistance(frWheel, frCorner);
  const brDistance = euclideanDistance(brWheel, brCorner);
  const blDistance = euclideanDistance(blWheel, blCorner);

  return (flDistance + frDistance + brDistance + blDistance) / 4;
};

Поскольку fitness должна быть обратно пропорциональна loss, она рассчитывается следующим образом:


const carFitness = (params: GeometricParams): number => {
  const loss = carLoss(params);
  // Добавляем 1 во избежание деления на 0
  return 1 / (loss + 1);
};

Значения fitness и loss для конкретного генома и текущего положения авто можно увидеть на панели инструментов симулятора:


n-z6dog51djwyiuz_nl-a5c-obg.png



Запуск эволюции


Объединим функции эволюции. Мы собираемся "создать мир", запустить цикл эволюции, заставить время течь, поколение развиваться, а авто учиться парковаться.


Чтобы получить показатели приспособленности каждого авто, нам нужно запустить симуляцию в виртуальном трехмерном мире. Симулятор эволюции делает именно это — он запускает приведенный ниже код в симуляторе, созданном с помощью Three.js:


// Пример настройки эволюции.
// Настройки устанавливаются в симуляторе
const GENERATION_SIZE = 1000;
const LONG_LIVING_CHAMPIONS_PERCENTAGE = 6;
const MUTATION_PROBABILITY = 0.04;
const MAX_GENERATIONS_NUM = 40;

// Функция приспособленности.
// Это похоже на ежегодный осмотр авто у врача
const carFitnessFunction = (genome: Genome): number => {
  // Симулятор вычисляет и сохраняет показатели приспособленности каждого авто в карте `fitnessValues`.
  // Здесь мы просто получаем предварительно вычисленное значение для авто в текущем поколении
  const genomeKey = genome.join('');
  return fitnessValues[genomeKey];
};

// Создаем "мир" с первым поколением авто
let generationIndex = 0;
let generation: Generation = createGeneration({
  generationSize: GENERATION_SIZE,
  genomeLength: GENOME_LENGTH, // <- 180 генов
});

// Запускаем "время"
while (generationIndex < MAX_GENERATIONS_NUM) {
  // ЗДЕСЬ НЕОБХОДИМО МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ, чтобы предварительно рассчитать показатели приспособленности.

  // Отбор, скрещивание и мутирование текущего поколения
  generation = select(
    generation,
    carFitnessFunction,
    {
      mutationProbability: MUTATION_PROBABILITY,
      longLivingChampionsPercentage: LONG_LIVING_CHAMPIONS_PERCENTAGE,
    },
  );

  // Заставляем "время" течь
  generationIndex += 1;
}

// Получаем лучшую особь последнего поколения
const fittestCar = generation[0];

После запуска функции select массив generation сортируется по значениям приспособленности в порядке убывания. Таким образом, наиболее приспособленное авто всегда будет первым в массиве.


Первое поколение авто с произвольными геномами будет вести себя примерно так:


8gbsullqgo6q2vikath_8qrhuim.gif



Примерно на сороковом поколении авто начинают понимать, что такое авто-парковка, и начинают приближаться к парковочному месту:


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Другой пример с более сложной отправной точкой:


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Авто по пути сталкиваются с другими авто, а также не идеально паркуются, но это всего лишь 40 поколение, так что дайте авто еще немного времени на обучение.


Из поколения в поколение мы видим, как значения loss снижаются (что означает, что значения fitness растут). P50 Avg Loss показывает среднее значение loss (среднее расстояние от авто до места парковки) для 50% наиболее приспособленных авто. Min Loss показывает значение loss самого приспособленного авто в каждом поколении.


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Видно, что в среднем 50% самых приспособленных авто поколения учатся приближаться к парковочному месту (от 5,5 м до 3,5 м за 35 поколений). Тенденция значений Min Loss менее очевидна (от 1 м до 0,5 м с некоторым шумом), однако на приведенной выше анимации видно, что авто выучили некоторые основные движения для парковки.


Заключение


В этой статье мы свели задачу высокого уровня по созданию самопаркующегося авто к простой задаче низкого уровня по поиску оптимальной комбинации 180 единиц и нулей (поиск оптимального генома автомобиля).


Затем мы применили генетический алгоритм для нахождения оптимального генома авто. Это позволило нам получить довольно хорошие результаты за несколько часов моделирования (вместо многих лет в случае использования наивного подхода).


Вы можете запустить симулятор, чтобы увидеть процесс эволюции прямо в браузере. Он предоставляет следующие возможности:



Полный исходный код, показанный в этой статье, можно найти в этом репозитории.


Проблемы и нерешенные задачи:


  • мозг авто слишком упрощен и использует линейные уравнения вместо, скажем, нейронных сетей. Это делает авто неспособным адаптироваться к новому окружению или новым типам парковок
  • значение приспособленности авто не уменьшается, когда оно врезается в другое авто. Поэтому авто не "чувствует" никакой вины за ДТП
  • симулятор эволюции нестабилен. Это означает, что один и тот же геном авто может давать разные значения приспособленности, что делает эволюцию менее эффективной
  • симулятор эволюции также очень тяжел с точки зрения производительности, что замедляет процесс эволюции, поскольку мы не можем обучать, скажем, 1000 авто одновременно
  • кроме того, для моделирования эволюции симулятору требуется, чтобы вкладка браузера была открыта и активна
  • и др.

Однако цель этой статьи заключалась в том, чтобы немного развлечься, изучая, как работает генетический алгоритм, а не в том, чтобы создать готовую к производству беспилотную Tesla. Итак, даже несмотря на упомянутые выше проблемы, я надеюсь, что вы хорошо провели время, читая эту статью.


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Новости, обзоры продуктов и конкурсы от команды Timeweb.Cloud — в нашем Telegram-канале ↩

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  • 07.09.23 16:24 CherryTeam

    Cherry Team atlyginimų skaičiavimo programa yra labai naudingas įrankis įmonėms, kai reikia efektyviai valdyti ir skaičiuoti darbuotojų atlyginimus. Ši programinė įranga, turinti išsamias funkcijas ir patogią naudotojo sąsają, suteikia daug privalumų, kurie padeda supaprastinti darbo užmokesčio skaičiavimo procesus ir pagerinti finansų valdymą. Štai keletas pagrindinių priežasčių, kodėl Cherry Team atlyginimų skaičiavimo programa yra naudinga įmonėms: Automatizuoti ir tikslūs skaičiavimai: Atlyginimų skaičiavimai rankiniu būdu gali būti klaidingi ir reikalauti daug laiko. Programinė įranga Cherry Team automatizuoja visą atlyginimų skaičiavimo procesą, todėl nebereikia atlikti skaičiavimų rankiniu būdu ir sumažėja klaidų rizika. Tiksliai apskaičiuodama atlyginimus, įskaitant tokius veiksnius, kaip pagrindinis atlyginimas, viršvalandžiai, premijos, išskaitos ir mokesčiai, programa užtikrina tikslius ir be klaidų darbo užmokesčio skaičiavimo rezultatus. Sutaupoma laiko ir išlaidų: Darbo užmokesčio valdymas gali būti daug darbo jėgos reikalaujanti užduotis, reikalaujanti daug laiko ir išteklių. Programa Cherry Team supaprastina ir pagreitina darbo užmokesčio skaičiavimo procesą, nes automatizuoja skaičiavimus, generuoja darbo užmokesčio žiniaraščius ir tvarko išskaičiuojamus mokesčius. Šis automatizavimas padeda įmonėms sutaupyti daug laiko ir pastangų, todėl žmogiškųjų išteklių ir finansų komandos gali sutelkti dėmesį į strategiškai svarbesnę veiklą. Be to, racionalizuodamos darbo užmokesčio operacijas, įmonės gali sumažinti administracines išlaidas, susijusias su rankiniu darbo užmokesčio tvarkymu. Mokesčių ir darbo teisės aktų laikymasis: Įmonėms labai svarbu laikytis mokesčių ir darbo teisės aktų, kad išvengtų baudų ir teisinių problemų. Programinė įranga Cherry Team seka besikeičiančius mokesčių įstatymus ir darbo reglamentus, užtikrindama tikslius skaičiavimus ir teisinių reikalavimų laikymąsi. Programa gali dirbti su sudėtingais mokesčių scenarijais, pavyzdžiui, keliomis mokesčių grupėmis ir įvairių rūšių atskaitymais, todėl užtikrina atitiktį reikalavimams ir kartu sumažina klaidų riziką. Ataskaitų rengimas ir analizė: Programa Cherry Team siūlo patikimas ataskaitų teikimo ir analizės galimybes, suteikiančias įmonėms vertingų įžvalgų apie darbo užmokesčio duomenis. Ji gali generuoti ataskaitas apie įvairius aspektus, pavyzdžiui, darbo užmokesčio paskirstymą, išskaičiuojamus mokesčius ir darbo sąnaudas. Šios ataskaitos leidžia įmonėms analizuoti darbo užmokesčio tendencijas, nustatyti tobulintinas sritis ir priimti pagrįstus finansinius sprendimus. Pasinaudodamos duomenimis pagrįstomis įžvalgomis, įmonės gali optimizuoti savo darbo užmokesčio strategijas ir veiksmingai kontroliuoti išlaidas. Integracija su kitomis sistemomis: Cherry Team programinė įranga dažnai sklandžiai integruojama su kitomis personalo ir apskaitos sistemomis. Tokia integracija leidžia automatiškai perkelti atitinkamus duomenis, pavyzdžiui, informaciją apie darbuotojus ir finansinius įrašus, todėl nebereikia dubliuoti duomenų. Supaprastintas duomenų srautas tarp sistemų padidina bendrą efektyvumą ir sumažina duomenų klaidų ar neatitikimų riziką. Cherry Team atlyginimų apskaičiavimo programa įmonėms teikia didelę naudą - automatiniai ir tikslūs skaičiavimai, laiko ir sąnaudų taupymas, atitiktis mokesčių ir darbo teisės aktų reikalavimams, ataskaitų teikimo ir analizės galimybės bei integracija su kitomis sistemomis. Naudodamos šią programinę įrangą įmonės gali supaprastinti darbo užmokesčio skaičiavimo procesus, užtikrinti tikslumą ir atitiktį reikalavimams, padidinti darbuotojų pasitenkinimą ir gauti vertingų įžvalgų apie savo finansinius duomenis. Programa Cherry Team pasirodo esanti nepakeičiamas įrankis įmonėms, siekiančioms efektyviai ir veiksmingai valdyti darbo užmokestį. https://cherryteam.lt/lt/

  • 08.10.23 01:30 davec8080

    The "Shibarium for this confirmed rug pull is a BEP-20 project not related at all to Shibarium, SHIB, BONE or LEASH. The Plot Thickens. Someone posted the actual transactions!!!! https://bscscan.com/tx/0xa846ea0367c89c3f0bbfcc221cceea4c90d8f56ead2eb479d4cee41c75e02c97 It seems the article is true!!!! And it's also FUD. Let me explain. Check this link: https://bscscan.com/token/0x5a752c9fe3520522ea88f37a41c3ddd97c022c2f So there really is a "Shibarium" token. And somebody did a rug pull with it. CONFIRMED. But the "Shibarium" token for this confirmed rug pull is a BEP-20 project not related at all to Shibarium, SHIB, BONE or LEASH.

  • 24.06.24 04:31 tashandiarisha

    Web-site. https://trustgeekshackexpert.com/ Tele-Gram, trustgeekshackexpert During the pandemic, I ventured into the world of cryptocurrency trading. My father loaned me $10,000, which I used to purchase my first bitcoins. With diligent research and some luck, I managed to grow my investment to over $350,000 in just a couple of years. I was thrilled with my success, but my excitement was short-lived when I decided to switch brokers and inadvertently fell victim to a phishing attack. While creating a new account, I received what seemed like a legitimate email requesting verification. Without second-guessing, I provided my information, only to realize later that I had lost access to my email and cryptocurrency wallets. Panic set in as I watched my hard-earned assets disappear before my eyes. Desperate to recover my funds, I scoured the internet for solutions. That's when I stumbled upon the Trust Geeks Hack Expert on the Internet. The service claimed to specialize in recovering lost crypto assets, and I decided to take a chance. Upon contacting them, the team swung into action immediately. They guided me through the entire recovery process with professionalism and efficiency. The advantages of using the Trust Geeks Hack Expert Tool became apparent from the start. Their team was knowledgeable and empathetic, understanding the urgency and stress of my situation. They employed advanced security measures to ensure my information was handled safely and securely. One of the key benefits of the Trust Geeks Hack Expert Tool was its user-friendly interface, which made a complex process much more manageable for someone like me, who isn't particularly tech-savvy. They also offered 24/7 support, so I never felt alone during recovery. Their transparent communication and regular updates kept me informed and reassured throughout. The Trust Geeks Hack Expert Tool is the best solution for anyone facing similar issues. Their swift response, expertise, and customer-centric approach set them apart from other recovery services. Thanks to their efforts, I regained access to my accounts and my substantial crypto assets. The experience taught me a valuable lesson about online security and showed me the incredible potential of the Trust Geeks Hack Expert Tool. Email:: trustgeekshackexpert{@}fastservice{.}com WhatsApp  + 1.7.1.9.4.9.2.2.6.9.3

  • 26.06.24 18:46 Jacobethannn098

    LEGAL RECOUP FOR CRYPTO THEFT BY ADRIAN LAMO HACKER

  • 26.06.24 18:46 Jacobethannn098

    Reach Out To Adrian Lamo Hacker via email: [email protected] / WhatsApp: ‪+1 (909) 739‑0269‬ Adrian Lamo Hacker is a formidable force in the realm of cybersecurity, offering a comprehensive suite of services designed to protect individuals and organizations from the pervasive threat of digital scams and fraud. With an impressive track record of recovering over $950 million, including substantial sums from high-profile scams such as a $600 million fake investment platform and a $1.5 million romance scam, Adrian Lamo Hacker has established itself as a leader in the field. One of the key strengths of Adrian Lamo Hacker lies in its unparalleled expertise in scam detection. The company leverages cutting-edge methodologies to defend against a wide range of digital threats, including phishing emails, fraudulent websites, and deceitful schemes. This proactive approach to identifying and neutralizing potential scams is crucial in an increasingly complex and interconnected digital landscape. Adrian Lamo Hacker's tailored risk assessments serve as a powerful tool for fortifying cybersecurity. By identifying vulnerabilities and potential points of exploitation, the company empowers its clients to take proactive measures to strengthen their digital defenses. This personalized approach to risk assessment ensures that each client receives targeted and effective protection against cyber threats. In the event of a security incident, Adrian Lamo Hacker's rapid incident response capabilities come into play. The company's vigilant monitoring and swift mitigation strategies ensure that any potential breaches or scams are addressed in real-time, minimizing the impact on its clients' digital assets and reputation. This proactive stance towards incident response is essential in an era where cyber threats can materialize with alarming speed and sophistication. In addition to its robust defense and incident response capabilities, Adrian Lamo Hacker is committed to empowering its clients to recognize and thwart common scam tactics. By fostering enlightenment in the digital realm, the company goes beyond simply safeguarding its clients; it equips them with the knowledge and awareness needed to navigate the digital landscape with confidence and resilience. Adrian Lamo Hacker services extend to genuine hacking, offering an additional layer of protection for its clients. This may include ethical hacking or penetration testing, which can help identify and address security vulnerabilities before malicious actors have the chance to exploit them. By offering genuine hacking services, Adrian Lamo Hacker demonstrates its commitment to providing holistic cybersecurity solutions that address both defensive and offensive aspects of digital protection. Adrian Lamo Hacker stands out as a premier provider of cybersecurity services, offering unparalleled expertise in scam detection, rapid incident response, tailored risk assessments, and genuine hacking capabilities. With a proven track record of recovering significant sums from various scams, the company has earned a reputation for excellence in combating digital fraud. Through its proactive and empowering approach, Adrian Lamo Hacker is a true ally for individuals and organizations seeking to navigate the digital realm with confidence.

  • 04.07.24 04:49 ZionNaomi

    For over twenty years, I've dedicated myself to the dynamic world of marketing, constantly seeking innovative strategies to elevate brand visibility in an ever-evolving landscape. So when the meteoric rise of Bitcoin captured my attention as a potential avenue for investment diversification, I seized the opportunity, allocating $20,000 to the digital currency. Witnessing my investment burgeon to an impressive $70,000 over time instilled in me a sense of financial promise and stability.However, amidst the euphoria of financial growth, a sudden and unforeseen oversight brought me crashing back to reality during a critical business trip—I had misplaced my hardware wallet. The realization that I had lost access to the cornerstone of my financial security struck me with profound dismay. Desperate for a solution, I turned to the expertise of Daniel Meuli Web Recovery.Their response was swift . With meticulous precision, they embarked on the intricate process of retracing the elusive path of my lost funds. Through their unwavering dedication, they managed to recover a substantial portion of my investment, offering a glimmer of hope amidst the shadows of uncertainty. The support provided by Daniel Meuli Web Recovery extended beyond mere financial restitution. Recognizing the imperative of fortifying against future vulnerabilities, they generously shared invaluable insights on securing digital assets. Their guidance encompassed crucial aspects such as implementing hardware wallet backups and fortifying security protocols, equipping me with recovered funds and newfound knowledge to navigate the digital landscape securely.In retrospect, this experience served as a poignant reminder of the critical importance of diligence and preparedness in safeguarding one's assets. Thanks to the expertise and unwavering support extended by Daniel Meuli Web Recovery, I emerged from the ordeal with renewed resilience and vigilance. Empowered by their guidance and fortified by enhanced security measures, I now approach the future with unwavering confidence.The heights of financial promise to the depths of loss and back again has been a humbling one, underscoring the volatility and unpredictability inherent in the digital realm. Yet, through adversity, I have emerged stronger, armed with a newfound appreciation for the importance of diligence, preparedness, and the invaluable support of experts like Daniel Meuli Web Recovery.As I persist in traversing the digital landscape, I do so with a judicious blend of vigilance and fortitude, cognizant that with adequate safeguards and the backing of reliable confidants, I possess the fortitude to withstand any adversity that may arise. For this, I remain eternally appreciative. Email Danielmeuliweberecovery @ email . c om WhatsApp + 393 512 013 528

  • 13.07.24 21:13 michaelharrell825

    In 2020, amidst the economic fallout of the pandemic, I found myself unexpectedly unemployed and turned to Forex trading in hopes of stabilizing my finances. Like many, I was drawn in by the promise of quick returns offered by various Forex robots, signals, and trading advisers. However, most of these products turned out to be disappointing, with claims that were far from reality. Looking back, I realize I should have been more cautious, but the allure of financial security clouded my judgment during those uncertain times. Amidst these disappointments, Profit Forex emerged as a standout. Not only did they provide reliable service, but they also delivered tangible results—a rarity in an industry often plagued by exaggerated claims. The positive reviews from other users validated my own experience, highlighting their commitment to delivering genuine outcomes and emphasizing sound financial practices. My journey with Profit Forex led to a net profit of $11,500, a significant achievement given the challenges I faced. However, my optimism was short-lived when I encountered obstacles trying to withdraw funds from my trading account. Despite repeated attempts, I found myself unable to access my money, leaving me frustrated and uncertain about my financial future. Fortunately, my fortunes changed when I discovered PRO WIZARD GIlBERT RECOVERY. Their reputation for recovering funds from fraudulent schemes gave me hope in reclaiming what was rightfully mine. With a mixture of desperation and cautious optimism, I reached out to them for assistance. PRO WIZARD GIlBERT RECOVERY impressed me from the start with their professionalism and deep understanding of financial disputes. They took a methodical approach, using advanced techniques to track down the scammers responsible for withholding my funds. Throughout the process, their communication was clear and reassuring, providing much-needed support during a stressful period. Thanks to PRO WIZARD GIlBERT RECOVERY's expertise and unwavering dedication, I finally achieved a resolution to my ordeal. They successfully traced and retrieved my funds, restoring a sense of justice and relief. Their intervention not only recovered my money but also renewed my faith in ethical financial services. Reflecting on my experience, I've learned invaluable lessons about the importance of due diligence and discernment in navigating the Forex market. While setbacks are inevitable, partnering with reputable recovery specialists like PRO WIZARD GIlBERT RECOVERY can make a profound difference. Their integrity and effectiveness have left an indelible mark on me, guiding my future decisions and reinforcing the value of trustworthy partnerships in achieving financial goals. I wholeheartedly recommend PRO WIZARD GIlBERT RECOVERY to anyone grappling with financial fraud or disputes. Their expertise and commitment to client satisfaction are unparalleled, offering a beacon of hope in challenging times. Thank you, PRO WIZARD GIlBERT RECOVERY, for your invaluable assistance in reclaiming what was rightfully mine. Your service not only recovered my funds but also restored my confidence in navigating the complexities of financial markets with greater caution and awareness. Email: prowizardgilbertrecovery(@)engineer.com Homepage: https://prowizardgilbertrecovery.xyz WhatsApp: +1 (516) 347‑9592

  • 17.07.24 02:26 thompsonrickey

    In the vast and often treacherous realm of online investments, I was entangled in a web of deceit that cost me nearly  $45,000. It all started innocuously enough with an enticing Instagram profile promising lucrative returns through cryptocurrency investment. Initially, everything seemed promising—communications were smooth, and assurances were plentiful. However, as time passed, my optimism turned to suspicion. Withdrawal requests were met with delays and excuses. The once-responsive "investor" vanished into thin air, leaving me stranded with dwindling hopes and a sinking feeling in my gut. It became painfully clear that I had been duped by a sophisticated scheme designed to exploit trust and naivety. Desperate to recover my funds, I turned to online forums where I discovered numerous testimonials advocating for Muyern Trust Hacker. With nothing to lose, I contacted them, recounting my ordeal with a mixture of skepticism and hope. Their swift response and professional demeanor immediately reassured me that I had found a lifeline amidst the chaos. Muyern Trust Hacker wasted no time in taking action. They meticulously gathered evidence, navigated legal complexities, and deployed their expertise to expedite recovery. In what felt like a whirlwind of activity, although the passage of time was a blur amidst my anxiety, they achieved the seemingly impossible—my stolen funds were returned. The relief I felt was overwhelming. Muyern Trust Hacker not only restored my financial losses but also restored my faith in justice. Their commitment to integrity and their relentless pursuit of resolution were nothing short of remarkable. They proved themselves as recovery specialists and guardians against digital fraud, offering hope to victims like me who had been ensnared by deception. My gratitude knows no bounds for Muyern Trust Hacker. Reach them at muyerntrusted @ m a i l - m e . c o m AND Tele gram @ muyerntrusthackertech

  • 18.07.24 20:13 austinagastya

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  • 27.08.24 12:50 James889900

    All you need is to hire an expert to help you accomplish that. If there’s any need to spy on your partner’s phone. From my experience I lacked evidence to confront my husband on my suspicion on his infidelity, until I came across ETHICALAHCKERS which many commend him of assisting them in their spying mission. So I contacted him and he provided me with access into his phone to view all text messages, call logs, WhatsApp messages and even her location. This evidence helped me move him off my life . I recommend you consult ETHICALHACKERS009 @ gmail.com OR CALL/TEXT ‪+1(716) 318-5536 or whatsapp +14106350697 if you need access to your partner’s phone

  • 27.08.24 13:06 James889900

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  • 02.09.24 20:24 [email protected]

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  • 06.09.24 01:35 Celinagarcia

    HOW TO RECOVER MONEY LOST IN BITCOIN/USDT TRADING OR TO CRYPTO INVESTMENT !! Hi all, friends and families. I am writing From Alberton Canada. Last year I tried to invest in cryptocurrency trading in 2023, but lost a significant amount of money to scammers. I was cheated of my money, but thank God, I was referred to Hack Recovery Wizard they are among the best bitcoin recovery specialists on the planet. they helped me get every penny I lost to the scammers back to me with their forensic techniques. and I would like to take this opportunity to advise everyone to avoid making cryptocurrency investments online. If you ​​​​​​have already lost money on forex, cryptocurrency or Ponzi schemes, please contact [email protected] or WhatsApp: +1 (757) 237–1724 at once they can help you get back the crypto you lost to scammers. BEST WISHES. Celina Garcia.

  • 06.09.24 01:44 Celinagarcia

    HOW TO RECOVER MONEY LOST IN BITCOIN/USDT TRADING OR TO CRYPTO INVESTMENT !! Hi all, friends and families. I am writing From Alberton Canada. Last year I tried to invest in cryptocurrency trading in 2023, but lost a significant amount of money to scammers. I was cheated of my money, but thank God, I was referred to Hack Recovery Wizard they are among the best bitcoin recovery specialists on the planet. they helped me get every penny I lost to the scammers back to me with their forensic techniques. and I would like to take this opportunity to advise everyone to avoid making cryptocurrency investments online. If you ​​​​​​have already lost money on forex, cryptocurrency or Ponzi schemes, please contact [email protected] or WhatsApp: +1 (757) 237–1724 at once they can help you get back the crypto you lost to scammers. BEST WISHES. Celina Garcia.

  • 16.09.24 00:10 marcusaustin

    Bitcoin Recovery Services: Restoring Lost Cryptocurrency If you've lost access to your cryptocurrency and unable to make a withdrawal, I highly recommend iBolt Cyber Hacker Bitcoin Recovery Services. Their team is skilled, professional, and efficient in recovering lost Bitcoin. They provide clear communication, maintain high security standards, and work quickly to resolve issues. Facing the stress of lost cryptocurrency, iBolt Cyber Hacker is a trusted service that will help you regain access to your funds securely and reliably. Highly recommended! Email: S u p p o r t @ ibolt cyber hack . com Cont/Whtp + 3. .9 .3. .5..0. .9. 2. 9. .0 .3. 1 .8. Website: h t t p s : / / ibolt cyber hack . com /

  • 16.09.24 00:11 marcusaustin

    Bitcoin Recovery Services: Restoring Lost Cryptocurrency If you've lost access to your cryptocurrency and unable to make a withdrawal, I highly recommend iBolt Cyber Hacker Bitcoin Recovery Services. Their team is skilled, professional, and efficient in recovering lost Bitcoin. They provide clear communication, maintain high security standards, and work quickly to resolve issues. Facing the stress of lost cryptocurrency, iBolt Cyber Hacker is a trusted service that will help you regain access to your funds securely and reliably. Highly recommended! Email: S u p p o r t @ ibolt cyber hack . com Cont/Whtp + 3. .9 .3. .5..0. .9. 2. 9. .0 .3. 1 .8. Website: h t t p s : / / ibolt cyber hack . com /

  • 23.09.24 18:56 matthewshimself

    At first, I was admittedly skeptical about Worldcoin (ref: https://worldcoin.org/blog/worldcoin/this-is-worldcoin-video-explainer-series), particularly around the use of biometric data and the WLD token as a reward mechanism for it. However, after following the project closer, I’ve come to appreciate the broader vision and see the value in the underlying tech behind it. The concept of Proof of Personhood (ref: https://worldcoin.org/blog/worldcoin/proof-of-personhood-what-it-is-why-its-needed) has definitely caught my attention, and does seem like a crucial step towards tackling growing issues like bots, deepfakes, and identity fraud. Sam Altman’s vision is nothing short of ambitious, but I do think he & Alex Blania have the chops to realize it as mainstay in the global economy.

  • 01.10.24 14:54 Sinewclaudia

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  • 02.10.24 22:27 Emily Hunter

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  • 31.10.24 00:13 ytre89

    Can those who have fallen victim to fraud get their money back? Yes, you might be able to get back what was taken from you if you fell prey to a fraud from an unregulated investing platform or any other scam, but only if you report it to the relevant authorities. With the right plan and supporting documentation, you can get back what you've lost. Most likely, the individuals in control of these unregulated platforms would attempt to convince you that what happened to your money was a sad accident when, in fact, it was a highly skilled heist. You should be aware that there are resources out there to help you if you or someone you know has experienced one of these circumstances. Do a search using (deftrecoup (.) c o m). Do not let the perpetrators of this hoaxes get away with ruining you mentally and financially.

  • 02.11.24 14:44 diannamendoza732

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  • 12.11.24 00:50 TERESA

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  • 17.11.24 09:31 Vivianlocke223

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  • 21.11.24 04:14 ronaldandre617

    Being a parent is great until your toddler figures out how to use your devices. One afternoon, I left my phone unattended for just a few minutes rookie mistake of the century. I thought I’d take a quick break, but little did I know that my curious little genius was about to embark on a digital adventure. By the time I came back, I was greeted by two shocking revelations: my toddler had somehow managed to buy a $5 dinosaur toy online and, even more alarmingly, had locked me out of my cryptocurrency wallet holding a hefty $75,000. Yes, you heard that right a dinosaur toy was the least of my worries! At first, I laughed it off. I mean, what toddler doesn’t have a penchant for expensive toys? But then reality set in. I stared at my phone in disbelief, desperately trying to guess whatever random string of gibberish my toddler had typed as a new password. Was it “dinosaur”? Or perhaps “sippy cup”? I felt like I was in a bizarre game of Password Gone Wrong. Every attempt led to failure, and soon the laughter faded, replaced by sheer panic. I was in way over my head, and my heart raced as the countdown of time ticked away. That’s when I decided to take action and turned to Digital Tech Guard Recovery, hoping they could solve the mystery that was my toddler’s handiwork. I explained my predicament, half-expecting them to chuckle at my misfortune, but they were incredibly professional and empathetic. Their confidence put me at ease, and I knew I was in good hands. Contact With WhatsApp: +1 (443) 859 - 2886  Email digital tech guard . com  Telegram: digital tech guard recovery . com  website link :: https : // digital tech guard . com Their team took on the challenge like pros, employing their advanced techniques to unlock my wallet with a level of skill I can only describe as magical. As I paced around, anxiously waiting for updates, I imagined my toddler inadvertently locking away my life savings forever. But lo and behold, it didn’t take long for Digital Tech Guard Recovery to work their magic. Not only did they recover the $75,000, but they also gave me invaluable tips on securing my wallet better like not leaving it accessible to tiny fingers! Who knew parenting could lead to such dramatic situations? Crisis averted, and I learned my lesson: always keep my devices out of reach of little explorers. If you ever find yourself in a similar predicament whether it’s tech-savvy toddlers or other digital disasters don’t hesitate to reach out to Digital Tech Guard Recovery. They saved my funds and my sanity, proving that no challenge is too great, even when it involves a toddler’s mischievous fingers!

  • 21.11.24 08:02 Emily Hunter

    If I hadn't found a review online and filed a complaint via email to support@deftrecoup. com , the people behind this unregulated scheme would have gotten away with leaving me in financial ruins. It was truly the most difficult period of my life.

  • 22.11.24 04:41 [email protected]

    I never could have imagined the nightmare of losing access to my digital wallet. All of my cryptocurrency holdings were abruptly imprisoned, inaccessible, and appeared to be lost forever following a catastrophic hardware breakdown. Years of meticulous investment and careful saving were reduced to nothing more than strings of code that I could no longer control, and I could feel the dread and sorrow that swept through me at that very instant. Thankfully, during my worst moment, I came into (TRUST GEEKS HACK EXPERT), a professional service devoted to recovering lost or inaccessible digital data. With optimism, I went out to their team of skilled technologists, laying bare the full nature of my issue. What followed was a laborious, multi-step process that required an almost surgical level of digital forensics and Bitcoin skill. In order to create a thorough profile of my wallet's contents and activities, the (TRUST GEEKS HACK EXPERT) team first thoroughly examined the transaction history and metadata connected to it. Next, they implemented a series of advanced recovery techniques, using cutting-edge software tools to bypass the access barriers that had left me locked out. The entire process was shrouded in secrecy and discretion, with the (TRUST GEEKS HACK EXPERT) team working tirelessly to protect the confidentiality of my sensitive financial information. After what felt like an eternity of nervous anticipation, the day finally arrived when I received the triumphant notification – my wallet had been successfully restored, and all of my precious digital assets had been returned to my control. The sense of relief was indescribable, as I could finally breathe easy knowing that the fruits of my financial discipline had been safeguarded. While the experience of losing access to my wallet was undoubtedly traumatic, (TRUST GEEKS HACK EXPERT) intervention allowed me to emerge from the ordeal with my cryptocurrency holdings intact, and a renewed appreciation for the importance of proactive digital asset management. You can contact Them through EMAIL: [email protected] - TELEGRAM: TRUSTGEEKSHACKEXPERT

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    Your Lost Bitcoins Are Not Gone Forever? Enquire From iBolt Cyber Hacker iBolt Cyber Hacker is a cybersecurity service that specializes in Bitcoin and cryptocurrency recovery. Even if your Bitcoin is locked away in a scammer inaccessible wallet, they have the tools and expertise to retrieve it. Many people, including seasoned cryptocurrency investors, face the daunting possibility of never seeing their lost funds again. iBolt cyber hacker service is a potential lifeline in these situations. I understand the concerns many people might have about trusting a third-party service to recover their Bitcoin. iBolt Cyber Hacker takes security seriously, implementing encryption and stringent privacy protocols. I was assured that no sensitive data would be compromised during the recovery process. Furthermore, their reputation in the cryptocurrency community, based on positive feedback from previous clients, gave me confidence that I was in good hands. Whtp +39, 351..105, 3619 Em.ail: ibolt @ cyber- wizard. co m

  • 22.11.24 23:43 teresaborja

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  • 24.11.24 02:21 [email protected]

    I never could have imagined the nightmare of losing access to my digital wallet. All of my cryptocurrency holdings were abruptly imprisoned, inaccessible, and appeared to be lost forever following a catastrophic hardware breakdown. Years of meticulous investment and careful saving were reduced to nothing more than strings of code that I could no longer control, and I could feel the dread and sorrow that swept through me at that very instant. Thankfully, during my worst moment, I came into (TRUST GEEKS HACK EXPERT), a professional service devoted to recovering lost or inaccessible digital data. With optimism, I went out to their team of skilled technologists, laying bare the full nature of my issue. What followed was a laborious, multi-step process that required an almost surgical level of digital forensics and Bitcoin skill. In order to create a thorough profile of my wallet's contents and activities, the (TRUST GEEKS HACK EXPERT) team first thoroughly examined the transaction history and metadata connected to it. Next, they implemented a series of advanced recovery techniques, using cutting-edge software tools to bypass the access barriers that had left me locked out. The entire process was shrouded in secrecy and discretion, with the (TRUST GEEKS HACK EXPERT) team working tirelessly to protect the confidentiality of my sensitive financial information. After what felt like an eternity of nervous anticipation, the day finally arrived when I received the triumphant notification – my wallet had been successfully restored, and all of my precious digital assets had been returned to my control. The sense of relief was indescribable, as I could finally breathe easy knowing that the fruits of my financial discipline had been safeguarded. While the experience of losing access to my wallet was undoubtedly traumatic, (TRUST GEEKS HACK EXPERT) intervention allowed me to emerge from the ordeal with my cryptocurrency holdings intact, and a renewed appreciation for the importance of proactive digital asset management. You can contact Them through EMAIL: [email protected] - TELEGRAM: TRUSTGEEKSHACKEXPERT

  • 25.11.24 02:19 briankennedy

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  • 26.11.24 21:59 [email protected]

    In a world brimming with enticing investment opportunities, it is crucial to tread carefully. The rise of digital currencies has attracted many eager investors, but along with this excitement lurk deceitful characters ready to exploit the unsuspecting. I learned this lesson the hard way, and I want to share my story in the hopes that it can save someone from making the same mistakes I did. It all began innocently enough when I came across an engaging individual on Facebook. Lured in by promises of high returns in the cryptocurrency market, I felt the electric thrill of potential wealth coursing through me. Initial investments returned some profits, and that exhilarating taste of success fueled my ambition. Encouraged by a meager withdrawal, I decided to commit even more funds. This was the moment I let my guard down, blinded by greed. As time went on, the red flags started to multiply. The moment I tried to withdraw my earnings, a cascade of unreasonable fees appeared like a thick mist, obscuring the truth. “Just a little more,” they said, “Just until the next phase.” I watched my hard-earned money slip through my fingers as I scraped together every last cent to pay those relentless fees. My trust had become my downfall. In the end, I lost not just a significant amount of cash, but my peace of mind about $1.1 million vanished into the abyss of false promises and hollow guarantees. But despair birthed hope. After a cascade of letdowns, I enlisted the help of KAY-NINE CYBER SERVICES, a team that specializes in reclaiming lost funds from scams. Amazingly, they worked tirelessly to piece together what had been ripped away, providing me with honest guidance when I felt utterly defeated. Their expertise in navigating the treacherous waters of crypto recovery was a lifeline I desperately needed. To anyone reading this, please let my story serve as a warning. High returns often come wrapped in the guise of deception. Protect your investments, scrutinize every opportunity, and trust your instincts. Remember, the allure of quick riches can lead you straight to heartbreak, but with cautious determination and support, it is possible to begin healing from such devastating loss. Stay informed, stay vigilant, and may you choose your investment paths wisely. Email: kaynine @ cyberservices . com

  • 26.11.24 23:12 rickrobinson8

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  • 00:39 [email protected]

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