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[Перевод] Мозг и системы машинного обучения: сравнение масштабов

Эпистемологический статус: весьма неопределённый. В литературе приводятся обширные, но ненадёжные данные, и в этой статье я делаю некоторые весьма грубые допущения. Тем не менее, я удивлюсь, если мои заключения отличаются от истины более чем на 1-2 порядка.

В настоящее время мозг — это единственный известный пример AGI (сильного искусственного интеллекта). Даже мелкие животные с крошечными мозгами демонстрируют впечатляющую степень владения сильным искусственным интеллектом, в том числе, гибкость и агентное поведение в сложном мире, характеризующемся высокой неопределённостью. Если мы хотим понять, в какой степени современное машинное обучение приблизило нас к AGI, то стоит попробовать количественно оценить мощность мозга. Хотя уже проделано много отличной работы, дающей представление о возможностях мозга и о том, как эти данные экстраполируются на хронологию развития ИИ, мне никогда не удавалось по-настоящему разобраться в вопросе кроме как на практике. Так что ниже я решил проанализировать мозг в терминах современного машинного обучения и попытаюсь на основе этого анализа предположить, на что можно рассчитывать на текущем этапе разработки AGI.

Первым делом в этой статье давайте постараемся составить ориентировочное количественное представление о числовых показателях, характеризующих работу мозга и современных систем машинного обучения. Давайте обрисуем, сколько в мозге нейронов и синапсов, чтобы можно было сравнить мозг с крупномасштабными системами машинного обучения. Согласно наиболее общим оценкам, в человеческом мозге от 80 до 100 миллиардов нейронов. Здесь есть важный момент, который часто обходят вниманием, сравнивая мозг и фреймворк для машинного обучения: дело в том, что мозг не является единой монолитной системой, а состоит из множества субъединиц, отличающихся как по внутреннему строению, так и по функциональной специализации. Чтобы приблизиться к реальному пониманию процессов, происходящих в мозге, нужно уточнить, как именно эти 80 — 100 миллиардов нейронов распределены между зонами мозга.

Оказывается, исключительно сложно найти конкретные и надёжные цифры такого рода. Прямо удивительно, насколько плохо в нейронауках со сбором и предоставлением надёжных данных даже по самым базовым и глобальным вопросам, таким, как затронутый здесь.

Наилучшие, максимально полные и самые близкие к истине данные, которые мне удалось найти, взяты из проекта «Голубой Атлас Мозга», в рамках которого картируется мозг мыши. Ниже показано, какая доля нейронов уже картирована в каждом макрорегионе мышиного мозга (известно, что всего в мышином мозге около 100 миллионов нейронов).

Процентное соотношение общего количества нейронов для каждой из крупных зон мозга у мыши
Процентное соотношение общего количества нейронов для каждой из крупных зон мозга у мыши

Здесь нашлась пара вещей, которые изрядно меня удивили, хотя, наверное, не должны были. Во-первых — насколько огромен, оказывается, мозжечок. В нём больше нейронов, чем во всей коре больших полушарий! Вероятно, самый большой пробел в нейрофизиологии заключается в том, насколько слабо мы до сих пор представляем, что делает мозжечок и как именно он работает, несмотря на то, как он велик и насколько строго структурирован. Во-вторых, гипоталамус и таламус гораздо больше, чем они мне казались — вероятно, дело в том, что обычно они описываются как «ядра», а ядра мы обычно представляем как некие компактные единицы. На гиппокамп и базальные ганглии также приходится серьёзная доля от общего количества нейронов. В них заключено примерно по столько нейронов, сколько задействуется для реализации важных модальностей в коре больших полушарий — например, для обеспечения слуха.

За каждую такую модальность отвечает существенная часть коры. Задний мозг (в который входят варолиев мост и луковица) и средний мозг (включающий покрышку и крышу мозга) оказались меньше по объёму, чем я полагал – а ведь они, наряду с гипоталамусом, являются наиболее важными отделами мозга с эволюционной точки зрения. Они отвечают за поддержку базовых поведений. Думаю, в общем и целом пропорциональное соотношение этих долей у человека примерно такое же, как и у мыши, так как отношение размеров мозжечка и коры больших полушарий кажется постоянным у разных видов. Правда, предположу, что на кору/мозжечок у человека приходится немного большая доля мозга, чем у мыши.

Сама кора не однородна, а содержит различные специализированные регионы, отвечающие за разные функции. В «голубом атласе мозга» также приводится пропорциональное соотношение этих долей у мыши.

Процентное соотношение нейронов в коре больших полушарий у мыши по выполняемым нейрофизиологическим функциям
Процентное соотношение нейронов в коре больших полушарий у мыши по выполняемым нейрофизиологическим функциям

Ожидаю, что у человека аналогичные соотношения получатся существенно иными. У мыши невероятно велика та доля «полезной площади» коры, которая обслуживает обоняние. На зрение и слух отведено гораздо меньше. Каких-то превосходных данных по человеку у меня нет, но, насколько могу судить, у нас всё примерно наоборот: 27% полезной площади коры обслуживает зрение, сопоставимая доля (8%) обслуживает слух, а на обоняние приходится гораздо меньше (вероятно, 2-3%). Думаю, у человека должны быть крупнее зоны, связанные с ассоциативными способностями, а также более обширная лобная область.Для нейрофизиологов отмечу: под «зонами, связанными с ассоциативными способностями» я понимаюзаднюю теменнуюкоруивисочную долю, которые участвуют в формировании высокоуровневых абстракций, представляемых с участием мультимодальных стимулов.

Аналогично, говоря о «системе гиппокампа», я имею в видупериренальную, энторинальную и ретроспленальную кору, которые участвуют в обеспечении эпизодической памяти и пространственном картировании окружающей среды. Под «лимбической системой» я понимаю переднюю поясную и островковую кору. У мышей и крыс эта доля может быть пропорционально меньше, чем у людей, так как, по-видимому, у грызунов (по сравнению с людьми) увеличена ретроспленальная кора, обеспечивающая ориентирование. Но в целом мы не можем напрямую сравнивать количество нейронов в коре больших полушарий или даже целый мозг с моделями машинного обучения до тех пор, пока модели машинного обучения не станут справляться со всеми теми задачами, которые под силу животным.

Теперь давайте выясним, как экстраполировать на человеческий мозг эти цифры, известные по изучению мышей. Согласно достаточно надёжным источникам, в мозге человека примерно 86 миллиардов нейронов – при 70-100 миллионах нейронов в мышином мозге. Таким образом, в человеческом мозге примерно в 1000 раз больше нейронов, чем в мышином. Кроме того, из этих 86 миллиардов 16 миллиардов локализовано в больших полушариях, а 70 миллиардов в мозжечке (!). Это значит, что по общему количеству нейронов мозжечок абсолютно преобладает над остальными отделами мозга. Естественно, количество нейронов в данном случае неприоритетно, так как интересующие нас параметры связаны в основном с синапсами. Согласно известным оценкам, у человека примерно 1000-10000 синапсовнаодинпирамидальныйнейронкоры. Давайте возьмём эту цифру в качестве исходной, но будем ориентироваться на нижнюю границу, поскольку не все нейроны являются пирамидальными; в коре много интернейронов, а у интернейронов меньше синапсов. В подкорковых зонах, которые также учитываются при подсчёте нейронов, также, вероятно, меньше синапсов на нейрон, но и по этому параметру сложно найти непротиворечивые данные. В принципе, с числом 1000 синапсов на нейрон удобно работать, а нас в рамках этого анализа интересует лишь порядок величин. Если всерьёз воспринимать эти цифры, то можно ожидать, что во всей коре мозга насчитывается примерно 16 миллиардов нейронов, что соответствует 16 триллионам параметров. Это примерно на 2 порядка больше, чем в больших языковых моделях, таких, как GPT3.

Разумеется, не весь мозг занимается языковым моделированием, на эту работу выделяется лишь крошечная доля его ресурсов. В частности, известно, что у человека есть зоны мозга, специально предназначенные для восприятия и понимания языка: это зона Брока и зона Вернике. Они занимают сравнительно небольшую часть мозга. Опять же, сложно найти точную информацию о том, какую именно площадь они занимают. Но вместе на них приходится до 3 из 50 полей Бродмана, и это означает, что примерно 6% объёма коры выделено для обработки естественного языка. Мне кажется, это разумная оценка, даже если немного завышенная. Фактически, можно утверждать, что полезная площадь коры, выделенная на обработку естественного языка, сравнима с площадью, выделяемой на обработку важной сенсорной модальности, например, обоняния илисоматосенсорного восприятия, но несравнима с площадью, обслуживающей фундаментальную модальность – например, зрение или слух.

Если предположить, что наши способности по моделированию языка реализуются преимущественно в зоне Брока и зоне Вернике, то можно оценить, что примерно 400-700 миллионов нейронов и, соответственно, 400-700 миллиардов параметров – это ресурс мозга, используемый для моделирования естественного языка. Интересно, что в таком случае наблюдается примерный паритет с ультрасовременными языковыми моделями или только небольшой перевес относительно них: так, в PaLM примерно 540 миллиардов параметров, в Gopher— 280 миллиардов. Если упрощённо предположить, что языковые параметры мозга и трансформеров масштабируются примерно одинаково, это будет означать, что языковой потенциал современных моделей примерно такой же, как у человека. Берусь утверждать, что эта оценка довольно точна, в пределах примерно одного порядка– с некоторыми задачами языковые модели справляются значительно лучше человека, с другими – гораздо хуже. К задачам второй категории относятся такие, которые связаны с абстрактной логикой, поддержанием долгосрочной согласованности, т.д. Вероятно, они зависят и от работы других зон мозга, и/или физической привязки символов. С другой стороны, в зонах Брока и Вернике, вероятно, реализуется не только обработка языка, но и другие аспекты, например, моторные функции, нужные для порождения речи. Таким образом, нельзя в этой экстраполяции учитывать весь объём их параметров. На самом деле, мне этот результат кажется достаточно удивительным, поскольку подводит к мысли, что мозг и современные модели машинного обучения масштабируются, в принципе, по эквивалентным законам – если говорить о масштабировании параметров (данные — уже другая история).

Данные особенно важны в свете новых законов масштабирования Шиншиллы (Chinchilla AI), согласно которым режим обучения, оптимизированный с учётом данных, превосходит по производительности Gopher и PaLM, хотя Chinchilla AI и оперирует всего 80 миллиардами, но при этом использует триллионы точек данных. Если предположить, что кривая масштабирования мозга более соответствует развитию Chinchilla, чем развитию по принципу GPT3, то следует ожидать, что потенциал моделирования языка в человеческом мозге примерно на порядок выше, чем в самых современных моделях (то есть, мозг работает примерно так же эффективно, какChinchilla с 700 миллиардами параметров).

Можно упрощённо предположить, что такая грубая эквивалентность параметров (с точностью до порядка) между моделями машинного обучения и мозгом распространяется и на человеческие чувства, и на когнитивные способности. Для начала возьмём зрение. В отличие от относительно компактной зоны Брока, область коры, отвечающая за визуальное восприятие, весьма велика. Опять же, точные цифры отыскать сложно, но я видел грубые оценки, согласно которым около 30% коры больших полушарий занято обработкой зрительных образов, и мне эта оценка кажется адекватной (определённо, реальное значение лежит в пределах 15-40%). На таком уровне приблизительно 3-5 миллиардов нейронов и3-5 триллионов синапсоввовлекаетсявобработкувизуальнойинформации, так что представляется, что они примерно на порядок насыщеннее, чем современные языковые модели. Однако, современные зрительные модели SOTA существенно уступают в размерах современным языковым моделям (в них примерно 100 миллиардов параметров). При этом показатель StableDiffusion – примерно 900 миллионов параметров, а у Dalle-2 примерно 12 миллиардов параметров (хотя, полагаю, большая часть этой мощности приходится на компонент, занятый обработкой естественного языка). Таким образом, исходя из нынешнего уровня развития зрительных моделей, их придётся нарастить ещё на 3-4 порядка, чтобы они могли посоперничать в остроте зрения с человеком.

Правда, в настоящее время распознавание образов и генерация изображений уже вышли на довольно хороший уровень, и кажется, что до паритета с человеком им ближе, чем 3-4 порядка. Возможно, дело в том, современные архитектуры машинного обучения для зрительных приложений по сути своей устроены эффективнее мозга. Возможно, дело в разделении весов с применением CNN (свёрточных нейронных сетей) или параллельном прогнозировании последовательностей событий с применением трансформеров и подобных им инновационных архитектур – и мозг с этими технологиями сравниться не может. Другое объяснение – что мозг решает значительно более сложную задачу, нежели распознавание образов, а именно, выполняет гибкую генерацию и интерпретацию видео. Вероятно, чтобы полноценно генерировать такое видео, нейронные сети должны нарастить параметры ещё на несколько порядков. Если это так, то меня это также не удивит, поскольку современные возможности работы с видео весьма ограничены. Нам действительно требуется вывести законы масштабирования визуальных моделей, чтобы докопаться до сути этого вопроса.

Схожие результаты получены и для аудио. Слуховые поля занимают около 7% коры головного мозга. Этот объём сводится к 700 миллионам – 1 миллиарду нейронов и 700 миллиардам – 1 триллиону параметров, такой объём нужен, чтобы создать слуховую систему, сопоставимую с человеческой. Напротив, «whisper model», разработанная OpenAI, практически может сравниться с человеком в преобразовании речи в текст, но обходится всего 1,2 миллиардами параметров. Это, опять же, подводит нас к мысли, что либо мозг очень неэффективно обрабатывает звук, либо что мозг обладает гораздо более мощными возможностями обработки аудио, чем современные модели машинного обучения.

Что насчёт оставшейся части мозга? Учитывая то пропорциональное разделение коры больших полушарий, которое мы очертили выше, такой анализ делается весьма просто. Оценочное количество синапсов на нейрон в подкорковых зонах (например, в гиппокампе и в базальных ганглиях) вероятно, ниже, чем в коре, поэтому количество параметров в нейронах этих зон требуется скорректировать в сторону уменьшения. Всё равно это означает, что мозг оперирует обширными моделями (100 миллиардов -1 триллион параметров), решающими такие задачи, как безмодельное обучение с подкреплением (происходит в базальных ганглиях), а также занимается консолидацией памяти и ориентированием в пространстве (гиппокамп).

Аналогичная аргументация применима и к мозжечку: притом, насколько много там нейронов, почти все они относятся к числу гранулярных клеток мозжечка, а синапсов у таких клеток сравнительно немного (примерно по 5). Кроме того, в мозжечке есть гораздо меньшее количество клеток Пуркинье (их примерно 15 миллионов), и у каждой из них от 10 тысяч до 100 тысяч синапсов. В сумме все эти клетки дают для мозжечка от 500 миллионов до 1 триллиона параметров. То есть, мозжечок сопоставим с большой областью коры, но в масштабах мозга не доминирует. Забавно, но такая оценка весьма точно соответствует функциональной роли операций, выполняемых в мозжечке.

Итак, насколько велика должна быть нейросеть, которая сравнилась бы по мощности с человеческим мозгом? Если оперировать примерно 20 миллиардами нейронов, расположенных вне мозжечка, и предполагать, что, фактически, в мозжечке имеется около триллиона параметров, то можно оценить, что рабочий потенциал полноценного мозга составляет от 10 до 30 триллионов параметров. Это очень много, но всего на 1-2 порядка больше, чем в современных крупномасштабных системах. Допустим, что можно взять за основу современную стоимость обучения GPT3 и количество параметров такой сети. Если предположить, что такая стоимость в пересчёте на параметр растёт линейно, то требуется от 100 миллионов до 1 миллиарда долларов, чтобы обучить современную нейронную сеть, эквивалентную по параметрам человеческому мозгу.

Как же выглядит мозг с точки зрения специалиста по машинному обучению? Мозг – это набор из 10-15 полунезависимых специализированных моделей, размеры которых варьируются от условной PaLM до моделей, которые могут быть примерно на порядок больше PaLM. Каждая из этих моделей специализируется независимо от остальных и управляет конкретной модальностью или функцией организма. Кроме того, эти модели соединены друг с другом через исключительно широкую полосу передачи данных, и коммуникация между ними осуществляется как методом логического вывода, так и через обучение. Те крупномасштабные модели мозга, в которых реализовано обучение с нуля, также обёрнуты в тонкий слой нейронов, обеспечивающих жёстко прошитый функционал. По количеству параметров этот слой миниатюрен, но на практике его влияние очень велико. Такой жёстко запрограммированный функционал отвечает за сбор и предобработку ввода, а также за постобработку вывода (в особенности это касается моторных функций). Также в нём реализовано динамическое целеполагание, зависящее, например, от функции подкрепления в условиях сложившегося гомеостаза. Именно здесь также осуществляется глобальная модуляция таких вещей как внимание, настороженность, уровни возбуждения и т.д. в ответ на внешние стимулы. Все эти модели действуют в режиме реального времени с задержкой порядка 100-200 мс. Они успевают обработать полный цикл, в который входят восприятие, планирование, выбор действия, а затем и моторная реализация. Обучение этих моделей происходит на относительно небольших (но не мизерных) множествах неодинаково распределённых (non-i.i.d) данных. Работа идёт в онлайновой среде POMDP (частично наблюдаемая марковская модель принятия решений) с минимальным размером батча равным 1.

Рассматривая такую модель в контексте современного машинного обучения, приходится признать, что подобная система пока далеко за рамками наших возможностей. Но, если прогресс машинного обучения и инвестиции в эту сферу сохранятся на уровне, наблюдавшемся на протяжении последнего десятилетия, то весьма вероятно, что уже за следующие десять лет мы сможем нарастить наши модели ещё на несколько порядков. Вероятно, для этого предстоит проработать ещё некоторые дополнительные архитектурные детали, и нам понадобятся более эффективные конфигурации или методы обучения, но на этом пути не просматривается каких-либо непреодолимых преград. Поэтому я полагаю, что обозначенные рубежи будут достигнуты уже в ближайшем будущем.

Вопрос данных

В рамках проведённого здесь анализа возникает фундаментальный вопрос, касающийся масштабирования данных с учётом очерченных выше параметров. Законы масштабирования Шиншиллы вновь ставят данные во главу угла, и при использовании этих моделей ясно, что отныне при масштабировании больших языковых моделей именно данные будут основным ограничительным фактором. В описанном контексте это тем более важно, поскольку наш мозг не обучается на целом Интернете. Фактически, довольно легко определить верхнюю границу для таких учебных датасетов. Представьте, что всю вашу жизнь вы потратите на чтение, и будете в течение 80 лет читать по 250 слов в минуту. Получится всего примерно 10 миллиардов токенов, что на порядок меньше даже тех небольших данных, на которых обучаются современные языковые модели. Аналогичная ситуация складывается и с картинками. Чтобы определить верхнюю границу, предположим, что мы просматриваем картинки со скоростью 60 кадров в секунду в течение 80 лет. Это всего лишь 2,5 миллиарда изображений – довольно много, но гораздо меньше, чем весь видео-контент, выложенный в настоящее время на Youtube. Для человека данные верхние границы изрядно завышены, но даже такие оценки уже гораздо ниже, чем стандарты современных больших языковых моделей, масштабируемых по закону Шиншиллы (хотя, будем честны, пока мы не располагаем аналогичными законами масштабирования для изображений и видео. Возможно, обучение таким данным протекает значительно эффективнее, чем обучение языку, хотя, это и кажется маловероятным).

Здесь вырисовываются две возможности, которые можно представить в виде спектра. a.) Данные – это фактор, фундаментально ограничивающий человеческий интеллект, и поэтому из-за недостатка данных мозг вынужден оперировать огромным количеством параметров, чтобы успевать масштабироваться. Поэтому кривая масштабирования человеческого мозга очень далека от оптимальной. b.) Мозг оперирует данными гораздо эффективнее, чем современные модели машинного обучения, и поэтому опирается на иной закон масштабирования, в рамках которых количество данных далеко не столь важно. Лично я считаю, что вариант .b гораздо вероятнее, но и вариант .a (в мозге слишком много параметров) также вероятен. Постараюсь аргументировать эту точку зрения, хотя, как мне кажется, мои доводы нельзя считать определяющими.

1.) Вероятно, люди (и животные) получают более качественные данные, чем ИИ. Мы можем пойти погулять, повзаимодействовать с окружающим миром и выбрать из него желаемые данные, а не довольствоваться неодинаково распределёнными, произвольно полученными и избыточными данными, взятыми из Интернета. Вероятно, поэтому мы подчиняемся более выигрышному закону масштабирования. Особенно это касается данных, распределённых по закону Ципфа, где вероятность появления редких токенов или данных в наборе, полученном методом чисто случайной выборки, остаётся крайне низкой. Фактически, человек, приобретая знания на практике, учится отбирать данные по принципу их важности.

2.) Если данные действительно являются узким местом, то естественный отбор должен был исключительно сильно действовать в направлении оптимизации эффективности обработки данных и поддерживать развитие таких эффективных архитектур. В современном машинном обучении такой фактор пока отсутствует, поскольку современные результаты пока добываются при помощи систем, узким местом которых является вычислительная мощность. Представляется априори маловероятным, что современные архитектуры приближаются к максимальной эффективности при обработке данных.

3.) Различные животные, например, мы и мартышки, а также, вероятно, даже мыши или другие мелкие млекопитающие, вероятно, получают на вход примерно одинаковые объёмы зрительной и слуховой информации, но эволюция продолжает поддерживать наращивать в коре нашего головного мозга те области, которые отвечают за обработку «видео» и «аудио». Такое развитие событий маловероятно, если относительно этих модальностей у нас работает какой-нибудь исключительно плохой закон масштабирования. Интересно, что как раз обратная тенденция наблюдается с обонянием – как правило, чем больше мозг, тем меньшая зона в нём отводится на обработку запахов.

4.) Известно, что многие задачи, которые привычно решать людям (пусть и не всегда) опираются на более качественные выборки, чем предоставляются современным моделям машинного обучения. Следовательно, мы можем в принципе превосходить ИИ в эффективности выборки данных, и поэтому мы подчиняемся более выгодному масштабированию параметров относительно данных.

Допущения в модели

Здесь я представлю исключительно простую модель, в которой не претендую на точность сверх 1-2 порядков (надеюсь уложиться). Но я удивлюсь, если реальные цифры будут отличаться от моих сильнее, даже с учётом всех тех упрощений, которые я допускаю

1.) Нельзя ставить знак равенства между синапсами и параметрами нейронной сети. Приведу два аргумента. Во-первых, точность у синапсов ниже, чем у 32-разрядных чисел с плавающей точкой, обычно используемых для представления весов в нейронных сетях. Синапсы зашумлены и могут передавать относительно немного бит информации. Поэтому фактическое количество параметров в пересчёте на синапс снижается. С другой стороны, синапсы превосходят по свойствам веса искусственной нейронной сети. Например, они приспособлены как к быстрому, так и к медленному весовому обучению и, следовательно, неявно реализуют какую-то схему быстрых весов.

2.) Нейроны в мозге сложнее, чем в искусственных нейронных сетях. Так и есть, но я полагаю, что этот эффект незначителен по сравнению с количеством синапсов. Определённо, нейроны способны, например, подстраивать свой порог под силу входного сигнала; кроме того, их работа различным образом модулируется под действием тех или иных нейромедиаторов. Можно предположить, что при наличии таких свойств каждый нейрон обладает 5 дополнительными параметрами обучения. Это мизер по сравнению с 1000-10000 параметров, закодированных в его синапсах. С другой стороны, само наличие этих параметров означает, что мозг гораздо лучше нейронки способен адаптировать обучение «на лету», исходя из совершаемых умозаключений, тогда как нейронка вычисляет всего лишь фиксированную функцию. Вероятно, это очень полезно для динамической корректировки поведения, но в долгосрочной перспективе должно слабо сказываться на весовом обучении.

3.) Дендритное дерево сложнее линейной суммы всех входных сигналов, поступающих в синапс. Поэтому у тех синапсов, что расположены ближе к телу нейрона, вес выше. Существует множество областей интеграции дендритов (базальные, апикальные, т.д.). Возможно, дендриты способны мультипликативно взаимодействовать друг с другом, так, чтобы некоторые синапсы служили затворами для других или что-то в этом роде. Всё это возможно, но мне не удаётся качественно смоделировать, как это могло бы увеличивать фактическое количество параметров на нейрон.

4.) Возможно, используемый в мозге алгоритм обучения боле или менее эффективен, чем обратное распространение. Так, вероятно, мозг не использует обратное распространение при присваивании достоверности тем или иным фактам из-за проблем, связанным с локализацией или возможностями распараллеливания, но учиться он должен как-то иначе. Обратное распространение – это априори очень эффективный алгоритм, вероятно, что алгоритм нашего мозга похуже. С другой стороны, общий алгоритм определения достоверности фактов, действующий в коре мозга, подвергался бы сильному давлению естественного отбора, поэтому он мог получиться весьма качественным, может быть, даже лучше, чем обратное распространение. Полагаю, действительно существуют более эффективные алгоритмы, чем обратное распространение. Поскольку пока мы очень слабо представляем, как именно в коре мозга присваивается степень достоверности любым фактам, это огромный открытый вопрос и фактор неопределённости, не позволяющий подсчитать, сколько именно параметров в человеческом мозге.

Биологические законы масштабирования

Иллюстрация из статьи https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2776484/. Позволяет сравнить масштабы человеческого мозга и мозга других животных
Иллюстрация из статьи https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2776484/. Позволяет сравнить масштабы человеческого мозга и мозга других животных

Выше мы фокусировались на законах масштабирования, характерных для машинного обучения. Но давайте поговорим и о биологических законах масштабирования, открытых в рамках нейронауки. Уже известно, что «интеллектуальность» живого существа тесно связана с количеством нейронов в его головном мозге. Таким образом, подразумевается относительно пологая кривая масштабирования, описывающая соотношение параметров и интеллектуальной производительности в природе. Не имея какого-либо средства для межвидового измерения и сравнения интеллекта, невозможно вывести точные коэффициенты масштабирования, как это делается в машинном обучении, но очевидно, что описанный закон существует. Нет причин полагать, что именно у человека этот закон перестаёт действовать.

Занятно, что, в соответствии с этой статьёй, на самом деле в живой природе действует несколько законов масштабирования, согласно которым размер мозга соотносится с количеством нейронов. Большинство млекопитающих работают по относительно плохому закону масштабирования, согласно которому с ростом количества нейронов необходимо в гораздо более высокой пропорции увеличивать и количество обволакивающих их глиальных клеток. Соответственно, плотность нейронов снижается и выигрыш от такого наращивания также резко падает. Напротив, приматы, как представляется, вышли на значительно улучшенный закон масштабирования, позволяющий увеличивать количество нейронов и глиальных клеток в соотношении 1:1, благодаря чему плотность нейронов остаётся постоянной независимо от масштаба. Таким образом, мы в состоянии поддерживать гораздо больше нейронов в мозге заданной величины, и поэтому мы значительно умнее более крупных животных, например, слонов или китов. Мозг слона существенно больше, чем мозг человека.

Представляется, что мозг человека как раз вписывается в те размеры, которые выводятся для него в соответствии с законом масштабирования, действующим у приматов. Без межвидового сравнительного измерения интеллекта сложно судить, умнее люди или, наоборот, глупее, чем другие приматы. Опять же, я полагаю, что человеческий мозг совершенно стандартен, поэтому нет причин полагать, что далее он будет масштабироваться вразрез с общим законом, действующим для приматов. Если мы создадим значительно более крупных приматов с «приматским» мозгом, то следует ожидать, что они будут умнее нас.

Представляется, что размер человеческого мозга ограничен в основном количеством калорий, требуемым на поддержание его работы – а более 25% нашего энергетического бюджета тратится на мозг. Дополнительные факторы, которые могут ограничивать размер нашего мозга – это требования к его охлаждению, а также размер черепа, с которым младенец в принципе может родиться. Однако, поскольку для работы мозга требуется целых 25% от общей вырабатываемой нами энергии, представляется, что существует разумный компромисс между размерами тела и интеллектуальностью особи, и что простое увеличение мозга не всегда играет определяющую роль, как минимум, в такой среде, где можно учиться на опыте предков. Не просматривается причин, по которым на мозг нельзя было бы потратить и 50% общего энергетического бюджета, если бы интеллект при дальнейшем наращивании продолжал бы давать ощутимые преимущества. Поэтому наблюдаемый сегодня уровень в 25% подразумевает, что дальнейшие инвестиции в размер мозга не более ценны, чем инвестиции в мышечную массу, здоровье внутренних органов и т.д. Мне кажется, именно поэтому следует ожидать, что при дальнейшем наращивании размеров мозга выигрыш от этого должен постепенно снижаться, как и в стандартном степенном законе масштабирования, наблюдаемом в машинном обучении. Естественно, эти рассуждения справедливы для особи, растущей и обучающейся в окружении предков, а не в такой среде, в которой мы обитаем сегодня.

Стоит задуматься, применима ли аналогичная аргументация и при масштабировании систем машинного обучения. Все известные факты наводят на мысль, что масштабирование даёт строго сублинейный рост. Соответственно, любой, даже незначительный выигрыш в интеллекте даётся всё большей ценой. Этот сценарий очень отличается от сверхлинейного масштабирования, которое требуется при машинном обучении по сценарию, когда рост интеллекта способствует дальнейшему росту интеллекта (FOOM).

Источник

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  • 14.10.25 08:46 robertalfred175

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  • 15.10.25 18:07 crypto

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  • 15.10.25 21:52 harristhomas7376

    "In the crypto world, this is great news I want to share. Last year, I fell victim to a scam disguised as a safe investment option. I have invested in crypto trading platforms for about 10yrs thinking I was ensuring myself a retirement income, only to find that all my assets were either frozen, I believed my assets were secure — until I discovered that my BTC funds had been frozen and withdrawals were impossible. It was a devastating moment when I realized I had been scammed, and I thought my Bitcoin was gone forever, Everything changed when a close friend recommended the Capital Crypto Recover Service. Their professionalism, expertise, and dedication enabled me to recover my lost Bitcoin funds back — more than €560.000 DEM to my BTC wallet. What once felt impossible became a reality thanks to their support. If you have lost Bitcoin through scams, hacking, failed withdrawals, or similar challenges, don’t lose hope. I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover Service to anyone seeking a reliable and effective solution for recovering any wallet assets. They have a proven track record of successful reputation in recovering lost password assets for their clients and can help you navigate the process of recovering your funds. Don’t let scammers get away with your hard-earned money – contact Email: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Contact: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 17.10.25 20:17 tyleradams

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  • 17.10.25 20:20 lindseyvonn

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  • 17.10.25 20:22 richardcharles

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  • 17.10.25 20:23 stevekalfman

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  • 17.10.25 21:42 marcushenderson624

    Bitcoin Recovery Testimonial After falling victim to a cryptocurrency scam group, I lost $354,000 worth of USDT. I thought all hope was lost from the experience of losing my hard-earned money to scammers. I was devastated and believed there was no way to recover my funds. Fortunately, I started searching for help to recover my stolen funds and I came across a lot of testimonials online about Capital Crypto Recovery, an agent who helps in recovery of lost bitcoin funds, I contacted Capital Crypto Recover Service, and with their expertise, they successfully traced and recovered my stolen assets. Their team was professional, kept me updated throughout the process, and demonstrated a deep understanding of blockchain transactions and recovery protocols. They are trusted and very reliable with a 100% successful rate record Recovery bitcoin, I’m grateful for their help and highly recommend their services to anyone seeking assistance with lost crypto. Contact: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Email: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 17.10.25 21:42 marcushenderson624

    Bitcoin Recovery Testimonial After falling victim to a cryptocurrency scam group, I lost $354,000 worth of USDT. I thought all hope was lost from the experience of losing my hard-earned money to scammers. I was devastated and believed there was no way to recover my funds. Fortunately, I started searching for help to recover my stolen funds and I came across a lot of testimonials online about Capital Crypto Recovery, an agent who helps in recovery of lost bitcoin funds, I contacted Capital Crypto Recover Service, and with their expertise, they successfully traced and recovered my stolen assets. Their team was professional, kept me updated throughout the process, and demonstrated a deep understanding of blockchain transactions and recovery protocols. They are trusted and very reliable with a 100% successful rate record Recovery bitcoin, I’m grateful for their help and highly recommend their services to anyone seeking assistance with lost crypto. Contact: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Email: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 17.10.25 21:42 marcushenderson624

    Bitcoin Recovery Testimonial After falling victim to a cryptocurrency scam group, I lost $354,000 worth of USDT. I thought all hope was lost from the experience of losing my hard-earned money to scammers. I was devastated and believed there was no way to recover my funds. Fortunately, I started searching for help to recover my stolen funds and I came across a lot of testimonials online about Capital Crypto Recovery, an agent who helps in recovery of lost bitcoin funds, I contacted Capital Crypto Recover Service, and with their expertise, they successfully traced and recovered my stolen assets. Their team was professional, kept me updated throughout the process, and demonstrated a deep understanding of blockchain transactions and recovery protocols. They are trusted and very reliable with a 100% successful rate record Recovery bitcoin, I’m grateful for their help and highly recommend their services to anyone seeking assistance with lost crypto. Contact: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Email: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 21.10.25 08:39 debby131

    Given how swiftly the cryptocurrency market moves, losing USDT may be a terrifying and upsetting experience. Whether you experienced a technical problem, a transaction error, or were the victim of fraud, it is important to understand the potential recovery routes. Marie can assist you in determining the specific actions you can take to attempt to regain your lost USDT when you need guidance and clarification. You can reach her via email at [email protected] and WhatsApp at +1 7127594675.

  • 21.10.25 11:45 harristhomas7376

    "In the crypto world, this is great news I want to share. Last year, I fell victim to a scam disguised as a safe investment option. I have invested in crypto trading platforms for about 10yrs thinking I was ensuring myself a retirement income, only to find that all my assets were either frozen, I believed my assets were secure — until I discovered that my BTC funds had been frozen and withdrawals were impossible. It was a devastating moment when I realized I had been scammed, and I thought my Bitcoin was gone forever, Everything changed when a close friend recommended the Capital Crypto Recover Service. Their professionalism, expertise, and dedication enabled me to recover my lost Bitcoin funds back — more than €560.000 DEM to my BTC wallet. What once felt impossible became a reality thanks to their support. If you have lost Bitcoin through scams, hacking, failed withdrawals, or similar challenges, don’t lose hope. I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover Service to anyone seeking a reliable and effective solution for recovering any wallet assets. They have a proven track record of successful reputation in recovering lost password assets for their clients and can help you navigate the process of recovering your funds. Don’t let scammers get away with your hard-earned money – contact Email: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Contact: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 21.10.25 11:45 harristhomas7376

    "In the crypto world, this is great news I want to share. Last year, I fell victim to a scam disguised as a safe investment option. I have invested in crypto trading platforms for about 10yrs thinking I was ensuring myself a retirement income, only to find that all my assets were either frozen, I believed my assets were secure — until I discovered that my BTC funds had been frozen and withdrawals were impossible. It was a devastating moment when I realized I had been scammed, and I thought my Bitcoin was gone forever, Everything changed when a close friend recommended the Capital Crypto Recover Service. Their professionalism, expertise, and dedication enabled me to recover my lost Bitcoin funds back — more than €560.000 DEM to my BTC wallet. What once felt impossible became a reality thanks to their support. If you have lost Bitcoin through scams, hacking, failed withdrawals, or similar challenges, don’t lose hope. I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover Service to anyone seeking a reliable and effective solution for recovering any wallet assets. They have a proven track record of successful reputation in recovering lost password assets for their clients and can help you navigate the process of recovering your funds. Don’t let scammers get away with your hard-earned money – contact Email: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Contact: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 22.10.25 04:48 MATT PHILLIP

    I never imagined I’d fall for a crypto romance scam but it happened. Over the course of a few months, I sent nearly $150,000 worth of Bitcoin to someone I genuinely believed I was building a future with. When they disappeared without a trace, I was left heartbroken, humiliated, and financially devastated. For a long time, I didn’t tell anyone. I felt ashamed. But eventually, while searching for answers, I came across a Reddit thread that mentioned Agent Jasmine Lopez. I reached out, not expecting much. To my surprise, she treated me with kindness, not judgment. She used advanced tools like blockchain forensics, IP tracing, and smart contract analysis and with persistence and legal support, she was able to recover nearly 85% of what I lost. I know not everyone gets that kind of outcome, but thanks to [email protected] WhatsApp at +44 736-644-5035, I’ve started to reclaim not just my assets, but my confidence and peace of mind. If you’re going through something similar, you’re not alone and there is hope.

  • 22.10.25 07:36 donnacollier

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  • 22.10.25 11:59 elizabethrush89

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  • 22.10.25 11:59 elizabethrush89

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  • 22.10.25 16:31 MATT PHILLIP

    I never imagined I’d fall for a crypto romance scam but it happened. Over the course of a few months, I sent nearly $150,000 worth of Bitcoin to someone I genuinely believed I was building a future with. When they disappeared without a trace, I was left heartbroken, humiliated, and financially devastated. For a long time, I didn’t tell anyone. I felt ashamed. But eventually, while searching for answers, I came across a Reddit thread that mentioned Agent Jasmine Lopez. I reached out, not expecting much. To my surprise, she treated me with kindness, not judgment. She used advanced tools like blockchain forensics, IP tracing, and smart contract analysis and with persistence and legal support, she was able to recover nearly 85% of what I lost. I know not everyone gets that kind of outcome, but thanks to [email protected] WhatsApp at +44 736-644-5035, I’ve started to reclaim not just my assets, but my confidence and peace of mind. If you’re going through something similar, you’re not alone and there is hope.

  • 23.10.25 01:52 marcushenderson624

    Bitcoin Recovery Testimonial After falling victim to a cryptocurrency scam group, I lost $354,000 worth of USDT. I thought all hope was lost from the experience of losing my hard-earned money to scammers. I was devastated and believed there was no way to recover my funds. Fortunately, I started searching for help to recover my stolen funds and I came across a lot of testimonials online about Capital Crypto Recovery, an agent who helps in recovery of lost bitcoin funds, I contacted Capital Crypto Recover Service, and with their expertise, they successfully traced and recovered my stolen assets. Their team was professional, kept me updated throughout the process, and demonstrated a deep understanding of blockchain transactions and recovery protocols. They are trusted and very reliable with a 100% successful rate record Recovery bitcoin, I’m grateful for their help and highly recommend their services to anyone seeking assistance with lost crypto. Contact: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Email: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 23.10.25 01:52 marcushenderson624

    Bitcoin Recovery Testimonial After falling victim to a cryptocurrency scam group, I lost $354,000 worth of USDT. I thought all hope was lost from the experience of losing my hard-earned money to scammers. I was devastated and believed there was no way to recover my funds. Fortunately, I started searching for help to recover my stolen funds and I came across a lot of testimonials online about Capital Crypto Recovery, an agent who helps in recovery of lost bitcoin funds, I contacted Capital Crypto Recover Service, and with their expertise, they successfully traced and recovered my stolen assets. Their team was professional, kept me updated throughout the process, and demonstrated a deep understanding of blockchain transactions and recovery protocols. They are trusted and very reliable with a 100% successful rate record Recovery bitcoin, I’m grateful for their help and highly recommend their services to anyone seeking assistance with lost crypto. Contact: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Email: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 23.10.25 15:47 MATT PHILLIP

    I never imagined I’d fall for a crypto romance scam but it happened. Over the course of a few months, I sent nearly $150,000 worth of Bitcoin to someone I genuinely believed I was building a future with. When they disappeared without a trace, I was left heartbroken, humiliated, and financially devastated. For a long time, I didn’t tell anyone. I felt ashamed. But eventually, while searching for answers, I came across a Reddit thread that mentioned Agent Jasmine Lopez. I reached out, not expecting much. To my surprise, she treated me with kindness, not judgment. She used advanced tools like blockchain forensics, IP tracing, and smart contract analysis and with persistence and legal support, she was able to recover nearly 85% of what I lost. I know not everyone gets that kind of outcome, but thanks to [email protected] WhatsApp at +44 736-644-5035, I’ve started to reclaim not just my assets, but my confidence and peace of mind. If you’re going through something similar, you’re not alone and there is hope.

  • 23.10.25 21:43 patricialovick86

    How To Recover Your Bitcoin Without Falling Victim To Scams: A  Testimony Experience With Capital Crypto Recover Services, Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Dear Everyone, I would like to take a moment to share my positive experience with Capital Crypto Recover Services. Initially, I was unsure if it would be possible to recover my stolen bitcoins. However, with their expertise and professionalism, I was able to fully recover my funds. Unfortunately, many individuals fall victim to scams in the cryptocurrency space, especially those involving fraudulent investment platforms. However, I advise caution, as not all recovery services are legitimate. I personally lost $273,000 worth of Bitcoin from my Binance account due to a deceptive platform. If you have suffered a similar loss, you may be considering crypto recovery, The Capital Crypto Recover is the most knowledgeable and effective Capital Crypto Recovery Services assisted me in recovering my stolen funds within 24 hours, after getting access to my wallet. Their service was not only prompt but also highly professional and effective, and many recovery services may not be trustworthy. Therefore, I highly recommend Capital Crypto Recover to you. i do always research and see reviews about their service, For assistance finding your misplaced cryptocurrency, get in touch with them, They do their jobs quickly and excellently, Stay safe and vigilant in the crypto world. Contact: [email protected]  You can reach them via email at [email protected] OR Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 23.10.25 21:43 patricialovick86

    How To Recover Your Bitcoin Without Falling Victim To Scams: A  Testimony Experience With Capital Crypto Recover Services, Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Dear Everyone, I would like to take a moment to share my positive experience with Capital Crypto Recover Services. Initially, I was unsure if it would be possible to recover my stolen bitcoins. However, with their expertise and professionalism, I was able to fully recover my funds. Unfortunately, many individuals fall victim to scams in the cryptocurrency space, especially those involving fraudulent investment platforms. However, I advise caution, as not all recovery services are legitimate. I personally lost $273,000 worth of Bitcoin from my Binance account due to a deceptive platform. If you have suffered a similar loss, you may be considering crypto recovery, The Capital Crypto Recover is the most knowledgeable and effective Capital Crypto Recovery Services assisted me in recovering my stolen funds within 24 hours, after getting access to my wallet. Their service was not only prompt but also highly professional and effective, and many recovery services may not be trustworthy. Therefore, I highly recommend Capital Crypto Recover to you. i do always research and see reviews about their service, For assistance finding your misplaced cryptocurrency, get in touch with them, They do their jobs quickly and excellently, Stay safe and vigilant in the crypto world. Contact: [email protected]  You can reach them via email at [email protected] OR Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 24.10.25 06:08 MATT PHILLIP

    I never imagined I’d fall for a crypto romance scam but it happened. Over the course of a few months, I sent nearly $150,000 worth of Bitcoin to someone I genuinely believed I was building a future with. When they disappeared without a trace, I was left heartbroken, humiliated, and financially devastated. For a long time, I didn’t tell anyone. I felt ashamed. But eventually, while searching for answers, I came across a Reddit thread that mentioned Agent Jasmine Lopez. I reached out, not expecting much. To my surprise, she treated me with kindness, not judgment. She used advanced tools like blockchain forensics, IP tracing, and smart contract analysis and with persistence and legal support, she was able to recover nearly 85% of what I lost. I know not everyone gets that kind of outcome, but thanks to [email protected] WhatsApp at +44 736-644-5035, I’ve started to reclaim not just my assets, but my confidence and peace of mind. If you’re going through something similar, you’re not alone and there is hope.

  • 24.10.25 06:40 elizabethrush89

    God bless Capital Crypto Recover Services for the marvelous work you did in my life, I have learned the hard way that even the most sensible investors can fall victim to scams. When my USD was stolen, for anyone who has fallen victim to one of the bitcoin binary investment scams that are currently ongoing, I felt betrayal and upset. But then I was reading a post on site when I saw a testimony of Wendy Taylor online who recommended that Capital Crypto Recovery has helped her recover scammed funds within 24 hours. after reaching out to this cyber security firm that was able to help me recover my stolen digital assets and bitcoin. I’m genuinely blown away by their amazing service and professionalism. I never imagined I’d be able to get my money back until I complained to Capital Crypto Recovery Services about my difficulties and gave all of the necessary paperwork. I was astounded that it took them 12 hours to reclaim my stolen money back. Without a doubt, my USDT assets were successfully recovered from the scam platform, Thank you so much Sir, I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover for any of your bitcoin recovery, digital funds recovery, hacking, and cybersecurity concerns. You reach them Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 His Email: [email protected] Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Via Contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 24.10.25 06:40 elizabethrush89

    God bless Capital Crypto Recover Services for the marvelous work you did in my life, I have learned the hard way that even the most sensible investors can fall victim to scams. When my USD was stolen, for anyone who has fallen victim to one of the bitcoin binary investment scams that are currently ongoing, I felt betrayal and upset. But then I was reading a post on site when I saw a testimony of Wendy Taylor online who recommended that Capital Crypto Recovery has helped her recover scammed funds within 24 hours. after reaching out to this cyber security firm that was able to help me recover my stolen digital assets and bitcoin. I’m genuinely blown away by their amazing service and professionalism. I never imagined I’d be able to get my money back until I complained to Capital Crypto Recovery Services about my difficulties and gave all of the necessary paperwork. I was astounded that it took them 12 hours to reclaim my stolen money back. Without a doubt, my USDT assets were successfully recovered from the scam platform, Thank you so much Sir, I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover for any of your bitcoin recovery, digital funds recovery, hacking, and cybersecurity concerns. You reach them Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 His Email: [email protected] Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Via Contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 24.10.25 06:54 MATT PHILLIP

    I never imagined I’d fall for a crypto romance scam but it happened. Over the course of a few months, I sent nearly $150,000 worth of Bitcoin to someone I genuinely believed I was building a future with. When they disappeared without a trace, I was left heartbroken, humiliated, and financially devastated. For a long time, I didn’t tell anyone. I felt ashamed. But eventually, while searching for answers, I came across a Reddit thread that mentioned Agent Jasmine Lopez. I reached out, not expecting much. To my surprise, she treated me with kindness, not judgment. She used advanced tools like blockchain forensics, IP tracing, and smart contract analysis and with persistence and legal support, she was able to recover nearly 85% of what I lost. I know not everyone gets that kind of outcome, but thanks to [email protected] WhatsApp at +44 736-644-5035, I’ve started to reclaim not just my assets, but my confidence and peace of mind. If you’re going through something similar, you’re not alone and there is hope.

  • 24.10.25 18:18 patricialovick86

    How To Recover Your Bitcoin Without Falling Victim To Scams: A  Testimony Experience With Capital Crypto Recover Services, Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Dear Everyone, I would like to take a moment to share my positive experience with Capital Crypto Recover Services. Initially, I was unsure if it would be possible to recover my stolen bitcoins. However, with their expertise and professionalism, I was able to fully recover my funds. Unfortunately, many individuals fall victim to scams in the cryptocurrency space, especially those involving fraudulent investment platforms. However, I advise caution, as not all recovery services are legitimate. I personally lost $273,000 worth of Bitcoin from my Binance account due to a deceptive platform. If you have suffered a similar loss, you may be considering crypto recovery, The Capital Crypto Recover is the most knowledgeable and effective Capital Crypto Recovery Services assisted me in recovering my stolen funds within 24 hours, after getting access to my wallet. Their service was not only prompt but also highly professional and effective, and many recovery services may not be trustworthy. Therefore, I highly recommend Capital Crypto Recover to you. i do always research and see reviews about their service, For assistance finding your misplaced cryptocurrency, get in touch with them, They do their jobs quickly and excellently, Stay safe and vigilant in the crypto world. Contact: [email protected]  You can reach them via email at [email protected] OR Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 24.10.25 18:18 patricialovick86

    How To Recover Your Bitcoin Without Falling Victim To Scams: A  Testimony Experience With Capital Crypto Recover Services, Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Dear Everyone, I would like to take a moment to share my positive experience with Capital Crypto Recover Services. Initially, I was unsure if it would be possible to recover my stolen bitcoins. However, with their expertise and professionalism, I was able to fully recover my funds. Unfortunately, many individuals fall victim to scams in the cryptocurrency space, especially those involving fraudulent investment platforms. However, I advise caution, as not all recovery services are legitimate. I personally lost $273,000 worth of Bitcoin from my Binance account due to a deceptive platform. If you have suffered a similar loss, you may be considering crypto recovery, The Capital Crypto Recover is the most knowledgeable and effective Capital Crypto Recovery Services assisted me in recovering my stolen funds within 24 hours, after getting access to my wallet. Their service was not only prompt but also highly professional and effective, and many recovery services may not be trustworthy. Therefore, I highly recommend Capital Crypto Recover to you. i do always research and see reviews about their service, For assistance finding your misplaced cryptocurrency, get in touch with them, They do their jobs quickly and excellently, Stay safe and vigilant in the crypto world. Contact: [email protected]  You can reach them via email at [email protected] OR Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 25.10.25 00:49 tyleradams

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  • 25.10.25 00:50 stevekalfman

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  • 25.10.25 05:05 victoriabenny463

    A few months ago, I fell for what looked like a legitimate online trading platform. The website was sleek, the support team was responsive, and they even showed me fake profit charts that seemed to grow daily. I started small, and after a few test withdrawals worked, I invested more eventually depositing 2 Bitcoin in hopes of long-term returns. But one morning, when I tried to withdraw, everything changed. The platform suddenly locked my account, claiming there were additional fees to release my funds. The support chat stopped responding, and the website started giving error messages. That’s when I realized I’d been scammed. I was devastated. Two Bitcoins wasn’t pocket change, it was my savings. I filed reports online, but everyone told me it was impossible to recover crypto once it’s sent. Then, through a discussion forum, I came across Dexdert Net Recovery, a team specializing in tracing and recovering stolen digital assets. Skeptical but desperate, I reached out. Their response was immediate and professional. They asked for transaction IDs, wallet addresses, screenshots of my correspondence with the fake platform, and any proof of payment I had. Within days, their analysts traced the stolen Bitcoin through multiple wallets using blockchain forensics, They updated me step-by-step, Working with their recovery experts and blockchain partners, Dexdert Net Recovery successfully froze the funds and verified ownership of my wallet. After 2 days of persistence and verification, I finally saw my 2 Bitcoin restored back into my own wallet. I couldn’t believe it. What stood out most wasn’t just that they recovered my funds, but how transparent and supportive the Dexdert team was throughout the process. They educated me on crypto safety, how to spot fake trading sites, and how to secure my digital assets in the future. Dexdert Net Recovery truly lives up to its name. They gave me back not just my Bitcoin, but my peace of mind. Reach Out Information Below Via: Email: ([email protected]) Telegram: (https://t.me/Dexdertprorecovery) WhatsApp: (+1 (859) 609‑4156)

  • 25.10.25 10:13 wendytaylor015

    My name is Wendy Taylor, I'm from Los Angeles, i want to announce to you Viewer how Capital Crypto Recover help me to restore my Lost Bitcoin, I invested with a Crypto broker without proper research to know what I was hoarding my hard-earned money into scammers, i lost access to my crypto wallet or had your funds stolen? Don’t worry Capital Crypto Recover is here to help you recover your cryptocurrency with cutting-edge technical expertise, With years of experience in the crypto world, Capital Crypto Recover employs the best latest tools and ethical hacking techniques to help you recover lost assets, unlock hacked accounts, Whether it’s a forgotten password, Capital Crypto Recover has the expertise to help you get your crypto back. a security company service that has a 100% success rate in the recovery of crypto assets, i lost wallet and hacked accounts. I provided them the information they requested and they began their investigation. To my surprise, Capital Crypto Recover was able to trace and recover my crypto assets successfully within 24hours. Thank you for your service in helping me recover my $647,734 worth of crypto funds and I highly recommend their recovery services, they are reliable and a trusted company to any individuals looking to recover lost money. Contact email [email protected] OR Telegram @Capitalcryptorecover Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 25.10.25 10:13 wendytaylor015

    My name is Wendy Taylor, I'm from Los Angeles, i want to announce to you Viewer how Capital Crypto Recover help me to restore my Lost Bitcoin, I invested with a Crypto broker without proper research to know what I was hoarding my hard-earned money into scammers, i lost access to my crypto wallet or had your funds stolen? Don’t worry Capital Crypto Recover is here to help you recover your cryptocurrency with cutting-edge technical expertise, With years of experience in the crypto world, Capital Crypto Recover employs the best latest tools and ethical hacking techniques to help you recover lost assets, unlock hacked accounts, Whether it’s a forgotten password, Capital Crypto Recover has the expertise to help you get your crypto back. a security company service that has a 100% success rate in the recovery of crypto assets, i lost wallet and hacked accounts. I provided them the information they requested and they began their investigation. To my surprise, Capital Crypto Recover was able to trace and recover my crypto assets successfully within 24hours. Thank you for your service in helping me recover my $647,734 worth of crypto funds and I highly recommend their recovery services, they are reliable and a trusted company to any individuals looking to recover lost money. Contact email [email protected] OR Telegram @Capitalcryptorecover Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 26.10.25 01:03 Christopherbelle

    A terrible financial shock hit me hard. I lost $860,000 in a fake crypto scheme. Things looked good until I tried to cash out my earnings. Suddenly, my account vanished into thin air. I told the police many times, but help never showed up. Despair washed over me; I felt totally beaten. Then, I found Sylvester Bryant Intelligence. Right away, they were skilled and honest about the whole thing. They looked deep into my situation. They tracked where the stolen funds went. They fought hard for me every step of the way. To my great surprise, they got my money back. I thought that was impossible. I owe them so much for their hard work and truthfulness. Sylvester Bryant Intelligence restored my peace. If scams took your crypto, contact them now. Contact Info: Yt7cracker@gmail . com WhatsApp: ‪+1 512 577 7957. or +44 7428 662701.

  • 26.10.25 18:09 victoriabenny463

    A few months ago, I fell for what looked like a legitimate online trading platform. The website was sleek, the support team was responsive, and they even showed me fake profit charts that seemed to grow daily. I started small, and after a few test withdrawals worked, I invested more eventually depositing 2 Bitcoin in hopes of long-term returns. But one morning, when I tried to withdraw, everything changed. The platform suddenly locked my account, claiming there were additional fees to release my funds. The support chat stopped responding, and the website started giving error messages. That’s when I realized I’d been scammed. I was devastated. Two Bitcoins wasn’t pocket change, it was my savings. I filed reports online, but everyone told me it was impossible to recover crypto once it’s sent. Then, through a discussion forum, I came across Dexdert Net Recovery, a team specializing in tracing and recovering stolen digital assets. Skeptical but desperate, I reached out. Their response was immediate and professional. They asked for transaction IDs, wallet addresses, screenshots of my correspondence with the fake platform, and any proof of payment I had. Within days, their analysts traced the stolen Bitcoin through multiple wallets using blockchain forensics, They updated me step-by-step, Working with their recovery experts and blockchain partners, Dexdert Net Recovery successfully froze the funds and verified ownership of my wallet. After 2 days of persistence and verification, I finally saw my 2 Bitcoin restored back into my own wallet. I couldn’t believe it. What stood out most wasn’t just that they recovered my funds, but how transparent and supportive the Dexdert team was throughout the process. They educated me on crypto safety, how to spot fake trading sites, and how to secure my digital assets in the future. Dexdert Net Recovery truly lives up to its name. They gave me back not just my Bitcoin, but my peace of mind. Reach Out Information Below Via: Email: ([email protected]) Telegram: (https://t.me/Dexdertprorecovery) WhatsApp: (+1 (859) 609‑4156)

  • 27.10.25 11:15 harristhomas7376

    "In the crypto world, this is great news I want to share. Last year, I fell victim to a scam disguised as a safe investment option. I have invested in crypto trading platforms for about 10yrs thinking I was ensuring myself a retirement income, only to find that all my assets were either frozen, I believed my assets were secure — until I discovered that my BTC funds had been frozen and withdrawals were impossible. It was a devastating moment when I realized I had been scammed, and I thought my Bitcoin was gone forever, Everything changed when a close friend recommended the Capital Crypto Recover Service. Their professionalism, expertise, and dedication enabled me to recover my lost Bitcoin funds back — more than €560.000 DEM to my BTC wallet. What once felt impossible became a reality thanks to their support. If you have lost Bitcoin through scams, hacking, failed withdrawals, or similar challenges, don’t lose hope. I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover Service to anyone seeking a reliable and effective solution for recovering any wallet assets. They have a proven track record of successful reputation in recovering lost password assets for their clients and can help you navigate the process of recovering your funds. Don’t let scammers get away with your hard-earned money – contact Email: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Contact: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 27.10.25 11:15 harristhomas7376

    "In the crypto world, this is great news I want to share. Last year, I fell victim to a scam disguised as a safe investment option. I have invested in crypto trading platforms for about 10yrs thinking I was ensuring myself a retirement income, only to find that all my assets were either frozen, I believed my assets were secure — until I discovered that my BTC funds had been frozen and withdrawals were impossible. It was a devastating moment when I realized I had been scammed, and I thought my Bitcoin was gone forever, Everything changed when a close friend recommended the Capital Crypto Recover Service. Their professionalism, expertise, and dedication enabled me to recover my lost Bitcoin funds back — more than €560.000 DEM to my BTC wallet. What once felt impossible became a reality thanks to their support. If you have lost Bitcoin through scams, hacking, failed withdrawals, or similar challenges, don’t lose hope. I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover Service to anyone seeking a reliable and effective solution for recovering any wallet assets. They have a proven track record of successful reputation in recovering lost password assets for their clients and can help you navigate the process of recovering your funds. Don’t let scammers get away with your hard-earned money – contact Email: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Contact: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 27.10.25 17:08 raymondgonzales

    Three Cheers for Wizard Hilton Cyber Tech, Bitcoin Savior Extraordinaire In the ever-evolving world of cryptocurrency, where volatility and uncertainty reign supreme, one individual has emerged as a beacon of hope and innovation - Wizard Hilton Cyber Tech, the self-proclaimed "Bitcoin Savior Extraordinaire." This enigmatic figure, with his uncanny ability to navigate the complexities of the digital asset landscape, has captivated the attention of crypto enthusiasts and skeptics alike. Wizard Hilton Cyber Tech journey began as a humble programmer, tinkering with the underlying blockchain technology that powers Bitcoin. But it was his visionary approach and unwavering commitment to the cryptocurrency's potential that propelled him into the limelight. Through a series of strategic investments, groundbreaking algorithmic trading strategies, and a knack for anticipating market shifts, Wizard Hilton Cyber Tech has managed to consistently outperform even the savviest of Wall Street traders. Wizard Hilton Cyber Tech ability to turn even the most tumultuous of Bitcoin price swings into opportunities for substantial gains has earned him the moniker "Wizard," a testament to his unparalleled mastery of the digital currency realm. But Wizard Hilton Cyber Tech impact extends far beyond personal wealth accumulation - Wizard Hilton Cyber Tech has tirelessly advocated for the widespread adoption of Bitcoin, working tirelessly to educate the public, lobby policymakers, and collaborate with industry leaders to overcome the barriers that have long hindered the cryptocurrency's mainstream acceptance. With infectious enthusiasm and boundless energy, Wizard Hilton Cyber Tech has become a true champion of the Bitcoin cause, inspiring a new generation of crypto enthusiasts to embrace the transformative power of this revolutionary technology. As the digital currency landscape continues to evolve, Wizard Hilton Cyber Tech name will undoubtedly be etched in the annals of cryptocurrency history as a visionary, a trailblazer, and, above all, the Bitcoin Savior Extraordinaire. To get your stolen bitcoin back, reach out to Wizard Hilton Cyber Tech via: Email : wizardhiltoncybertech ( @ ) gmail (. ) com WhatsApp number  +18737715701 Good Day.

  • 27.10.25 17:20 fatimanorth

    The Federal Trade Commission said that more than $1 billion had been lost to cryptocurrency scams in 2023. Victims frequently lose everything, including hope, trust, and wealth. When your hard-earned money disappears into digital shadows, you feel trapped. Nowadays, cryptocurrency frauds are very common. You can get help from recovery specialist Marie at [email protected] and via WhatsApp at +1 7127594675.

  • 28.10.25 00:55 elizabethrush89

    God bless Capital Crypto Recover Services for the marvelous work you did in my life, I have learned the hard way that even the most sensible investors can fall victim to scams. When my USD was stolen, for anyone who has fallen victim to one of the bitcoin binary investment scams that are currently ongoing, I felt betrayal and upset. But then I was reading a post on site when I saw a testimony of Wendy Taylor online who recommended that Capital Crypto Recovery has helped her recover scammed funds within 24 hours. after reaching out to this cyber security firm that was able to help me recover my stolen digital assets and bitcoin. I’m genuinely blown away by their amazing service and professionalism. I never imagined I’d be able to get my money back until I complained to Capital Crypto Recovery Services about my difficulties and gave all of the necessary paperwork. I was astounded that it took them 12 hours to reclaim my stolen money back. Without a doubt, my USDT assets were successfully recovered from the scam platform, Thank you so much Sir, I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover for any of your bitcoin recovery, digital funds recovery, hacking, and cybersecurity concerns. You reach them Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 His Email: [email protected] Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Via Contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 28.10.25 00:55 elizabethrush89

    God bless Capital Crypto Recover Services for the marvelous work you did in my life, I have learned the hard way that even the most sensible investors can fall victim to scams. When my USD was stolen, for anyone who has fallen victim to one of the bitcoin binary investment scams that are currently ongoing, I felt betrayal and upset. But then I was reading a post on site when I saw a testimony of Wendy Taylor online who recommended that Capital Crypto Recovery has helped her recover scammed funds within 24 hours. after reaching out to this cyber security firm that was able to help me recover my stolen digital assets and bitcoin. I’m genuinely blown away by their amazing service and professionalism. I never imagined I’d be able to get my money back until I complained to Capital Crypto Recovery Services about my difficulties and gave all of the necessary paperwork. I was astounded that it took them 12 hours to reclaim my stolen money back. Without a doubt, my USDT assets were successfully recovered from the scam platform, Thank you so much Sir, I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover for any of your bitcoin recovery, digital funds recovery, hacking, and cybersecurity concerns. You reach them Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 His Email: [email protected] Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Via Contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 29.10.25 03:43 Christopherbelle

    A sudden money crisis struck me. I dropped $82,000 to a phony crypto scam. All seemed fine until I went to pull out my gains. Then, i was unable to get back my hard earned money. I reported it to the police several times. No aid came my way. Deep sadness hit me; I felt crushed. That's when I learned about Sylvester Bryant Intelligence. They acted quick and fair from the start. They checked my case closely. They followed the path of my lost cash. They pushed strong for me at each turn. In shock, they brought my funds back. I had figured it could not happen. I thank them for their effort and honesty. Sylvester Bryant Intelligence gave me calm again. If a scam stole your crypto, reach out to them today. Contact Info: Yt7cracker@gmail . com WhatsApp: +1 512 577 7957 or +44 7428 662701.

  • 29.10.25 10:56 wendytaylor015

    My name is Wendy Taylor, I'm from Los Angeles, i want to announce to you Viewer how Capital Crypto Recover help me to restore my Lost Bitcoin, I invested with a Crypto broker without proper research to know what I was hoarding my hard-earned money into scammers, i lost access to my crypto wallet or had your funds stolen? Don’t worry Capital Crypto Recover is here to help you recover your cryptocurrency with cutting-edge technical expertise, With years of experience in the crypto world, Capital Crypto Recover employs the best latest tools and ethical hacking techniques to help you recover lost assets, unlock hacked accounts, Whether it’s a forgotten password, Capital Crypto Recover has the expertise to help you get your crypto back. a security company service that has a 100% success rate in the recovery of crypto assets, i lost wallet and hacked accounts. I provided them the information they requested and they began their investigation. To my surprise, Capital Crypto Recover was able to trace and recover my crypto assets successfully within 24hours. Thank you for your service in helping me recover my $647,734 worth of crypto funds and I highly recommend their recovery services, they are reliable and a trusted company to any individuals looking to recover lost money. Contact email [email protected] OR Telegram @Capitalcryptorecover Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 29.10.25 10:56 wendytaylor015

    My name is Wendy Taylor, I'm from Los Angeles, i want to announce to you Viewer how Capital Crypto Recover help me to restore my Lost Bitcoin, I invested with a Crypto broker without proper research to know what I was hoarding my hard-earned money into scammers, i lost access to my crypto wallet or had your funds stolen? Don’t worry Capital Crypto Recover is here to help you recover your cryptocurrency with cutting-edge technical expertise, With years of experience in the crypto world, Capital Crypto Recover employs the best latest tools and ethical hacking techniques to help you recover lost assets, unlock hacked accounts, Whether it’s a forgotten password, Capital Crypto Recover has the expertise to help you get your crypto back. a security company service that has a 100% success rate in the recovery of crypto assets, i lost wallet and hacked accounts. I provided them the information they requested and they began their investigation. To my surprise, Capital Crypto Recover was able to trace and recover my crypto assets successfully within 24hours. Thank you for your service in helping me recover my $647,734 worth of crypto funds and I highly recommend their recovery services, they are reliable and a trusted company to any individuals looking to recover lost money. Contact email [email protected] OR Telegram @Capitalcryptorecover Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 30.10.25 09:49 Christopherbelle

    I suffered a huge money blow when $80,000 slipped away in a bogus crypto plot. It all looked great at first. Then I went to pull out my gains, and poof—my account was gone. I kept telling the cops about it, but they did zip. I felt shattered and lost. That's when I stumbled on Sylvester Bryant Intelligence. Things turned around fast. Right away, they showed clear steps, sharp know-how, and real drive to fix it. They tracked my missing cash step by step and pushed hard till they got it back. I swear, I figured it was a lost cause. Their straight-up work and trust brought back my calm. If a scam stole your crypto, reach out to them now. yt7cracker@gmail . com | WhatsApp: +1 512 577 7957 or +44 7428 662701

  • 30.10.25 12:03 elizabethrush89

    God bless Capital Crypto Recover Services for the marvelous work you did in my life, I have learned the hard way that even the most sensible investors can fall victim to scams. When my USD was stolen, for anyone who has fallen victim to one of the bitcoin binary investment scams that are currently ongoing, I felt betrayal and upset. But then I was reading a post on site when I saw a testimony of Wendy Taylor online who recommended that Capital Crypto Recovery has helped her recover scammed funds within 24 hours. after reaching out to this cyber security firm that was able to help me recover my stolen digital assets and bitcoin. I’m genuinely blown away by their amazing service and professionalism. I never imagined I’d be able to get my money back until I complained to Capital Crypto Recovery Services about my difficulties and gave all of the necessary paperwork. I was astounded that it took them 12 hours to reclaim my stolen money back. Without a doubt, my USDT assets were successfully recovered from the scam platform, Thank you so much Sir, I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover for any of your bitcoin recovery, digital funds recovery, hacking, and cybersecurity concerns. You reach them Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 His Email: [email protected] Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Via Contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

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