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[Перевод] Безграничное сократическое обучение с помощью языковых игр (перевод статьи Tom Schaul из Google DeepMind)

Tom Schaul, Google DeepMind London, UK [email protected]

Аннотация

Агент, обученный в замкнутой системе, может освоить любую желаемую способность при соблюдении следующих трех условий: (а) он получает достаточно информативную и согласованную обратную связь, (б) его охват опыта/данных достаточно широк, и (в) он обладает достаточной емкостью и ресурсами. В данной концептуальной статье мы обосновываем эти условия и рассматриваем ограничения, возникающие из-за условий (а) и (б) в замкнутых системах, предполагая, что (в) не является узким местом. Рассматривая особый случай агентов с совпадающими пространствами входных и выходных данных (а именно, язык), мы утверждаем, что такое чистое рекурсивное самосовершенствование, названное "сократическим обучением", может значительно повысить производительность за пределы того, что присутствует в исходных данных или знаниях, и ограничивается только временем, а также проблемами постепенного рассогласования. Кроме того, мы предлагаем конструктивную основу для его реализации, основанную на понятии языковых игр.

1. Введение

На пути от настоящего момента к искусственному сверхчеловеческому интеллекту (ASI; Morris et al., 2023; Grace et al., 2024) лежит переломный момент, а именно когда основная часть улучшения возможностей системы определяется ею самой, а не человеческими источниками данных, меток или предпочтений (которые могут масштабироваться лишь до определенного предела). Пока немногие системы демонстрируют такое рекурсивное самосовершенствование, поэтому сейчас самое время обсудить и охарактеризовать, что это такое и что это влечет за собой.

Мы фокусируемся на одном конце спектра, самом четком, но не самом практичном, а именно на чистых автономных условиях "сократического" обучения, замкнутых системах без возможности собирать новую информацию из внешнего мира. Мы формулируем условия, подводные камни и верхние пределы, а также конкретный путь к построению таких систем, основанный на понятии языковых игр.

Основная цель данной концептуальной статьи — прояснить терминологию и обрамить дискуссию, делая акцент на долгосрочной перспективе. Она не предлагает новых алгоритмов и не обозревает прошлую литературу; мы не учитываем краткосрочную осуществимость или ограничения. Мы начинаем с гибкой и общей формулировки и уточняем эти определения по ходу статьи.

Определения

Рассмотрим замкнутую систему (без входов, без выходов), которая развивается во времени (см. рисунок 1 для иллюстрации). Внутри системы находится сущность с входами и выходами, называемая агентом, которая также меняется во времени. Вне системы находится наблюдатель, чья цель — оценивать производительность агента. Если производительность продолжает расти, мы называем эту пару система-наблюдатель процессом улучшения.

Динамика этого процесса определяется как агентом, так и окружающей его системой, но установление четких границ агента необходимо для того, чтобы сделать оценку однозначной: фактически, агент — это то, что можно однозначно оценить. Аналогично, для разделения задач наблюдатель намеренно размещен вне системы: поскольку система замкнута, оценка наблюдателя не может влиять на систему. Следовательно, обратная связь для обучения агента должна поступать из внутренних прокси-показателей системы, таких как функции потерь, функции вознаграждения, данные о предпочтениях или критики.

Рис.1
Рис.1

Простейший тип показателя производительности — это скалярная оценка, которую можно измерить за конечное время, то есть на (агрегации) эпизодических задач. Механистически наблюдатель может измерять производительность двумя способами: пассивно наблюдая за поведением агента внутри системы (если все релевантные задачи возникают естественным образом) или путем копирования и тестирования, когда он сталкивает клонированную копию агента с интерактивными задачами по своему выбору.

Без потери общности элементы внутри агента можно разделить на три типа: Фиксированные элементы не подвержены влиянию обучения, например, его субстрат или немодифицируемый код. Переходные элементы не переносятся между эпизодами или в процесс оценки (например, активации, состояние генератора случайных чисел). И, наконец, обучаемые элементы (например, веса, параметры, знания) изменяются на основе сигнала обратной связи, и их эволюция отображается в различиях производительности (Lu et al., 2023). Мы можем различать процессы улучшения по их подразумеваемому времени жизни; некоторые являются открытыми и продолжают улучшаться без ограничений (Hughes et al., 2024), в то время как другие сходятся к своей асимптотической производительности через некоторое конечное время.

2. Три необходимых условия для самосовершенствования

Самосовершенствование — это процесс улучшения, как определено выше, но с дополнительным критерием: собственные выходные данные (действия) агента влияют на его будущее обучение. Другими словами, это системы, в которых агенты формируют (некоторые из) своих собственных потоков опыта, потенциально обеспечивая неограниченное улучшение в замкнутой системе. Эта постановка может показаться знакомой читателям из области обучения с подкреплением (RL; Sutton, 2018): поведение RL-агентов изменяет распределение данных, на которых он обучается, что в свою очередь влияет на его поведенческую политику, и так далее. Другим прототипическим примером процесса самосовершенствования является самоигра, где система (часто симметричная игра) помещает агента в роли как игрока, так и противника, чтобы генерировать неограниченный поток опыта с обратной связью (кто выиграл?), что обеспечивает направление для постоянно возрастающего обучения навыкам.

Исходя из связи с RL, мы можем вывести необходимые условия для работы самосовершенствования и помочь прояснить некоторые предположения о системе. Первые два условия, обратная связь и охват, касаются осуществимости в принципе, третье (масштаб) — практики.

2.1. Обратная связь

Обратная связь — это то, что задает направление обучению; без нее процесс является просто самомодификацией. В замкнутой системе, где истинная цель находится во внешнем наблюдателе, но не может быть доступна напрямую, обратная связь может исходить только от прокси. Это создает фундаментальную проблему для внутрисистемной обратной связи — быть согласованной с наблюдателем и оставаться согласованной на протяжении всего процесса. Это накладывает значительную нагрузку на систему во время настройки, причем наиболее распространенной ловушкой является плохо спроектированный критик или функция вознаграждения, которая со временем становится эксплуатируемой, что приводит к процессу, отклоняющемуся от намерений наблюдателя. Известная способность RL к самокоррекции здесь неприменима: самокорректироваться может поведение при наличии обратной связи, но не сама обратная связь. Кроме того, идеальная обратная связь должна быть эффективной, то есть содержать достаточно информации (не слишком разреженной, не слишком шумной, не слишком задержанной) для того, чтобы обучение было возможно в пределах временного горизонта системы.

2.2. Охват

По определению, самосовершенствующийся агент определяет распределение данных, на которых он обучается. Чтобы предотвратить такие проблемы, как коллапс, дрейф, эксплуатация или переобучение, ему необходимо сохранять достаточный охват распределения данных везде, где это важно для наблюдателя. В большинстве интересных случаев, когда производительность включает понятие обобщения, это целевое распределение не задано (тестовые задачи скрыты), поэтому система должна быть настроена на внутреннее стремление к охвату — подпроцесс, классически называемый исследованием (Ladosz et al., 2022). Заметим, что одной согласованной обратной связи для этого недостаточно: даже если предпочтительное поведение никогда не оценивается ниже, чем непредпочтительное, это не равносильно гарантии того, что агент найдет предпочтительное поведение.

2.3. Масштаб

Исследовательская область RL накопила много детальных знаний о том, как обучать агентов, какие алгоритмы работают в каких обстоятельствах, множество изящных приемов, решающих практические проблемы, а также теоретические результаты, характеризующие сходимость, динамику обучения, темпы прогресса и т.д. Было бы тщетно пытаться обобщить здесь такой широкий объем работы, но см. Patterson et al. (2023) для введения. Однако одно общее наблюдение, важное для нашего аргумента, заключается в том, что "RL работает в масштабе": другими словами, при достаточном масштабировании опыта и вычислительных ресурсов даже относительно простые алгоритмы RL могут решать задачи, ранее считавшиеся недостижимыми (яркие примеры включают: Tesauro et al., 1995; Mnih et al., 2015; Silver et al., 2016; 2018; Vinyals et al., 2019; AlphaProof & AlphaGeometry, 2024). Для любой конкретной, четко определенной практической задачи детали имеют значение (и различаются) и сильно влияют на эффективность динамики обучения; но асимптотический результат кажется предрешенным. "Горький урок" Саттона (2019) утверждает связанный момент: ставка на масштабирование вычислений (в противовес встраиванию человеческих знаний) неизменно окупалась в истории ИИ. Следовательно, при постоянно расширяющейся доступности вычислительных ресурсов, ресурсные ограничения агентов (память и вычисления) могут быть временной проблемой; не все неэффективности нужно полностью устранять.

3. Сократическое обучение

Конкретный тип процесса самосовершенствования, который мы рассматриваем здесь, — это рекурсивное самосовершенствование, где входные и выходные данные агента совместимы (т.е. существуют в одном пространстве), и выходные данные становятся будущими входными. Это более ограничительно, но менее опосредованно, чем общий случай, когда выходные данные лишь влияют на распределение входных данных, чаще всего реализуемый (сложной) средой, которая отображает выходные данные агента во входные. Этот тип рекурсии является атрибутом многих открытых процессов, и открытое совершенствование, вероятно, является центральной особенностью ASI (см. Hughes et al., 2024). С другой стороны, совместимость менее ограничительна, чем гомоиконическая самомодификация, см. Раздел 6.

Отличным примером такого совместимого пространства входных и выходных данных является язык. Огромный диапазон человеческого поведения опосредуется и хорошо выражается в языке, особенно в когнитивных областях (которые по определению являются частью ASI). Как утверждают Чалмерс (2024) и несколько веков рационалистов до него (Cottingham, 1988), язык вполне может быть достаточным для мышления и понимания и не требовать сенсорного заземления. Кроме того, язык обладает изящным свойством быть супом абстракций, кодирующим множество уровней концептуальной иерархии в общем пространстве (см. также Colas et al., 2022). Связанной особенностью языка является его расширяемость, т.е. возможность разрабатывать новые языки внутри существующего, такие как формальная математика или языки программирования, которые изначально разрабатывались внутри естественного языка. Хотя специализированные инструменты (например, интерпретаторы) для них важны для эффективности, естественного языка может быть достаточно в качестве основы: как люди могут "вручную" рассуждать о математических выражениях при выполнении устного счета, так могут и агенты естественного языка (OpenAI et al., 2024). И, конечно, не помешает то, что компетентность ИИ в языковых областях резко улучшилась в последнее время, с большим импульсом после появления LLM. Ранние примеры рекурсивного самосовершенствования с помощью LLM можно увидеть в мета-промптах Fernando et al. (2023), "программах действий" в библиотеке навыков Voyager Wang et al. (2023) и, совсем недавно, в самопроверяющем, генерирующем статьи "ИИ-ученом" (Lu et al., 2024).

В оставшейся части статьи мы будем использовать термин "сократическое обучение" для обозначения процесса рекурсивного самосовершенствования, который действует в языковом пространстве. Название отсылает к подходу Сократа к поиску или уточнению знаний через вопросительный диалог и повторяющиеся языковые взаимодействия, но, примечательно, без выхода для сбора наблюдений в реальном мире — отражая наш акцент на замкнутости системы. Мы предлагаем читателю представить непрерывный процесс обсуждения в кругу философов, возможно, начинающийся с Сократа и его учеников, но расширяющийся и продолжающийся беспрепятственно тысячелетиями: какие культурные артефакты, какие знания, какую мудрость мог бы произвести такой процесс к настоящему времени? А затем рассмотреть вопрос, который на первый взгляд кажется парадоксальным: в принципе, как может замкнутая система производить открытое совершенствование?

ПРИМЕР

Чтобы сделать эти идеи более конкретными, мы опишем гипотетическую, но не априори неправдоподобную систему (ср. Poesia et al., 2024). Рассмотрим область математических утверждений (подмножество языка)⁽ᵃ⁾. Метрика производительности наблюдателя бинарна: найдено ли доказательство гипотезы Римана? Агент читает и пишет математические утверждения и доказательства (которые являются совместимыми пространствами входа/выхода). Система замкнута и содержит агента плюс:

  • верификатор доказательств (например, Lean)

  • коллекцию C теорем или гипотез

  • прокси-вознаграждение для агента: +1 за каждое проверенное новое доказательство утверждения из C

  • вторую коллекцию L лемм (или подцелей), изначально пустую

Система позволяет агенту создавать доказательства, проверять их, формулировать новые утверждения и добавлять их в L. Со временем агент может научиться упрощать и декомпозировать существующие теоремы, накапливать леммы в L, учиться формулировать все более и более переиспользуемые леммы и увеличивать долю теорем в C, для которых он может создать действительные доказательства. Он самосовершенствуется. В какой-то момент расширяющаяся граница верифицированного математического знания достигает доказательства гипотезы Римана, и наблюдатель, удовлетворенный, останавливает систему.

⁽ᵃ⁾ Примечание: ограничение областью вроде математики, с проверяемой обратной связью, не полностью репрезентативно для сократического обучения, так как оно обходит большую часть проблемы обратной связи (Раздел 2.1).

4. Фундаментальные пределы сократического обучения

Среди трех необходимых условий для самосовершенствования два из них — охват и обратная связь — применяются к сократическому обучению *в принципе* и остаются нередуцируемыми. Чтобы сделать их последствия максимально ясными, мы игнорируем в этом разделе третье условие (проблемы масштаба, практичности и эффективности, см. Раздел 2.3). Мы обосновываем это упрощение, рассматривая долгосрочную перспективу: если вычислительные мощности и память продолжают расти экспоненциально, ограничения масштаба являются лишь временным препятствием. Если нет, рассмотрение сценария сократического обучения с ограниченными ресурсами (аналогично изучению ограниченной рациональности) все равно может дать действительные концептуальные выводы.

Условие охвата подразумевает, что система сократического обучения должна продолжать генерировать (языковые) данные, сохраняя или расширяя разнообразие с течением времени. В эпоху LLM это перестало казаться слишком неправдоподобным: мы можем представить генеративного агента, инициализированного с очень широким распределением, подобным интернету, который производит бесконечный поток новых языковых высказываний. Однако предотвращение дрейфа, коллапса или просто сужения генеративного распределения в рекурсивном процессе может быть крайне нетривиальным (Lewis et al., 2017; Shi et al., 2024).

Условие обратной связи требует, чтобы система (а) продолжала производить обратную связь о (некотором подмножестве) выходных данных агента, что структурно требует критика, способного оценивать язык, и (б) чтобы обратная связь оставалась достаточно согласованной с метрикой оценки наблюдателя (Christiano et al., 2018; Bai et al., 2022b). Это сложно по ряду причин: хорошо определенные, обоснованные метрики в языковом пространстве часто ограничены узкими задачами, в то время как более универсальные механизмы, такие как ИИ-обратная связь, поддаются эксплуатации, особенно если допускается смещение распределения входных данных. Например, ни одна из текущих парадигм обучения LLM не имеет механизма обратной связи, достаточного для сократического обучения. Потери при предсказании следующего токена обоснованы, но недостаточно согласованы с последующим использованием и неспособны экстраполировать за пределы обучающих данных. Человеческие предпочтения согласованы по определению, но препятствуют обучению в замкнутой системе. Кэширование таких предпочтений в обученной модели вознаграждения делает её автономной, но подверженной эксплуатации и потенциально рассогласованной в долгосрочной перспективе, а также слабой на данных вне распределения.

Другими словами, чистое сократическое обучение возможно, но оно требует широкой генерации данных с надежным и согласованным критиком. Однако когда эти условия выполняются, потолок его потенциального улучшения ограничен только количеством применяемых ресурсов. Текущие исследования еще не установили успешных рецептов для этого, поэтому следующий раздел стремится представить конкретное, но достаточно общее предложение о том, как к этому подойти.

5. Языковые игры - это всё, что вам нужно

К счастью, язык, обучение и обоснование являются хорошо изученными темами. Особенно полезной концепцией для нас является понятие языковых игр Витгенштейна. Для него не слова захватывают смысл, а только интерактивная природа языка может это сделать. Если говорить конкретно, определим языковую игру как протокол взаимодействия (набор правил, выражаемых в коде), который определяет взаимодействие одного или нескольких агентов ("игроков"), имеющих языковые входы и языковые выходы, плюс скалярную функцию оценки для каждого игрока в конце игры.

Языковые игры, определенные таким образом, отвечают двум основным потребностям сократического обучения, а именно: они обеспечивают масштабируемый механизм для неограниченной генерации интерактивных данных и самоигры, автоматически предоставляя сопутствующий сигнал обратной связи (оценку). Фактически, они являются логическим следствием условий охвата и обратной связи, почти тавтологически: не существует формы интерактивной генерации данных с управляемой обратной связью, которая не является языковой игрой. В качестве бонуса, рассмотрение процесса как игры сразу позволяет нам импортировать потенциал богатого стратегического разнообразия, возникающего из многоагентной динамики (как подробно изложено в Leibo et al., 2019; Duénez-Guzmán et al., 2023), что, вероятно, решает по крайней мере часть условия охвата. Это также согласуется с нашей интуицией, что динамическое социальное со-конструирование (например, круг философов) имеет преимущество перед самообсуждением одного человека, живущего тысячелетиями. Прагматически также игры — отличный способ начать, учитывая огромный человеческий опыт создания и оттачивания широкого спектра игр и навыков игроков (Berne, 1968); при этом Nguyen (2020) представляет это богатство как демонстрацию гибкости человеческой агентности и (локальных) мотиваций. Деррида мог бы даже утверждать, что при правильном взгляде дискурс уже структурирован как игра. Colas et al. (2022) обсуждают связанный набор идей под терминологией выготскианских автотелических агентов; хотя они не предполагают замкнутую систему, многие их "интернализированные социальные взаимодействия" могли бы быть представлены как языковые игры. Ряд распространенных парадигм взаимодействия LLM также хорошо представлены как языковые игры, например, дебаты (Irving et al., 2018; Liang et al., 2023; Du et al., 2023), ролевые игры (Vezhnevets et al., 2023), теория разума (Kim et al., 2023), переговоры (Lewis et al., 2017; FAIR et al., 2022), защита от взлома (Zeng et al., 2024), или вне замкнутых систем, парадигмы как RL с обратной связью от человека (RLHF, Ouyang et al., 2022; Bai et al., 2022a; OpenAI et al., 2023).

...если у вас их достаточно...

Возвращаясь к нашему кругу размышляющих философов: можем ли мы представить себе одну языковую игру, в которую они могли бы играть тысячелетиями? Вместо этого, возможно, они с большей вероятностью избегут узкого результата, играя во многие языковые игры. Оказывается, Витгенштейн (снова он) предложил эту же идею: он решительно выступал против того, что язык имеет единственную сущность или функцию.

Использование множества узких, но хорошо определенных языковых игр вместо одной универсальной решает ключевую дилемму: для каждой узкой игры можно разработать надежную функцию оценки (или критика), тогда как получить правильную единую универсальную более трудноуловимо (даже если это возможно в принципе, как утверждают Silver et al., 2021). С этой точки зрения, полный процесс сократического обучения является мета-игрой, которая планирует языковые игры, в которые агент играет и из которых учится (что является "бесконечной" игрой согласно Carse (2011)). Мы постулируем, что в принципе этой идеи достаточно для решения проблемы охвата (Раздел 2.2). Конкретно, если доступно прокси распределения интереса наблюдателя (например, валидационный набор задач), оно может использоваться для управления исследованием в мета-игре.

...и вы играете в правильные

Сократ, как известно, был приговорен к смерти и казнен за "развращение молодежи". Мы можем принять это как намек на то, что сократический процесс не гарантирует сохранение согласованности с намерениями внешних наблюдателей. Языковые игры как механизм также не обходят это стороной, но, возможно, уменьшают необходимую точность: вместо критика, который согласован на тонкой грануляции отдельных входов и выходов, все, что нужно — это "мета-критик", который может судить, в какие игры следует играть: возможно, ни одна отдельная языковая игра не является идеально согласованной, но выполнимой задачей является фильтрация множества игр в соответствии с тем, вносят ли они общий положительный вклад (когда в них играют и учатся). Более того, полезность игры не нужно оценивать априори, а можно судить постфактум, после игры в течение некоторого времени. Связанная с этим полезная асимметрия заключается в том, что может быть гораздо легче обнаружить девиантное появляющееся поведение постфактум, чем разработать игры, которые предотвращают его. Все эти свойства являются формами структурной снисходительности, которые дают структуре языковых игр огромный потенциал для масштабирования.

Выходя на момент из нашего предположения о замкнутой системе: когда мы действительно будем создавать ASI, мы почти наверняка не захотим оптимистично доверять тому, что согласованность сохраняется, а вместо этого будем постоянно проверять процесс настолько тщательно, насколько это возможно, и, вероятно, вмешиваться и корректировать систему на протяжении всего обучения. В этом случае явное представление распределения игр (сопровождаемое интерпретируемыми описаниями игр и кривыми обучения для каждой игры) в качестве регуляторов для разработчика может быть полезным уровнем абстракции.

6. Рекурсии высшего уровня

До сих пор мы обсуждали минимально необходимую форму рекурсии, форму цикличности, которая возвращает (некоторые) выходные данные агента обратно к нему. В рамках языковых игр приходят на ум два дополнительных типа рекурсии. Первая идея заключается в том, чтобы сообщать агенту, в какую игру он играет, и дать ему возможность *переключать* игры, выбирать, на какую игру переключаться и когда это делать (Pislar et al., 2021). Это связано с иерархическим RL или RL, обусловленным целями, предоставляя агенту больше автономии и более абстрактное пространство действий. Хотя это перекладывает больше ответственности на агента, такая настройка могла бы значительно улучшить результаты по сравнению с жестко запрограммированным процессом выбора игры вне агента — но, конечно, эта дополнительная свобода может внести дополнительные риски коллапса или рассогласования.

Во-вторых, поскольку игры являются протоколами взаимодействия, которые могут быть полностью представлены в виде кода, они могут существовать в пространстве *выходных данных* языкового агента. Следовательно, агент мог бы научиться генерировать игры для себя[1]. Изначально он мог бы просто создавать локальные вариации существующих игр, которые адаптируют уровень сложности или тему, позже создавая рекомбинации игр и в конечном итоге приходя к генерации *de novo* (Todd et al., 2024). Это приводит к проблемам охвата второго порядка в пространстве языковых игр вместо пространства языка, которые должны решаться с помощью фильтрации, приоритизации или учебных планов (Jaderberg et al., 2019; Parker-Holder et al., 2022).

Сочетание обоих этих рекурсивных расширений представляет собой наделенного возможностями агента, который играет в полную мета-игру о том, как улучшить себя через генерацию игр и игру. Хотя это привлекательно элегантно, этой мета-игре не хватает четко определенного механизма обратной связи внутренних языковых игр, и остается открытым исследовательским вопросом, будут ли установленные прокси-метрики, такие как прогресс обучения, достаточными для сохранения свойств как охвата, так и согласованности с течением времени.

7. Самореферентные системы

Следующий и последний шаг рекурсии — это рекурсивная *самомодификация*, то есть агенты, чьи действия изменяют их собственные внутренние структуры, а не просто влияют на их входной поток. Эти методы существуют в спектре, характеризующемся объемом того, что может быть модифицировано таким образом (и какие элементы остаются фиксированными), и количеством интроспекции или доступа к своим собственным механизмам работы, доступного агенту (Schaul & Schmidhuber, 2010). На крайнем конце *полностью самореферентный* агент может наблюдать и модифицировать любой[2] аспект себя без косвенности. В принципе, этот тип агента имеет наивысший потолок возможностей; поскольку асимптотическая производительность ограничена его фиксированной структурой, размораживание некоторой её части и превращение её в модифицируемую может только увеличить этот верхний предел — в частности, всегда возможно установить новые гибкие параметры такими, какими они были в замороженном состоянии, чтобы восстановить производительность менее гибкого агента (за вычетом динамики обучения, которая могла бы помешать). Прошлые предложения о том, как проектировать самореферентные системы, не были (и не предназначались быть) практичными (например, Schmidhuber, 1993; 2003; Schmidhuber et al., 1997; Kirsch & Schmidhuber, 2022), но современная компетентность LLM в понимании и генерации кода меняет правила игры и может вскоре превратить эти идеи из эзотерических в критически важные.

[1] Не строго только для себя: определяя языковую игру и сообщая её правила другим агентам (или себе в другой роли) через язык, можно создавать богатую и осмысленную многоагентную игру. Можно утверждать, что шаг от способности ставить собственные цели к способности сообщать правила со-игрокам был эволюционным скачком для людей (Tomasello, 2022).

[2] Отметим, что всегда остаются некоторые остаточные замороженные биты из-за вычислительных примитивов, субстрата или — в конечном счете — законов физики.

Источники и благодарности

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This paper crystallized around a set of seed conversations with Andre Barreto and Iulia Coms¸a, and´ was informed by many related discussions, with Wojtek Czarnecki, Diana Borsa, Ed Hughes, Amal Rannen-Triki, Joseph Modayil, Feryal Behbahani, the ‘1001 Language Games’ project team, the DeepMind RL team, among others. Shane Legg, Michael Dennis, Louis Kirsch, Tim Rocktaschel,¨ David Abel and Chrisantha Fernando provided helpful feedback on an earlier draft.

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  • 07.09.23 16:24 CherryTeam

    Cherry Team atlyginimų skaičiavimo programa yra labai naudingas įrankis įmonėms, kai reikia efektyviai valdyti ir skaičiuoti darbuotojų atlyginimus. Ši programinė įranga, turinti išsamias funkcijas ir patogią naudotojo sąsają, suteikia daug privalumų, kurie padeda supaprastinti darbo užmokesčio skaičiavimo procesus ir pagerinti finansų valdymą. Štai keletas pagrindinių priežasčių, kodėl Cherry Team atlyginimų skaičiavimo programa yra naudinga įmonėms: Automatizuoti ir tikslūs skaičiavimai: Atlyginimų skaičiavimai rankiniu būdu gali būti klaidingi ir reikalauti daug laiko. Programinė įranga Cherry Team automatizuoja visą atlyginimų skaičiavimo procesą, todėl nebereikia atlikti skaičiavimų rankiniu būdu ir sumažėja klaidų rizika. Tiksliai apskaičiuodama atlyginimus, įskaitant tokius veiksnius, kaip pagrindinis atlyginimas, viršvalandžiai, premijos, išskaitos ir mokesčiai, programa užtikrina tikslius ir be klaidų darbo užmokesčio skaičiavimo rezultatus. Sutaupoma laiko ir išlaidų: Darbo užmokesčio valdymas gali būti daug darbo jėgos reikalaujanti užduotis, reikalaujanti daug laiko ir išteklių. Programa Cherry Team supaprastina ir pagreitina darbo užmokesčio skaičiavimo procesą, nes automatizuoja skaičiavimus, generuoja darbo užmokesčio žiniaraščius ir tvarko išskaičiuojamus mokesčius. Šis automatizavimas padeda įmonėms sutaupyti daug laiko ir pastangų, todėl žmogiškųjų išteklių ir finansų komandos gali sutelkti dėmesį į strategiškai svarbesnę veiklą. Be to, racionalizuodamos darbo užmokesčio operacijas, įmonės gali sumažinti administracines išlaidas, susijusias su rankiniu darbo užmokesčio tvarkymu. Mokesčių ir darbo teisės aktų laikymasis: Įmonėms labai svarbu laikytis mokesčių ir darbo teisės aktų, kad išvengtų baudų ir teisinių problemų. Programinė įranga Cherry Team seka besikeičiančius mokesčių įstatymus ir darbo reglamentus, užtikrindama tikslius skaičiavimus ir teisinių reikalavimų laikymąsi. Programa gali dirbti su sudėtingais mokesčių scenarijais, pavyzdžiui, keliomis mokesčių grupėmis ir įvairių rūšių atskaitymais, todėl užtikrina atitiktį reikalavimams ir kartu sumažina klaidų riziką. Ataskaitų rengimas ir analizė: Programa Cherry Team siūlo patikimas ataskaitų teikimo ir analizės galimybes, suteikiančias įmonėms vertingų įžvalgų apie darbo užmokesčio duomenis. Ji gali generuoti ataskaitas apie įvairius aspektus, pavyzdžiui, darbo užmokesčio paskirstymą, išskaičiuojamus mokesčius ir darbo sąnaudas. Šios ataskaitos leidžia įmonėms analizuoti darbo užmokesčio tendencijas, nustatyti tobulintinas sritis ir priimti pagrįstus finansinius sprendimus. Pasinaudodamos duomenimis pagrįstomis įžvalgomis, įmonės gali optimizuoti savo darbo užmokesčio strategijas ir veiksmingai kontroliuoti išlaidas. Integracija su kitomis sistemomis: Cherry Team programinė įranga dažnai sklandžiai integruojama su kitomis personalo ir apskaitos sistemomis. Tokia integracija leidžia automatiškai perkelti atitinkamus duomenis, pavyzdžiui, informaciją apie darbuotojus ir finansinius įrašus, todėl nebereikia dubliuoti duomenų. Supaprastintas duomenų srautas tarp sistemų padidina bendrą efektyvumą ir sumažina duomenų klaidų ar neatitikimų riziką. Cherry Team atlyginimų apskaičiavimo programa įmonėms teikia didelę naudą - automatiniai ir tikslūs skaičiavimai, laiko ir sąnaudų taupymas, atitiktis mokesčių ir darbo teisės aktų reikalavimams, ataskaitų teikimo ir analizės galimybės bei integracija su kitomis sistemomis. Naudodamos šią programinę įrangą įmonės gali supaprastinti darbo užmokesčio skaičiavimo procesus, užtikrinti tikslumą ir atitiktį reikalavimams, padidinti darbuotojų pasitenkinimą ir gauti vertingų įžvalgų apie savo finansinius duomenis. Programa Cherry Team pasirodo esanti nepakeičiamas įrankis įmonėms, siekiančioms efektyviai ir veiksmingai valdyti darbo užmokestį. https://cherryteam.lt/lt/

  • 08.10.23 01:30 davec8080

    The "Shibarium for this confirmed rug pull is a BEP-20 project not related at all to Shibarium, SHIB, BONE or LEASH. The Plot Thickens. Someone posted the actual transactions!!!! https://bscscan.com/tx/0xa846ea0367c89c3f0bbfcc221cceea4c90d8f56ead2eb479d4cee41c75e02c97 It seems the article is true!!!! And it's also FUD. Let me explain. Check this link: https://bscscan.com/token/0x5a752c9fe3520522ea88f37a41c3ddd97c022c2f So there really is a "Shibarium" token. And somebody did a rug pull with it. CONFIRMED. But the "Shibarium" token for this confirmed rug pull is a BEP-20 project not related at all to Shibarium, SHIB, BONE or LEASH.

  • 24.06.24 04:31 tashandiarisha

    Web-site. https://trustgeekshackexpert.com/ Tele-Gram, trustgeekshackexpert During the pandemic, I ventured into the world of cryptocurrency trading. My father loaned me $10,000, which I used to purchase my first bitcoins. With diligent research and some luck, I managed to grow my investment to over $350,000 in just a couple of years. I was thrilled with my success, but my excitement was short-lived when I decided to switch brokers and inadvertently fell victim to a phishing attack. While creating a new account, I received what seemed like a legitimate email requesting verification. Without second-guessing, I provided my information, only to realize later that I had lost access to my email and cryptocurrency wallets. Panic set in as I watched my hard-earned assets disappear before my eyes. Desperate to recover my funds, I scoured the internet for solutions. That's when I stumbled upon the Trust Geeks Hack Expert on the Internet. The service claimed to specialize in recovering lost crypto assets, and I decided to take a chance. Upon contacting them, the team swung into action immediately. They guided me through the entire recovery process with professionalism and efficiency. The advantages of using the Trust Geeks Hack Expert Tool became apparent from the start. Their team was knowledgeable and empathetic, understanding the urgency and stress of my situation. They employed advanced security measures to ensure my information was handled safely and securely. One of the key benefits of the Trust Geeks Hack Expert Tool was its user-friendly interface, which made a complex process much more manageable for someone like me, who isn't particularly tech-savvy. They also offered 24/7 support, so I never felt alone during recovery. Their transparent communication and regular updates kept me informed and reassured throughout. The Trust Geeks Hack Expert Tool is the best solution for anyone facing similar issues. Their swift response, expertise, and customer-centric approach set them apart from other recovery services. Thanks to their efforts, I regained access to my accounts and my substantial crypto assets. The experience taught me a valuable lesson about online security and showed me the incredible potential of the Trust Geeks Hack Expert Tool. Email:: trustgeekshackexpert{@}fastservice{.}com WhatsApp  + 1.7.1.9.4.9.2.2.6.9.3

  • 26.06.24 18:46 Jacobethannn098

    LEGAL RECOUP FOR CRYPTO THEFT BY ADRIAN LAMO HACKER

  • 26.06.24 18:46 Jacobethannn098

    Reach Out To Adrian Lamo Hacker via email: [email protected] / WhatsApp: ‪+1 (909) 739‑0269‬ Adrian Lamo Hacker is a formidable force in the realm of cybersecurity, offering a comprehensive suite of services designed to protect individuals and organizations from the pervasive threat of digital scams and fraud. With an impressive track record of recovering over $950 million, including substantial sums from high-profile scams such as a $600 million fake investment platform and a $1.5 million romance scam, Adrian Lamo Hacker has established itself as a leader in the field. One of the key strengths of Adrian Lamo Hacker lies in its unparalleled expertise in scam detection. The company leverages cutting-edge methodologies to defend against a wide range of digital threats, including phishing emails, fraudulent websites, and deceitful schemes. This proactive approach to identifying and neutralizing potential scams is crucial in an increasingly complex and interconnected digital landscape. Adrian Lamo Hacker's tailored risk assessments serve as a powerful tool for fortifying cybersecurity. By identifying vulnerabilities and potential points of exploitation, the company empowers its clients to take proactive measures to strengthen their digital defenses. This personalized approach to risk assessment ensures that each client receives targeted and effective protection against cyber threats. In the event of a security incident, Adrian Lamo Hacker's rapid incident response capabilities come into play. The company's vigilant monitoring and swift mitigation strategies ensure that any potential breaches or scams are addressed in real-time, minimizing the impact on its clients' digital assets and reputation. This proactive stance towards incident response is essential in an era where cyber threats can materialize with alarming speed and sophistication. In addition to its robust defense and incident response capabilities, Adrian Lamo Hacker is committed to empowering its clients to recognize and thwart common scam tactics. By fostering enlightenment in the digital realm, the company goes beyond simply safeguarding its clients; it equips them with the knowledge and awareness needed to navigate the digital landscape with confidence and resilience. Adrian Lamo Hacker services extend to genuine hacking, offering an additional layer of protection for its clients. This may include ethical hacking or penetration testing, which can help identify and address security vulnerabilities before malicious actors have the chance to exploit them. By offering genuine hacking services, Adrian Lamo Hacker demonstrates its commitment to providing holistic cybersecurity solutions that address both defensive and offensive aspects of digital protection. Adrian Lamo Hacker stands out as a premier provider of cybersecurity services, offering unparalleled expertise in scam detection, rapid incident response, tailored risk assessments, and genuine hacking capabilities. With a proven track record of recovering significant sums from various scams, the company has earned a reputation for excellence in combating digital fraud. Through its proactive and empowering approach, Adrian Lamo Hacker is a true ally for individuals and organizations seeking to navigate the digital realm with confidence.

  • 04.07.24 04:49 ZionNaomi

    For over twenty years, I've dedicated myself to the dynamic world of marketing, constantly seeking innovative strategies to elevate brand visibility in an ever-evolving landscape. So when the meteoric rise of Bitcoin captured my attention as a potential avenue for investment diversification, I seized the opportunity, allocating $20,000 to the digital currency. Witnessing my investment burgeon to an impressive $70,000 over time instilled in me a sense of financial promise and stability.However, amidst the euphoria of financial growth, a sudden and unforeseen oversight brought me crashing back to reality during a critical business trip—I had misplaced my hardware wallet. The realization that I had lost access to the cornerstone of my financial security struck me with profound dismay. Desperate for a solution, I turned to the expertise of Daniel Meuli Web Recovery.Their response was swift . With meticulous precision, they embarked on the intricate process of retracing the elusive path of my lost funds. Through their unwavering dedication, they managed to recover a substantial portion of my investment, offering a glimmer of hope amidst the shadows of uncertainty. The support provided by Daniel Meuli Web Recovery extended beyond mere financial restitution. Recognizing the imperative of fortifying against future vulnerabilities, they generously shared invaluable insights on securing digital assets. Their guidance encompassed crucial aspects such as implementing hardware wallet backups and fortifying security protocols, equipping me with recovered funds and newfound knowledge to navigate the digital landscape securely.In retrospect, this experience served as a poignant reminder of the critical importance of diligence and preparedness in safeguarding one's assets. Thanks to the expertise and unwavering support extended by Daniel Meuli Web Recovery, I emerged from the ordeal with renewed resilience and vigilance. Empowered by their guidance and fortified by enhanced security measures, I now approach the future with unwavering confidence.The heights of financial promise to the depths of loss and back again has been a humbling one, underscoring the volatility and unpredictability inherent in the digital realm. Yet, through adversity, I have emerged stronger, armed with a newfound appreciation for the importance of diligence, preparedness, and the invaluable support of experts like Daniel Meuli Web Recovery.As I persist in traversing the digital landscape, I do so with a judicious blend of vigilance and fortitude, cognizant that with adequate safeguards and the backing of reliable confidants, I possess the fortitude to withstand any adversity that may arise. For this, I remain eternally appreciative. Email Danielmeuliweberecovery @ email . c om WhatsApp + 393 512 013 528

  • 13.07.24 21:13 michaelharrell825

    In 2020, amidst the economic fallout of the pandemic, I found myself unexpectedly unemployed and turned to Forex trading in hopes of stabilizing my finances. Like many, I was drawn in by the promise of quick returns offered by various Forex robots, signals, and trading advisers. However, most of these products turned out to be disappointing, with claims that were far from reality. Looking back, I realize I should have been more cautious, but the allure of financial security clouded my judgment during those uncertain times. Amidst these disappointments, Profit Forex emerged as a standout. Not only did they provide reliable service, but they also delivered tangible results—a rarity in an industry often plagued by exaggerated claims. The positive reviews from other users validated my own experience, highlighting their commitment to delivering genuine outcomes and emphasizing sound financial practices. My journey with Profit Forex led to a net profit of $11,500, a significant achievement given the challenges I faced. However, my optimism was short-lived when I encountered obstacles trying to withdraw funds from my trading account. Despite repeated attempts, I found myself unable to access my money, leaving me frustrated and uncertain about my financial future. Fortunately, my fortunes changed when I discovered PRO WIZARD GIlBERT RECOVERY. Their reputation for recovering funds from fraudulent schemes gave me hope in reclaiming what was rightfully mine. With a mixture of desperation and cautious optimism, I reached out to them for assistance. PRO WIZARD GIlBERT RECOVERY impressed me from the start with their professionalism and deep understanding of financial disputes. They took a methodical approach, using advanced techniques to track down the scammers responsible for withholding my funds. Throughout the process, their communication was clear and reassuring, providing much-needed support during a stressful period. Thanks to PRO WIZARD GIlBERT RECOVERY's expertise and unwavering dedication, I finally achieved a resolution to my ordeal. They successfully traced and retrieved my funds, restoring a sense of justice and relief. Their intervention not only recovered my money but also renewed my faith in ethical financial services. Reflecting on my experience, I've learned invaluable lessons about the importance of due diligence and discernment in navigating the Forex market. While setbacks are inevitable, partnering with reputable recovery specialists like PRO WIZARD GIlBERT RECOVERY can make a profound difference. Their integrity and effectiveness have left an indelible mark on me, guiding my future decisions and reinforcing the value of trustworthy partnerships in achieving financial goals. I wholeheartedly recommend PRO WIZARD GIlBERT RECOVERY to anyone grappling with financial fraud or disputes. Their expertise and commitment to client satisfaction are unparalleled, offering a beacon of hope in challenging times. Thank you, PRO WIZARD GIlBERT RECOVERY, for your invaluable assistance in reclaiming what was rightfully mine. Your service not only recovered my funds but also restored my confidence in navigating the complexities of financial markets with greater caution and awareness. Email: prowizardgilbertrecovery(@)engineer.com Homepage: https://prowizardgilbertrecovery.xyz WhatsApp: +1 (516) 347‑9592

  • 17.07.24 02:26 thompsonrickey

    In the vast and often treacherous realm of online investments, I was entangled in a web of deceit that cost me nearly  $45,000. It all started innocuously enough with an enticing Instagram profile promising lucrative returns through cryptocurrency investment. Initially, everything seemed promising—communications were smooth, and assurances were plentiful. However, as time passed, my optimism turned to suspicion. Withdrawal requests were met with delays and excuses. The once-responsive "investor" vanished into thin air, leaving me stranded with dwindling hopes and a sinking feeling in my gut. It became painfully clear that I had been duped by a sophisticated scheme designed to exploit trust and naivety. Desperate to recover my funds, I turned to online forums where I discovered numerous testimonials advocating for Muyern Trust Hacker. With nothing to lose, I contacted them, recounting my ordeal with a mixture of skepticism and hope. Their swift response and professional demeanor immediately reassured me that I had found a lifeline amidst the chaos. Muyern Trust Hacker wasted no time in taking action. They meticulously gathered evidence, navigated legal complexities, and deployed their expertise to expedite recovery. In what felt like a whirlwind of activity, although the passage of time was a blur amidst my anxiety, they achieved the seemingly impossible—my stolen funds were returned. The relief I felt was overwhelming. Muyern Trust Hacker not only restored my financial losses but also restored my faith in justice. Their commitment to integrity and their relentless pursuit of resolution were nothing short of remarkable. They proved themselves as recovery specialists and guardians against digital fraud, offering hope to victims like me who had been ensnared by deception. My gratitude knows no bounds for Muyern Trust Hacker. Reach them at muyerntrusted @ m a i l - m e . c o m AND Tele gram @ muyerntrusthackertech

  • 18.07.24 20:13 austinagastya

    I Testify For iBolt Cyber Hacker Alone - For Crypto Recovery Service I highly suggest iBolt Cyber Hacker to anyone in need of bitcoin recovery services. They successfully recovered my bitcoin from a fake trading scam with speed and efficiency. This crew is trustworthy, They kept me updated throughout the procedure. I thought my bitcoin was gone, I am so grateful for their help, If you find yourself in a similar circumstance, do not hesitate to reach out to iBolt Cyber Hacker for assistance. Thank you, iBOLT, for your amazing customer service! Please be cautious and contact them directly through their website. Email: S u p p o r t @ ibolt cyber hack . com Cont/Whtp + 3. .9 .3. .5..0. .9. 2. 9. .0 .3. 1 .8. Website: h t t p s : / / ibolt cyber hack . com /

  • 27.08.24 12:50 James889900

    All you need is to hire an expert to help you accomplish that. If there’s any need to spy on your partner’s phone. From my experience I lacked evidence to confront my husband on my suspicion on his infidelity, until I came across ETHICALAHCKERS which many commend him of assisting them in their spying mission. So I contacted him and he provided me with access into his phone to view all text messages, call logs, WhatsApp messages and even her location. This evidence helped me move him off my life . I recommend you consult ETHICALHACKERS009 @ gmail.com OR CALL/TEXT ‪+1(716) 318-5536 or whatsapp +14106350697 if you need access to your partner’s phone

  • 27.08.24 13:06 James889900

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  • 02.09.24 20:24 [email protected]

    If You Need Hacker To Recover Your Bitcoin Contact Paradox Recovery Wizard Paradox Recovery Wizard successfully recovered $123,000 worth of Bitcoin for my husband, which he had lost due to a security breach. The process was efficient and secure, with their expert team guiding us through each step. They were able to trace and retrieve the lost cryptocurrency, restoring our peace of mind and financial stability. Their professionalism and expertise were instrumental in recovering our assets, and we are incredibly grateful for their service. Email: support@ paradoxrecoverywizard.com Email: paradox_recovery @cyberservices.com Wep: https://paradoxrecoverywizard.com/ WhatsApp: +39 351 222 3051.

  • 06.09.24 01:35 Celinagarcia

    HOW TO RECOVER MONEY LOST IN BITCOIN/USDT TRADING OR TO CRYPTO INVESTMENT !! Hi all, friends and families. I am writing From Alberton Canada. Last year I tried to invest in cryptocurrency trading in 2023, but lost a significant amount of money to scammers. I was cheated of my money, but thank God, I was referred to Hack Recovery Wizard they are among the best bitcoin recovery specialists on the planet. they helped me get every penny I lost to the scammers back to me with their forensic techniques. and I would like to take this opportunity to advise everyone to avoid making cryptocurrency investments online. If you ​​​​​​have already lost money on forex, cryptocurrency or Ponzi schemes, please contact [email protected] or WhatsApp: +1 (757) 237–1724 at once they can help you get back the crypto you lost to scammers. BEST WISHES. Celina Garcia.

  • 06.09.24 01:44 Celinagarcia

    HOW TO RECOVER MONEY LOST IN BITCOIN/USDT TRADING OR TO CRYPTO INVESTMENT !! Hi all, friends and families. I am writing From Alberton Canada. Last year I tried to invest in cryptocurrency trading in 2023, but lost a significant amount of money to scammers. I was cheated of my money, but thank God, I was referred to Hack Recovery Wizard they are among the best bitcoin recovery specialists on the planet. they helped me get every penny I lost to the scammers back to me with their forensic techniques. and I would like to take this opportunity to advise everyone to avoid making cryptocurrency investments online. If you ​​​​​​have already lost money on forex, cryptocurrency or Ponzi schemes, please contact [email protected] or WhatsApp: +1 (757) 237–1724 at once they can help you get back the crypto you lost to scammers. BEST WISHES. Celina Garcia.

  • 16.09.24 00:10 marcusaustin

    Bitcoin Recovery Services: Restoring Lost Cryptocurrency If you've lost access to your cryptocurrency and unable to make a withdrawal, I highly recommend iBolt Cyber Hacker Bitcoin Recovery Services. Their team is skilled, professional, and efficient in recovering lost Bitcoin. They provide clear communication, maintain high security standards, and work quickly to resolve issues. Facing the stress of lost cryptocurrency, iBolt Cyber Hacker is a trusted service that will help you regain access to your funds securely and reliably. Highly recommended! Email: S u p p o r t @ ibolt cyber hack . com Cont/Whtp + 3. .9 .3. .5..0. .9. 2. 9. .0 .3. 1 .8. Website: h t t p s : / / ibolt cyber hack . com /

  • 16.09.24 00:11 marcusaustin

    Bitcoin Recovery Services: Restoring Lost Cryptocurrency If you've lost access to your cryptocurrency and unable to make a withdrawal, I highly recommend iBolt Cyber Hacker Bitcoin Recovery Services. Their team is skilled, professional, and efficient in recovering lost Bitcoin. They provide clear communication, maintain high security standards, and work quickly to resolve issues. Facing the stress of lost cryptocurrency, iBolt Cyber Hacker is a trusted service that will help you regain access to your funds securely and reliably. Highly recommended! Email: S u p p o r t @ ibolt cyber hack . com Cont/Whtp + 3. .9 .3. .5..0. .9. 2. 9. .0 .3. 1 .8. Website: h t t p s : / / ibolt cyber hack . com /

  • 23.09.24 18:56 matthewshimself

    At first, I was admittedly skeptical about Worldcoin (ref: https://worldcoin.org/blog/worldcoin/this-is-worldcoin-video-explainer-series), particularly around the use of biometric data and the WLD token as a reward mechanism for it. However, after following the project closer, I’ve come to appreciate the broader vision and see the value in the underlying tech behind it. The concept of Proof of Personhood (ref: https://worldcoin.org/blog/worldcoin/proof-of-personhood-what-it-is-why-its-needed) has definitely caught my attention, and does seem like a crucial step towards tackling growing issues like bots, deepfakes, and identity fraud. Sam Altman’s vision is nothing short of ambitious, but I do think he & Alex Blania have the chops to realize it as mainstay in the global economy.

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  • 31.10.24 00:13 ytre89

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  • 27.11.24 09:10 Michal Novotny

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  • 04.12.24 22:24 andreygagloev

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  • 12.12.24 00:35 amandagregory

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