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Н Новости

Нейросети простым языком

Привет!

В интернете можно найти разные объяснения того, как работают нейросети, но те, что мне попадались, были либо слишком специфичны и ориентированы на специалистов, либо слишком упрощены.

Постарался написать свои объяснения, которые были бы не было слишком упрощены, но при этом по возможности понятны.

Статья на 10 процентов скомпилирована из других статей, на 30 процентов скомпилирована из множества диалогов с разными LLM и на 60 процентов “написана от руки” на основании статей и ответов.

Оглавление

Возможно ли в нескольких предложениях описать, как работает нейросеть?
Почему в LLM моделях на входе дается вопрос, а на выходе получается ответ, а не перефразированный вопрос?
Данные, на которых обучается LLM модель, устаревают, какие есть возможности для того, чтобы модель генерировала актуальные ответы?
Каким образом LLM модель понимает различные языки?
Шаг 1: Токенизация (из текста / изображения в токены)
Шаг 2: Token embedding (из токена в вектор)
Шаг 3: Positional Encoding / Embeddings
Шаг 4: Attention, Self-Attention (Вектор Внимания, Q,K,V-проекции) и Разбиение на Головы Внимания (Multi-Head Attention)
Шаг 5: Объединение голов внимания (Head Concatenation, Concatenated Multi-Head Attention)
Шаг 6: Output Projection (Wo)
Шаг 7: Добавление Residual (остаточного соединения)
Шаг 8: Нормализация слоя (Layer Normalization)
Шаг 9: FFN (Feed-Forward Network) и MLP (Multilayer Perceptron)
Шаг 10: Residual + LayerNorm (второй слой нормализации)
Шаг 11: Подача выхода блока в следующий трансформер-блок
Шаг 12: Финальная LayerNorm нормализация после последнего блока
Шаг 13: Линейная проекция в логиты (Logits Projection) + Softmax
Шаг 14: Выбор следующего токена (sampling)
Шаг 15: Итерация генерации
Шаг 16: Преобразование токенов в слова
Способы запуска (бэкенды) для LLM моделей
Приложения для запуска LLM моделей
Формат хранения LLM моделей

Интересные вопросы и ответы

Возможно ли в нескольких предложениях описать, как работает нейросеть?

Постараюсь. Представьте структуру, состоящую из сотен тысяч векторов в тысячимерном пространстве. Для каждого слова, участка изображения или любой другой сущности в результате обучения вычислен свой вектор, в координатах которого заложена взаимосвязь со всеми остальными векторами пространства. Таким образом, для всех векторов вопроса можно рассчитать взаимосвязь со всеми остальными существующими векторами пространства. Векторы, имеющие наибольшую взаимосвязь, будут ответом.

Почему в LLM моделях на входе дается вопрос, а на выходе получается ответ, а не перефразированный вопрос?

Модель обучена на текстах «вопрос→ответ», поэтому при виде вопроса дальше генерируются не слова самого вопроса, а наиболее вероятное продолжение — ответ.

Во время инструкционного обучения (SFT) и RLHF её «поощряют» за полезные ответы, а не за повтор формулировки, поэтому параметры сдвигаются в сторону ответов.

В терминах вероятностей: для вопроса вероятность следующего токена-ответа выше, чем токена, повторяющего вопрос, и декодер выбирает именно его.

Данные, на которых обучается LLM модель, устаревают, какие есть возможности для того, чтобы модель генерировала актуальные ответы?

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG):
Модель при запросе ищет в актуальной внешней базе (поиск по векторному или текстовому индексу) релевантные документы и использует их контекст при генерации ответа. Так можно получать свежую информацию без перетренировки основной сети

Параметр-эффективное дообучение (LoRA, Adapters):
Вместо полного переобучения модели встраивают небольшие адаптеры или low-rank матрицы (LoRA), которые обучаются на новых данных. Это позволяет быстро и недорого «научить» модель новым фактам или доменам

Целевое редактирование весов (Model Editing):
Алгоритмы типа MEMIT/ROME локально корректируют веса модели для добавления или обновления конкретных фактов, не затрагивая остальную часть знаний

Отдельные базы знаний и графы:
Вместо хранения фактов внутри параметров LLM выносите их в внешние KB или графы знаний, которые регулярно обновляются, а модель лишь запрашивает у них информацию

Интеграция с веб-поиском и API:
Подключение к реальному времени через веб-браузерные плагины, сторонние API и сервисы поиска (например, ChatGPT Plugins, Bing Search API) напрямую возвращает свежее содержимое.

Каким образом LLM модель понимает различные языки?

Модель “понимает” разные языки благодаря тому, что в процессе обучения она видит тексты на многих из них и учится предсказывать следующий фрагмент независимо от языка. Основные моменты:

Большой мультиязычный корпус:
Для обучения собирают тексты (википедия, книги, веб-страницы из Common Crawl и прочие) на десятках и сотнях языков. Например, в открытой модели BLOOM было около 46 языков, причём доля каждого зависит от объёма доступных данных

Общая токенизация subword:
Используются алгоритмы вроде BPE или SentencePiece, которые разбивают слова на фрагменты (subword) и включают в словарь символы и последовательности из разных алфавитов. Так модель оперирует единым набором токенов для всех языков

Универсальная архитектура трансформера:
В трансформере одни и те же веса участвуют при обработке любых языков. Поэтому при обучении на разных языках модель находит общие паттерны (синтаксис, семантика) и использует перекрёстное перенесение знаний (cross-lingual transfer)

Не все языки и не во всех объёмах:
Обучают лишь на тех языках, где есть достаточный объём текстов. Редкие или низкоресурсные языки попадают в отдельные дообучения или получают меньшую долю данных, поэтому качество генерации на них ниже

Специальные дообучения и адаптеры:
Чтобы улучшить знание малоизвестных языков, применяют дообучение (continual pretraining) на локальных данных или вставляют адаптеры (adapters, LoRA), которые тонко корректируют знания модели под конкретный язык.

Входящие данные

На входе нейросеть получает входящие данные в вире запроса пользователя. К запросу пользователя также добавляется общая информация, которая позволяет получить более точный ответ. Если нейросеть поддерживает RAG (Retrieval-Augmented Generation), то к запросу добавляются также:

Данные из векторной базы, если в нее предварительно добавили то, что нужно для генерации более актуального ответа

Извлеченные из интернет страницы или документа- для того, чтобы сократить их размер, часто используется специализированная embedding нейросеть, она находит все подходящие куски текста и добавляет к контексту запроса

Пример настроек embedding нейросети для Chrome расширения Page Assist

Как работает RAG

Система состоит из двух основных компонентов

Retrieval (извлечение):
Ищет релевантную информацию из внешней базы знаний (чаще всего — векторная база, например, FAISS, Qdrant, Weaviate). Эта база обычно построена заранее из текстовых документов (pdf, markdown, html и др.), преобразованных в эмбеддинги с помощью модели (например, BERT, Instructor, или SentenceTransformer).

Generation (генерация):
LLM (GPT, LLaMA, Mistral и др.) получает исходный запрос + найденные документы и генерирует финальный ответ.

В некоторых нейросетях для отделения запроса пользователя, контекста, полученного при помощи RAG и общего сообщения используется разметка.

Пример:

context:
это данные полученные из интернет при помощи embedding нейросети или из векторного хранилища и отсортированные по совпадению score по мере убывания

{
  "context": [
    "Пенициллин — это первый открытый антибиотик, произведённый из плесневого грибка рода Penicillium. Он используется для лечения бактериальных инфекций, таких как ангина, сифилис и пневмония. Пенициллин разрушает клеточную стенку бактерий, что приводит к их гибели.",
    "Некоторые люди имеют аллергию на пенициллин. Это может вызвать серьёзные реакции, включая анафилаксию, поэтому перед назначением препарата важно уточнить наличие аллергии у пациента."
  ],
  "instructions": "Ответь простыми словами, используя только информацию из контекста. Если ответа нет — напиши 'Информация не найдена'.",
  "question": "Что такое пенициллин и для чего он применяется?"
}

Шаги работы нейросети

Шаг 1: Токенизация (из текста / изображения в токены)

Токенизация текста:

LLM не работает со словами напрямую — она работает с токенами (частями слов или символами), преобразованными в числа.

Пример:

Текст пользователя:
"Привет, мир"

ID токена в словаре модели для слова:
"Привет" = 1123
"," = 15
"мир" = 345

Получаем массив ID токенов:
["Привет", ",", "мир"] = [1123, 15, 345]

Как это достигается:
Используется алгоритм вроде Byte Pair Encoding (BPE), Unigram, WordPiece или SentencePiece.
BPE-токенизатор находит наиболее частые пары символов.
WordPiece строит токены на основе вероятности иерархических разбиений.
Часто токены — это не отдельные слова, а части слов.

В словарь включены специальные маркеры начала слова (пробел, “##” и т. п.), поэтому ни один субтокен не пересекает границу двух слов.
Токенизация всегда идёт «жадно» — берётся максимально длинный совпадающий с началом оставшейся строки токен.

Пример:

Текст пользователя:
"невероятно"

ID токена в словаре модели для части слов:
"не" = 24
"вероят" = 126
"но" = 36
Получаем массив ID токенов:
["не", "вероят", "но"] = [24, 126, 36]

Либо еще более которкий вариант: 
("не»", "вер", "##оятно")

Разные по смыслу слова могут иметь общие токены, например «привет» и «пример» могут иметь общий токен «при»:

Хотя «при» повторяется в обоих словах, модель сразу смотрит не только на этот кусочек, но и на соседние токены и на всю фразу (об этом дальше в статье).

Сначала «при» превращается в вектор — просто набор чисел, описывающих эту часть слова.

Затем трансформер (многослойная сеть) смешивает этот вектор с векторами соседних токенов («вет» или «мер») и добавляет информацию о позиции в предложении.

В итоге в первом слое «при» в «привет» уже отличается от «при» в «пример», потому что туда «подмешался» разный контекст.

То есть общий кусочек «при» сам по себе нейтральный, а смысл формируется дальше по слоям на основе окружения.

Почему токены, а не слова:
Меньше словарь = экономия памяти.
Лучше обрабатываются редкие и составные слова.
Позволяет модели “учиться” понимать структуру слов.

Размер словаря, или “vocab_size”, определяет, сколько уникальных токенов может обрабатывать модель.
Больше словарь = меньше разбиений слов на части, но больше объём embedding-слоя.

Слово «программирование» может быть целиком одним токеном в модели с крупным словарём,
а может разбиться на части («пр», «ограм», «мирование») в модели с меньшим словарём.

Размеры словаря популярных моделей, количество токенов:

Модель                 | Размер словаря |
-----------------------|----------------|
LLaMA 1/2              | 32 000         |
LLaMA 3                | 128 000        |
Gemini 1.0/1.5         | ~4 МБ          |
Gemma 1/2              | 256 000        |
Gemma 3                | 262 000        |
Qwen 1.5               | 151 936        |
Qwen 2                 | 152 064        |
Qwen 2.5               | 152 064        |
DeepSeek LLM           | 102 400        |
DeepSeek-Coder         | 32 256         |
DeepSeek V2/V3         | 102 400        |
DeepSeek-R1            | 129 280        |

Токенизация изображений:

В отличие от текстовой токенизации (где токены — это слова, сабворды, символы), в изображениях токены — это фрагменты изображения или представления признаков. Ниже рассмотрены основные подходы.

Для изображений вместо токенов получают сразу матрицу (или тензор) пикселей.

В классических свёрточных сетях (CNN) маленькие участки картинки (например, 3×3 или 5×5 пикселей) скользят по изображению, и для каждого участка свёртка с набором фильтров выдаёт вектор признаков. Эти векторы собираются в карты признаков и передаются дальше.

В современных трансформерах для изображений (Vision Transformer) картинку разбивают на «пэчи» (квадраты, скажем, 16×16 пикселей), каждый пэтч выравнивают в вектор и тоже проецируют через матрицу эмбеддингов в вектор-представление, как токен в NLP.

Основные способы токенизации изображений:

Patch Embedding (разбиение на патчи) — классический подход ViT:
Изображение делится на сетку квадратных патчей, например, 16×16 пикселей.
Каждый патч разворачивается в вектор (flatten), потом линейно проецируется в эмбеддинг фиксированной размерности (например, 768).
В результате получается последовательность токенов: один токен на патч.

Пример:
224×224 RGB изображение с патчами 16×16 → 14×14 = 196 токенов + [CLS] токен.
Каждый токен: вектор размером 768.

CNN Feature Maps как токены:
Используются свёрточные сети (ResNet, ConvNext) для извлечения признаков.
Пространственные признаки (feature map) на выходе можно интерпретировать как токены, где каждый элемент сетки — вектор.
Применяется в CLIP и других гибридных моделях.

VQ-VAE / VQ-GAN токенизация (дискретная):
Кодировщик (энкодер) преобразует изображение в карту признаков и затем квантует её в дискретные токены (индексы из словаря).
Каждый токен — это индекс в словаре визуальных патчей.
Используется в DALL·E, Imagen, LLaVA и других мультимодальных генеративных моделях.
Плюсы: модель работает с «словами» визуального языка.
Минусы: потеря точности, неустойчивая генерация.

Segment/Region-based токены (DETR, Region Attention):
Изображение разбивается на смысловые регионы (сегментация, объекты).
Каждый регион преобразуется в токен с помощью агрегации признаков.
Используется в задачах детекции объектов и визуального ответа на вопросы (VQA).

Patch + Positional Encoding:
Как и в NLP, каждому патчу добавляется позиционная информация (абсолютная, относительная или learnable), чтобы сохранить пространственную структуру изображения.

Максимальная длина контекста:

Контекст — это оперативная память модели, размер контекста это максимальное количество токенов (слов, символов или их частей), которое языковая модель может обработать за один запрос.
Это «объём памяти», который модель может видеть одновременно, чтобы сформировать ответ. Всё, что выходит за пределы этого окна, модель забывает или не видит напрямую.

Размер контекста напрямую влияет на способность модели помнить предыдущие сообщения в диалоге.

Модель не имеет встроенной долговременной памяти — она не «помнит» вас как человек. Она просто обрабатывает весь предыдущий диалог как входной текст (токены), передаваемый при каждом запросе. Это и называется контекст.

Максимальная длина контекста популярных моделей:

| Модель                  | Максимальная длина контекста |
|-------------------------|------------------------------|
| LLaMA 1/2               |2 048 / 4 096                 |
| LLaMA 3                 |8 192                         |
| Gemma 1/2               |8 192                         |
| Gemma 3                 |128 000                       |
| Qwen 1.5                |32 768                        |
| Qwen 2                  |32 768                        |
| Qwen 2.5                |131 072                       |
| DeepSeek LLM            |4 096                         |
| DeepSeek-Coder          |16 384                        |
| DeepSeek V2/V3          |128 000                       |
| DeepSeek-R1             |131 072                       |
| Gemini 1.0/1.5          |32 768 / 1 000 000            |

Шаг 2: Token embedding (из токена в вектор)

В LLM модели для кажого ID токена хранится Token Embedding, или массив цифр. Эти числа описывают, что означает этот токен, как если бы ты переводил слово в математическую форму.

Изначально token embedding имеет фиксированное значение для каждого токена, но затем уточняется по мере прохождения через слои.

Когда Token Embedding проходит через несколько слоёв трансформера он становится контекстуализированным: он учитывает значение всей фразы. На выходе мы получаем вектор, который содержит “смысл” слова в контексте.

Связи между векторами задаются матрицами весов между слоями.

Изначально эти веса инициализируются случайно или по специальному правилу (например, Xavier или He), а потом во время обучения для каждого веса вычисляют градиент потери (насколько ошибка растёт или падает при его изменении).

Алгоритм обратного распространения (“backpropagation”) рассчитывает, как изменение каждого веса повлияет на итоговую ошибку, а затем градиентным спуском (или его вариациями) корректирует эти веса.

Так постепенно усиливаются связи между теми компонентами векторов, которые вместе дают полезную информацию, и ослабевают все ненужные — получается набор взаимосвязанных векторов, оптимальных для решения задачи.

Размерность вектора (Embedding Size, d_model) на каждом слое трансформера:

Количество измерений у token embedding фиксировано для всей модели и зависит от её архитектуры.

Пример:

Текст пользователя:
"Привет"

ID токена в словаре модели для слова:
"Привет" = 1123

Token embedding для ID токена 1123 = массив значений в формате числа с плавающей точкой из d_model= 4096 элементов:
[0.034, 0.120, 0.905, ..., 0.028]

Размер embedding size популярных моделей:

Модель                 | d_model |
-----------------------|---------|
LLaMA 1 (7B)           | 4096    |
LLaMA 2 (13B)          | 5120    |
LLaMA 2 (70B)          | 8192    |
LLaMA 3 (8B)           | 4096    |
LLaMA 3 (70B)          | 8192    |
Gemini 1.0 Pro         | 6144    |
Gemini 1.0 Ultra       | 8192    |
Gemini 1.5 Pro         | 8192    |
Gemma 1 (2B)           | 2048    |
Gemma 1 (7B)           | 3072    |
Gemma 2 (9B)           | 4096    |
Gemma 2 (27B)          | 6144    |
Gemma 3 (12B)          | 5120    |
Gemma 3 (27B)          | 8192    |
Qwen 1.5 (7B)          | 4096    |
Qwen 2 (7B)            | 4096    |
Qwen 2.5 (7B)          | 4096    |
DeepSeek LLM (7B)      | 4096    |
DeepSeek LLM (67B)     | 8192    |
DeepSeek-Coder (6.7B)  | 4096    |
DeepSeek-Coder (33B)   | 8192    |
DeepSeek-R1            | 8192    |

Количество элементов вектора смысла влияет на:Больше размерность = больше “места” для хранения семантики, синтаксиса, контекста.Это позволяет различать более тонкие смыслы между токенами.Размер памяти всех весов и активаций растёт квадратично с embedding size.

embedding size = d_model = 4096 
занимает в 4 раза больше памяти, чем 
embedding size = d_model = 2048

Точность вектора:

Также числа с плавающей точкой, из которых состоит вектор, могут иметь различную точность:
Меньшая точность уменьшает размер модели и ускоряет обработку.

Обычно модели обучаются на полной точности FP32 (float32), то есть вектор состоит из чисел размерностью 32 бита.

Квантование (Quantization):

для уменьшения точности для облегчения модели используется квантование —процесс преобразования чисел с плавающей точкой (например, FP32) в более компактные целочисленные представления (например, INT8), с сохранением приближённого значения.
При этом вводится небольшая потеря точности, но она часто не влияет критично на качество вывода.

Формат: FP32 (float32), 32 бита = 4 байта
Предназначение: Полная точность. Используется при обучении моделей, а также при точном инференсе.
Обеспечивает максимальную точность, но требует много памяти и вычислительных ресурсов.
Бинарное значение: 01000000 01001001 00001111 11011011
Фактическое значение: 3.14159
Возможные типы квантования: Не используется — это полный (не квантованный) формат.

Формат: FP16 (float16), 16 бит = 2 байта
Предназначение: Половинная точность. Используется для ускоренного обучения и вывода на GPU (например, NVIDIA Tensor Cores).
Быстрее и в 2 раза экономичнее по памяти по сравнению с FP32.
Бинарное значение: 01000000 10010000
Фактическое значение: ≈ 3.1406
Возможные типы квантования: QFloat16 (если используется адаптивное смешивание в mixed precision).


Формат: BF16 (bfloat16), 16 бит = 2 байта
Предназначение: Альтернатива FP16, используемая в TPU и некоторых GPU. Имеет ту же экспоненту, что и FP32, но укороченную мантиссу.
Быстрее и компактнее, при этом сохраняет диапазон FP32.
Бинарное значение: 01000000 10010000
Фактическое значение: ≈ 3.140625
Возможные типы квантования: QBFloat16 (редко используется напрямую, но встречается в TPU-инференсе).

Формат: INT8 (8 бит), scale = 0.125
Предназначение: Квантованное целое число. Используется в оптимизированных моделях для инференса на CPU и мобильных устройствах.
Требует восстановления масштаба (scale) и смещения (zero_point).
Квантизированное значение: 25
Бинарное значение: 00011001
Фактическое значение: 25 × 0.125 = 3.125
Возможные типы квантования: Q8_0, Q8_1, Int8Affine, PerChannelQuant (ONNX), dynamic/int8 (TensorFlow Lite)

Формат: INT4 (Q4), 4 бита, scale = 0.5 (2 числа в 1 байте)
Предназначение: Очень сжатый формат для языковых моделей. Используется в llama.cpp, GGUF и других системах.
Обеспечивает существенное уменьшение размера модели. Требует восстановления (деквантования) при запуске.
Квантизированное значение:
7 (максимальное значение для signed 4-битного int: -8…+7)
Бинарное значение: 0111
Фактическое значение: 7 × 0.5 = 3.5
Возможные типы квантования:
Q4_0, Q4_1, Q4_K, Q4_G, Q4_M (llama.cpp, GGUF)

Формат: INT2 (Q2), 2 бита, scale = 1.0 (4 числа в 1 байте)
Предназначение: Экстремально сжатый формат для использования в LLM на устройствах с ограниченными ресурсами.
Используется в некоторых вариантах GGUF, MLC, а также в экспериментах с экстремальным квантованием.
Квантизированное значение: 1 (максимум среди значений: -2…+1)
Бинарное значение: 01
Фактическое значение: 1 × 1.0 = 1.0
Возможные типы квантования: Q2_K (llama.cpp, GGUF)

Формат: INT1 (Q1), 1 бит, scale = 2.0 (8 чисел в 1 байте)
Предназначение: Минимально возможная точность. Используется в бинарных нейросетях и прототипах.
Обычно значения -1 или +1. Применяется редко в LLM, но может быть полезен в BNN (Binary Neural Networks).
Квантизированное значение: 1
Бинарное значение: 1
Фактическое значение: 1 × 2.0 = 2.0
Возможные типы квантования: Q1, BinaryNet, XNOR-Net (чаще в академических/экспериментальных BNN)

Также у моделей могут быть дополнительные параметры квантования:

_K
- Обозначает "K-блочную" квантизацию (K-Block Quantization).
- Веса разбиваются на блоки фиксированной длины (например, по 32 или 64 значения).
- Внутри каждого блока используется общий scale и zero_point.
- Это позволяет существенно уменьшить размер модели, сохраняя более высокую точность по сравнению с простой квантизацией.
- Примеры форматов: Q2_K, Q4_K, Q6_K, Q8_K

_0, _1
- Показывают, какую схему квантования применяют:
  - _0: базовая схема, без смещений (bias), один scale на блок
  - _1: улучшенная схема, с дополнительными bias или scale-сдвигами
- Используются в форматах: Q4_0, Q4_1, Q5_0, Q5_1, Q8_0, Q8_1
- Как правило, _1 обеспечивает лучшую точность при незначительном увеличении размера

Метки уровня сжатия/точности: K_L, K_M, K_S, K_G

K_L
- Kvantization Low
- Низкий размер модели, минимальная точность
- Подходит для устройств с крайне ограниченными ресурсами
- Максимально агрессивная квантизация

K_M
- Kvantization Medium
- Средний компромисс между точностью и объёмом
- Подходит для большинства локальных задач

K_S
- Kvantization Small
- Модель максимально сжата по размеру, даже в ущерб качеству
- Часто используется как референс для экстремального сжатия

K_G
- Kvantization General
- Сбалансированная модель: разумный компромисс между скоростью, качеством и размером
- Хорошо работает на большинстве CPU

Пример названия модели:
"mistral-7b.Q4_K_M.gguf" — это означает:
- Модель Mistral 7B
- Используется квантование Q4_K (4-битная K-блочная)
- Уровень компромисса: Medium

Продуктовое квантование (Product Quantization)

Метод, который позволяет сильно сжать векторы признаков (эмбеддинги), разбивая их на части и кодируя каждую часть через ближайший шаблон (кластер).

Как это работает:

Есть вектор (например, размером 128 чисел). Это может быть эмбеддинг текста или изображения от нейросети.

Разбиваем вектор на куски — например, 8 частей по 16 чисел (128 / 8 = 16).

Для каждой позиции куска обучаем свой кодировщик (квантайзер) — на больших данных заранее выбираются, какие «шаблоны» (центры кластеров) похожи на возможные куски.
Например:
первый кусок может быть похож на шаблон №12,
второй — на шаблон №3,
третий — на шаблон №88,
и так далее.

Сохраняем только номера этих шаблонов. Вместо хранения 128 чисел (float32 = 512 байт), храним, например, 8 чисел (по 1 байту на шаблон) — всего 8 байт.

QAT (Quantization-Aware Training) квантование:это метод квантования нейронных сетей, при котором квантование учитывается уже во время обучения модели. Он позволяет добиться почти такой же точности, как и у оригинальной модели с float-параметрами, при этом модель будет использовать более компактные int8 или другие низкоразрядные форматы, пригодные для эффективного запуска на устройствах с ограниченными ресурсами (например, смартфонах или микроконтроллерах).

Как работает QAT — поэтапно:

Модель в float32:
Обучение начинается с обычной модели, использующей числа с плавающей точкой (обычно float32). Это обеспечивает высокую точность и стабильность обучения.
Имитация квантования во время forward pass (fake quantization):
При каждом проходе вперёд значения (веса, активации) эмулируются как квантованные, т.е. они преобразуются в int8, а затем обратно в float32. Это даёт возможность модели «увидеть» ошибки квантования ещё на стадии обучения.

float32 → int8 → float32

Таким образом, во время обратного распространения (backpropagation) градиенты считаются по float32-версии, но ошибки из-за квантования всё равно влияют на обучение.

Обновление параметров (backward pass):

Градиенты считаются как обычно, но с учётом искажений от fake quantization. Это позволяет модели адаптироваться к тому, что веса и активации будут впоследствии использоваться в низкой точности.

Экспорт финальной модели в int8:

После завершения обучения веса действительно квантуются в int8, и модель может быть скомпилирована и запущена в производственном окружении.

Что именно квантуется:

Веса (weights) — float32 → int8
Активации (activations) — float32 → int8
(Иногда также квантуются градиенты и промежуточные состояния, но это редкость.)

Зачем использовать QAT:

Выше точность, чем у post-training quantization (PTQ)
Низкое потребление памяти
Быстрее выполнение на CPU/GPU/NPUs с поддержкой int8
Особенно важно для мобильных и embedded-устройств (например, Android)

Далее модель отправляется в трансформер.

Трансформер (Transformer):

Архитектура нейросети, которая стала основой для современных языковых моделей, таких как ChatGPT, BERT, LLaMA, Gemma и многие другие.
Он был впервые описан в научной статье 2017 года под названием “Attention is All You Need”.
Проще говоря, трансформер — это “умная машина”, которая умеет читать и понимать текст, обрабатывая все слова одновременно, а не по одному, как это делали предыдущие модели (например, RNN, LSTM).

Слои трансформера (Transformer Layers):

это повторяющиеся блоки, через которые проходит каждый токен внутри модели.

Один слой (или «трансформер‑блок») включает в себя:

Self-Attention:токен “смотрит” на другие токены и решает, кто важен.

Feed-Forward Network:
уточнение и преобразование каждого токена.

Layer Normalization или LayerNorm:
стабилизация вычислений.

Residual Connections:
чтобы модель не “забыла” начальную информацию.

LayerNorm может быть до или после Residual (Pre-LN vs Post-LN).

и другие этапы.

Каждый слой трансформера (Transformer Block) — это отдельный набор параметров, которые:
независимо обучаются,
независимо применяются к входным данным,
дают всё более “глубокое” понимание смысла и контекста.

Что значит «32 слоя»:
каждый токен проходит через 32 такие операции, последовательно одну за другой, после каждого слоя токен становится всё более информированным, т.е. его представление (вектор) всё глубже отражает контекст

Количество слоев моделей (transformer layers):

| Модель                | Количество слоёв |
|-----------------------|------------------|
| LLaMA 1 (7B)          | 32               |
| LLaMA 2 (7B)          | 32               |
| LLaMA 2 (13B)         | 40               |
| LLaMA 2 (70B)         | 80               |
| LLaMA 3 (8B)          | 32               |
| LLaMA 3 (70B)         | 80               |
| Gemini 1.0 Pro        | 32               |
| Gemini 1.0 Ultra      | 64               |
| Gemini 1.5 Pro        | 64               |
| Gemma 1 (2B)          | 18               |
| Gemma 1 (7B)          | 28               |
| Gemma 2 (9B)          | 32               |
| Gemma 2 (27B)         | 40               |
| Gemma 3 (12B)         | 36               |
| Gemma 3 (27B)         | 48               |
| Qwen 1.5 (7B)         | 32               |
| Qwen 2 (7B)           | 28               |
| Qwen 2.5 (7B)         | 28               |
| DeepSeek LLM (7B)     | 30               |
| DeepSeek LLM (67B)    | 95               |
| DeepSeek-Coder (6.7B) | 32               |
| DeepSeek-Coder (33B)  | 64               |
| DeepSeek-R1			| 95               |

Активация (Activation):

это промежуточные выходы нейросети после применения функций и слоев).
Можно сказать, что активации это данные, которые “живут внутри сети” на каждом этапе прохода входа через модель.

Тензор (Tensor)

в нейросети это многомерный массив чисел, с которым работают слои модели.
Входные данные:
Текст → токены → эмбеддинги → тензор batch_size × seq_len × embedding_dim.
Веса модели:
Весовые матрицы в слоях — тоже тензоры.
Промежуточные представления (активации):
Выход каждого слоя (например, LayerNorm, Attention) — тензор.
Градиенты:
При обучении модель считает градиенты (тензоры) для обновления весов.

Шаг 3: Positional Encoding / Embeddings

Без дополнительной информации фразы:
«Кот ест рыбу»
«Рыбу ест кот»
могли бы восприниматься одинаково, ведь набор слов одинаков.

Чтобы дать модели ощущение порядка, каждому токену (слову или части слова) добавляется позиционный вектор — набор чисел, который сообщает модели на каких позициях находятся слова.

Token embedding + Positional Encoding / Embeddings = Суммарный вектор

Positional Encoding / Embedding это:
Вектор такой же размерности, как у токена (d)
Представляет позицию в последовательности
Может быть задан формулой (sin/cos) или обучаем
Объединяется с вектором токена на входе в модель

Какой тип используется в моделях:

| Метод                       | Модель/семейство            | Описание                                      |
|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|
| Sinusoidal Encoding         | Transformer                 | Не обучаются, основаны на синусах и           |
|                             | (Vaswani et al., 2017)      | косинусах с разной частотой                   |
|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|
| Learnable Embeddings        | BERT, GPT-2,                | Обучаемая таблица позиций, похожа на          |
|                             | DistilBERT, ELECTRA         | эмбеддинги слов                               |
|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|
| Rotary Positional Embedding | GPT-NeoX, LLaMA, LLaMA 2/3, | Вращение векторов — сохраняет относительные   |
| (RoPE)                      | ChatGLM, Mistral            | позиции между токенами                        |
|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|
| ALiBi                       | OPT, BLOOM, Phi-2           | Линейный bias, добавляется к attention score, |
|                             |                             | не требует хранения позиций                   |
|-----------------------------|-----------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|
| Relative Position Bias      | T5, DeBERTa, Transformer-XL,| Использует смещения между токенами вместо     |
|                             | Pegasus, LongT5             | абсолютных позиций                            |

Пример:

Текст пользователя:
"Привет, мир"

ID токена в словаре модели для слова:
"Привет" = 1123 
"," = 15  
"мир" = 345
Получаем массив ID токенов:
["Привет", ",", "мир"] = [1123, 15, 345]

Token embedding из базы модели для:
ID токена 1123 = [0.034, 0.120, 0.905, ..., 0.028]
ID токена 15 = [0.022, -0.010, -0.313, ..., 0.117]
ID токена 345 = [-0.102, 0.241, 0.543, ..., 0.055]

Позиция ID токенa слова в тексте пользователя:
[1123, 15, 345] = [позиции 0, позиции 1, позиции 2]

Вычисляем или получаем из базы модели вектор позиции:
Вектор позиции 0 = [0.001, 0.087, -0.432, ..., 0.019]
Вектор позиции 1 = [0.005, -0.013, 0.021, ..., -0.012]
Вектор позиции 2 = [-0.003, 0.099, -0.082, ..., 0.003]

Суммарный вектор для ID 1123:
Token embedding [0.034, 0.120, 0.905, ..., 0.028] +
Вектор позиции 0 [0.001, 0.087, -0.432, ..., 0.019] =
[0.035, 0.207, 0.473, ..., 0.047]
аналогично для остальных токенов

Вычисление Sinusoidal Position Encoding:

Синусоидальное позиционное кодирование используется в Transformer-моделях для предоставления информации о позиции токенов во входной последовательности. В отличие от рекуррентных сетей, Transformer не имеет встроенного механизма учета порядка токенов. Поэтому необходимо явно закодировать информацию о позиции каждого токена.

С точки зрения математики:

pos - позиция токена в последовательности (начиная с 0)
i - индекс измерения вектора позиционного кодирования (начиная с 0)
d_model - размерность вектора позиционного кодирования (размерность эмбеддинга)
PE(pos, i) - i-й элемент вектора позиционного кодирования для позиции pos.
10000 - это гиперпараметр. Он используется для масштабирования позиции и частоты синусоид. Выбор этого значения позволяет модели легко экстраполировать на последовательности, длиннее тех, на которых она была обучена.

Тогда i-й элемент вектора позиционного кодирования для позиции pos:
PE(pos, 2i) = sin(pos / 10000^(2i/d_model))
PE(pos, 2i+1) = cos(pos / 10000^(2i/d_model))

Формула использует разные частоты (длины волн) синусоидальных функций для разных измерений вектора позиционного кодирования.

Четные измерения используют синус, а нечетные — косинус. Это позволяет модели различать позиции по разным фазам и амплитудам.

Деление pos на 10000^(2i/d_model) уменьшает частоту синусоиды с увеличением индекса измерения i.

Это создает более медленные колебания для более высоких измерений, что позволяет модели различать позиции на разных масштабах.

Пример:

pos = 0 (первый токен)
d_model = 4 (размерность вектора позиционного кодирования)

Тогда вектор позиционного кодирования PE(0) будет иметь размерность 4.  
Вычислим каждый элемент:

i = 0:
PE(0, 0) = sin(0 / 10000^(2*0/4)) = sin(0) = 0
PE(0, 1) = cos(0 / 10000^(2*0/4)) = cos(0) = 1

i = 1:
PE(0, 2) = sin(0 / 10000^(2*1/4)) = sin(0) = 0
PE(0, 3) = cos(0 / 10000^(2*1/4)) = cos(0) = 1

PE(0) = [0, 1, 0, 1]

Теперь вычислим вектор позиционного кодирования для pos = 1:

i = 0:
PE(1, 0) = sin(1 / 10000^(2*0/4)) = sin(1) ≈ 0.8415
PE(1, 1) = cos(1 / 10000^(2*0/4)) = cos(1) ≈ 0.5403

i = 1:
PE(1, 2) = sin(1 / 10000^(2*1/4)) = sin(0.01) ≈ 0.01
PE(1, 3) = cos(1 / 10000^(2*1/4)) = cos(0.01) ≈ 1

PE(1) = [0.8415, 0.5403, 0.01, 1]

Важно:

В реальных Transformer-моделях позиционное кодирование обычно вычисляется для всех возможных позиций в последовательности заранее и сохраняется как таблица.

Затем, при подаче входной последовательности, соответствующие векторы позиционного кодирования добавляются к эмбеддингам токенов.

Выбор гиперпараметра 10000 является эмпирическим и может быть настроен в зависимости от конкретной задачи.

Относительные позиционные смещения:

Вместо того чтобы кодировать абсолютную позицию каждого токена, некоторые варианты трансформеров вводят относительные позиционные смещения. Это позволяет модели напрямую учитывать расстояние (и направление) между парами токенов, а не их «глобальную» позицию в последовательности.

Зачем нужны относительные смещения:

При генерации или обработке длинных текстов важно, как далеко друг от друга лежат слова, а не только их абсолютные индексы.

Абсолютные эмбеддинги плохо обобщаются на более длинные последовательности, чем те, на которых модель обучалась.

Относительные смещения дают большую гибкость: модель учится, например, «что на 3 позиции вправо может быть объект действия», независимо от того, где это предложение стоит в тексте.

Transformer-XL, относительные позиции через смещение ключей и запросов:

В классическом self-attention считаем:
score_{i,j} = (Q_i · K_j) / sqrt(d_k)

В Transformer-XL вводят два дополнительных набора эмбеддингов:
E^R[r] — эмбеддинг для относительного сдвига r = j - i
U, V — два вектора-сдвига

Итоговая формула:

Q_i·E^R[j-i] - контент-зависимая часть внимания, учитывающая относительное смещение
V·E^R[j-i] - контент-независимая часть, задающая базовый bias для данного смещения

score_{i,j} = (1/√d_k) * (Q_i·K_j + Q_i·E^R[j-i] + U·K_j + V·E^R[j-i])

Шаг 4: Attention, Self-Attention (Вектор Внимания, Q,K,V-проекции) и Разбиение на Головы Внимания (Multi-Head Attention)

Теперь, когда токены имеют не только “значение”, но и “позицию”, они проходят через механизм self-attention, благодаря которому каждое слово смотрит на другие слова, чтобы решить, на кого из них мне обратить внимание, чтобы лучше понять свой смысл.

Это похоже на то, как человек читает предложение: он может вернуться глазами к предыдущим словам, чтобы правильно понять контекст.

Self-Attention отвечает за понимание контекста — какие токены важны друг для друга, и позволяет каждому токену взвешенно смотреть на все остальные в последовательности и определять, на что обратить внимание при построении смысла.

Softmax:

это функция, которая берёт на вход вектор чисел и превращает его в распределение вероятностей, где все значения неотрицательны и в сумме дают 1.

softmax(zᵢ) = exp(zᵢ) / ∑ⱼ exp(zⱼ)

Модель создаёт три представления для каждого токена:

Q (вопрос): что я ищу?
K (ключ): что я могу предложить?
V (значение): какую информацию я несу?

Каждое слово сравнивает свой Q с K всех остальных слов, чтобы узнать, на кого стоит смотреть. После этого оно собирает нужную информацию из V тех слов, которые оказались важными.

Для вычисления представлений используется матрица весов слоя- это обучаемый параметр нейросети, то есть она инициализируется случайно при создании модели и обучается вместе с остальными весами. Изначально случайная, потом становится «умной» за счёт обучения.

Как они обучаются:
На этапе обратного распространения (backpropagation) модель сравнивает свои предсказания с правильным ответом (например, следующий токен) и обновляет Wq, Wk, Wv по градиенту ошибки с помощью оптимизатора (например, Adam).

Параметры Wq, Wk и Wv могут быть общими или различными для каждой из голов, в зависимости от модели.

Wq (Query Projection):
Создаёт “вопрос” — что токен хочет найти в других токенах.
Определяет направление внимания.

Q токена = Суммарный вектор токена X * Вес слоя Wq

Wk (Key Projection): Создаёт «ключ» — что каждый токен предлагает другим. Используется для сравнения с Q (насколько Qᵢ «похож» на Kⱼ).

K токена = Суммарный вектор токена X * Вес слоя Wk

Wv (Value Projection): Создаёт «информацию», которую токен может передать, если на него обратили внимание.

V токена = Суммарный вектор токена X * Вес слоя Wv

Голова внимания (attention-head):
Также у моделей существуют Голова внимания (attention-head). Каждая голова внимания (attention-head) обрабатывает входной вектор по-своему, через свои Q, K, V проекции, и смотрит на разные аспекты предложения.

У каждой attention-head есть своя точка зрения:
одна голова может отслеживать грамматику (например, подлежащее и сказуемое),
другая — смысловые связи (например, кто на что действует),
третья — позиции, контекст и т. д.
Вместо одной “точки зрения” — сразу несколько.

Каждая голова видит весь текст, но — анализирует его по-своему, через проекцию и внимание.

Пример:
В предложении
“Мальчик, который держал мяч, убежал.”
Разные головы могут видеть
Голова 1: “мальчик” ↔ “убежал” → кто выполняет действие
Голова 2: “который” ↔ “держал” → вложенная грамматическая связь
Голова 3: “мяч” ↔ “держал” → объект действия
Каждая голова выдаёт своё представление для каждого токена, с учётом своих “наблюдений”.

Архитектура Multi-Head Attention (MHA):Классическая реализация self-attention, как в оригинальной статье “Attention is All You Need”.
Что происходит:
Есть несколько голов
Каждая голова имеет свои Wq, Wk, Wv
Каждая голова по-своему анализирует весь контекст
Результаты всех голов объединяются и проходят через общую Wo
Плюсы:
Гибкость: каждая голова “смотрит” на вход по-своему
Отлично работает при больших вычислительных ресурсах
Минусы:
Очень дорого по памяти и скорости при большом количестве голов
Особенно при длинных последовательностях

Архитектура Multi-Query Attention (MQA):Оптимизированная версия внимания, используемая в GPT-3.5, PaLM, Gemma и других, чтобы снизить нагрузку на память и ускорить инференс.
Что происходит:
По одной Wq на голову
Только один Wk и один Wv
Все головы используют одни и те же ключи и значения
Плюсы:
Меньше памяти: K и V хранятся в одном экземпляре
Быстрее генерация: меньше данных хранится между шагами
Минусы:
Меньше гибкости (все головы “смотрят” на одинаковые K и V)
Может слегка ухудшить качество на сложных задачах

Архитектура Grouped Query Attention (GQA):
комбинированный поход из предыдущих 2х

Пример:
Например, в архитектуре нейросети Gemma 3 используется Grouped Query Attention (GQA)- компромисс между стандартным Multi-Head Attention (MHA) и Multi-Query Attention (MQA). В этой схеме матрицы Wq (для запросов) различны для каждой головы, тогда как матрицы Wk (для ключей) и Wv (для значений) могут быть общими для групп голов.
В этой нейросети:
Wq: каждая голова имеет свою уникальную матрицу Wq, что позволяет каждой голове фокусироваться на различных аспектах входной последовательности.
Wk и Wv: головы делятся на группы, и внутри каждой группы используется общая матрица Wk и Wv. Это снижает объем вычислений и памяти, необходимых для хранения ключей и значений.
Это означает, что 8 голов запросов (Wq) делятся на 4 группы, каждая из которых использует общие матрицы ключей и значений (Wk и Wv).

В итоге, модель Gemma 3 размером 27B имеет80 слоев и 64 головы, внутри будут:
64 разных Wq (Query Projection)
8 разных Wk (Key Projection)
8 разных Wv (Value Projection)
64 разных Wo (Output Projection)
80 MLP с разными весами (Feed-Forward Network)
80 LayerNorm с разными гамма/бета-параметрами

Количество голов внимания (attention heads) популярных моделей:

| Модель                  | Кол-во attention heads |
|-------------------------|------------------------|
| LLaMA 1/2               | 32                     |
| LLaMA 3                 | 32 / 64 / 128          |
| Gemini 1.0/1.5          | неизвестно             |
| Gemma 1/2               | 16                     |
| Gemma 3                 | 8                      |
| Qwen 1.5                | 40 (Q) / 8 (KV)        |
| Qwen 2                  | 40 (Q) / 8 (KV)        |
| Qwen 2.5                | 40 (Q) / 8 (KV)        |
| DeepSeek LLM            | 32 (7B) / GQA (67B)    |
| DeepSeek-Coder          | 16 / 32 / 56           |
| DeepSeek V2/V3          | 128                    |
| DeepSeek-R1             | 128                    |

Каузальное маскирование (Causal Masking):применяется в некоторых моделях. Когда языковая модель (LLM) генерирует текст, она должна предсказывать следующее слово на основе только предыдущих слов.
Это означает, что Токен не должен иметь доступ к токенам, которые идут после него.
Чтобы обеспечить это ограничение, используется каузальное маскирование — это механизм, который “запрещает” вниманию видеть будущие токены.

Как это работает:
В обычном self-attention каждый токен “смотрит” на все токены в последовательности, включая и будущие.
При генерации это неприемлемо, потому что это было бы “жульничеством” — модель видит ответ заранее.
Чтобы это предотвратить, при вычислении attention применяют маску — специальную матрицу, называемую attention mask.
Для последовательности длины n создаётся треугольная маска, в которой:
Значения выше диагонали заменяются на -∞ или большое отрицательное число.
После этого применяется softmax, и эти значения превращаются в нулевое внимание.

Пример маски (для n = 4 токенов):
[
 [0, -∞, -∞, -∞],
 [0,  0, -∞, -∞],
 [0,  0,  0, -∞],
 [0,  0,  0,  0]
]

Это означает:
Токен 0 видит только себя.
Токен 1 видит себя и токен 0.
Токен 2 видит себя, токен 1 и токен 0.
Токен 3 видит всё, что до него.

Где используется Causal Masking:
GPT, LLaMA, Mistral, Gemma и прочие автогенеративные модели обязательно используют каузальное маскирование.
BERT, наоборот, использует bidirectional attention — токен может видеть весь контекст (в т.ч. будущее), потому что задача другая — не генерация, а понимание.

Почему это важно, без causal masking:
Модель при обучении будет “подглядывать” на правильный ответ (следующий токен).
Это приведёт к плохой генерации при использовании модели в inference, когда будущее неизвестно.

Роль позиции в Self-Attention:
Без Position Encoding, Self-Attention видит только смысл слов, но не их порядок. С добавленным Position Encoding, Self-Attention начинает учитывать не только, что написано, но и где это находится:
“Мальчик” раньше “читал” → возможно, он субъект
“Книга” рядом с “читал” → скорее всего, объект

Что в итоге делает трансформер:
Каждое слово получает информацию о своей позиции
Через self-attention каждое слово “спрашивает” все остальные:
“Что вы значите для меня в этом контексте?”
Модель складывает эти ответы и получает глубокое понимание смысла всей фразы
Повторяет это на каждом слое (обычно 12–40 раз), углубляя “понимание”

Текст пользователя:
"Привет, мир"

ID токена из словаре модели:
"Привет" = 1123 
"," = 15 
"мир" = 345
Получаем массив ID токенов:
["Привет", ",", "мир"] = [1123, 15, 345]

Token embedding или вектор внимания из базы модели:
"Привет" = ID 1123 = [0.034, 0.120, 0.905, ..., 0.028]
"," = ID 15 = [0.022, -0.010, -0.313, ..., 0.117]
"мир" = ID 345 = [-0.102, 0.241, 0.543, ..., 0.055]

Вычисляем или получаем из базы модели вектор позиции:
Вектор позиции "Привет" = [0.001, 0.087, -0.432, ..., 0.019]
Вектор позиции "," = [0.005, -0.013, 0.021, ..., -0.012]
Вектор позиции "мир" = [-0.003, 0.099, -0.082, ..., 0.003]

Для "Привет":
Token embedding [0.034, 0.120, 0.905, ..., 0.028] +
Вектор позиции [0.001, 0.087, -0.432, ..., 0.019] =
Суммарный вектор X [0.035, 0.207, 0.473, ..., 0.047]

Вычисляем матрицу весов для слоя для каждого токена и для каждой головы внимания:
Q = X * Wq головы
K  = X * Wk головы
V = X * Wv головы
где X это суммарный вектор для токена
Wq, Wk, Wv - общие и одинаковые для всех токенов в этом слое,
но разные или частично разные для каждой головы

Например:
Wq головы = [[0.1, 0.2, 0.3], [0.4, 0.5, 0.6], [0.7, 0.8, 0.9], [1.0, 1.1, 1.2]]
Wk головы = [[0.12, 0.22, 0.32], [0.42, 0.52, 0.62], [0.72, 0.82, 0.92], [1.02, 1.12, 1.22]]
Wv головы = [[0.11, 0.21, 0.31], [0.41, 0.51, 0.61], [0.71, 0.81, 0.91], [1.01, 1.11, 1.21]]

Тогда:

Q "Привет" = x * Wq = [0.035, 0.207, 0.473, 0.047] * Wq

Q[0] = 0.035 * 0.1 + 0.207 * 0.4 + 0.473 * 0.7 + 0.047 * 1.0
     ≈ 0.0035 + 0.0828 + 0.3311 + 0.047
     ≈ 0.4644

Q[1] = 0.035*0.2 + 0.207*0.5 + 0.473*0.8 + 0.047*1.1
     = 0.007 + 0.1035 + 0.3784 + 0.0517
     ≈ 0.5406

Q[2] = 0.035*0.3 + 0.207*0.6 + 0.473*0.9 + 0.047*1.2
     = 0.0105 + 0.1242 + 0.4257 + 0.0564
     ≈ 0.6168

Q = [0.4644, 0.5406, 0.6168]

аналогичым образом вычисляем для "Привет":
K = [0.47964, 0.55684, 0.63204]
V = [0.47299, 0.54822, 0.62442]
и для других токенов

Вычисление Attention Score между токенами:На этом этапе мы получили Q, K и V для одного токена и одной головы внимания. Далее можно перейти к вычислению attention score между токенами, например, между “Привет” и “мир”, с использованием формулы:

С точки зрения математики:

Q - матрица запросов (Queries)
K - матрица ключей (Keys)
V - матрица значений (Values)
d_k - размерность вектора

Attention(Q, K, V) = softmax((Q * Kᵀ) / √d_k + mask) * V

Q * Kᵀ - матричное умножение Q на транспонированную матрицу K. 
Это вычисляет "сырые" веса внимания между каждым запросом и каждым ключом.

√d_k - корень квадратный из размерности вектора ключа (dimension of key vectors). 
Используется для масштабирования, чтобы предотвратить слишком большие значения 
в softmax, что может привести к проблемам с градиентами. 
Это называется Scaled Dot-Product Attention.

mask - это матрица, которая используется для ограничения внимания.
В генеративных моделях применяется causal mask (каузальное маскирование) —
она не позволяет токену "видеть вперёд" при вычислении внимания. 
Это критично для задач, где модель предсказывает следующий токен.

softmax(...) - функция softmax применяется к результату деления Q ⋅ Kᵀ 
на √d_k (и добавления mask, если она есть). Это нормализует веса внимания 
так, чтобы они суммировались в 1 для каждого запроса.

Умножение результата softmax на V дает взвешенную сумму значений, 
где веса определяются attention score.

Пример:

Входные данные:


| Токен    | Q-вектор                 | K-вектор                 |  V-вектор              |
|----------|--------------------------|--------------------------|------------------------|
| "Привет" | [0.4644, 0.5406, 0.6168] | [0.4796, 0.5568, 0.6320] |  [0.473, 0.548, 0.624] |
|----------|--------------------------|--------------------------|------------------------|
| ","      |[0.2, 0.3, 0.1]           | [0.25, 0.35, 0.15]       |  [0.12, 0.09, 0.04]    |
|----------|--------------------------|--------------------------|------------------------|
| "мир"    | [0.55, 0.33, 0.77]       | [0.5213, 0.5967, 0.6721] |  [0.55, 0.65, 0.75]    |

Для простоты используем размерность d_k для Q, K = 3 (для примера)

Вычисление:

Привет–Привет: 0.4644*0.4796 + 0.5406*0.5568 + 0.6168*0.6320 ≈ 0.2228 + 0.3011 + 0.3899 = 0.9138
Привет–",": 0.4644*0.25 + 0.5406*0.35 + 0.6168*0.15 ≈ 0.1161 + 0.1892 + 0.0925 = 0.3978
Привет–мир: 0.4644*0.5213 + 0.5406*0.5967 + 0.6168*0.6721 ≈ 0.2422 + 0.3225 + 0.4147 = 0.9794
","–Привет: 0.2*0.4796 + 0.3*0.5568 + 0.1*0.6320 ≈ 0.0959 + 0.1670 + 0.0632 = 0.3261
","–",": 0.2*0.25 + 0.3*0.35 + 0.1*0.15 = 0.05 + 0.105 + 0.015 = 0.17
","–мир: 0.2*0.5213 + 0.3*0.5967 + 0.1*0.6721 ≈ 0.1043 + 0.1790 + 0.0672 = 0.3505
мир–Привет: 0.55*0.4796 + 0.33*0.5568 + 0.77*0.6320 ≈ 0.2638 + 0.1837 + 0.4876 = 0.9351
мир–",": 0.55*0.25 + 0.33*0.35 + 0.77*0.15 ≈ 0.1375 + 0.1155 + 0.1155 = 0.3685
мир–мир: 0.55*0.5213 + 0.33*0.5967 + 0.77*0.6721 ≈ 0.2867 + 0.1969 + 0.5185 = 1.0021
Делим на √d_k = √3 ≈ 1.732

| From \ To | Привет                  | ","                     | мир                     |
| --------- | ----------------------- | ----------------------- | ----------------------- |
| Привет    | 0.9138 / 1.732 ≈ 0.5275 | 0.3978 / 1.732 ≈ 0.2296 | 0.9794 / 1.732 ≈ 0.5652 |
| ","       | 0.3261 / 1.732 ≈ 0.1882 | 0.17 / 1.732 ≈ 0.0982   | 0.3505 / 1.732 ≈ 0.2023 |
| мир       | 0.9351 / 1.732 ≈ 0.5397 | 0.3685 / 1.732 ≈ 0.2127 | 1.0021 / 1.732 ≈ 0.5786 |
  
Применим экспоненту для "Привет":
exp(0.5275) ≈ 1.694
exp(0.2296) ≈ 1.258
exp(0.5652) ≈ 1.759

Сумма всех экспонент для "Привет":

1.694 + 1.258 + 1.759 ≈ 4.711

softmax = exp(x) / сумма всех exp(x)

Softmax вес для "Привет" относительно других токенов:

| Токен  | Softmax вес          |
| ------ | -------------------- |
| Привет | 1.694 / 4.711 ≈ 0.36 |
| ","    | 1.258 / 4.711 ≈ 0.27 |
| мир    | 1.759 / 4.711 ≈ 0.37 |
  
Когда "Привет" генерирует своё представление (на выходе attention слоя), он:
берёт 36% информации от самого себя,
27% от ",",
и 37% от слова "мир".

Взвешенное суммирование:

Output= 0.36 ∗ V("Привет") + 0.27 ∗ V(",") + 0.37 ∗ V("мир")

Координата 1 = 0.36∗0.473+0.27∗0.12+0.37∗0.55≈0.1703+0.0324+0.2035 ≈ 0.4062
Координата 2 = 0.36∗0.548+0.27∗0.09+0.37∗0.65≈0.1973+0.0243+0.2405 ≈ 0.4621
Координата 3 = 0.36∗0.624+0.27∗0.04+0.37∗0.75≈0.2246+0.0108+0.2775 ≈ 0.5129

Attention Score для токена "Привет": [0.4062, 0.4621, 0.5129]

Этот вектор Attention Score — новое представление токена «Привет», в котором учтён его контекст: и сам он, и соседи. Именно такие векторы потом идут либо в следующий attention‑слой, либо на выход модели.

Сравнение токена сам с собой нужно потому, что в self‑attention каждый токен «смотрит» на все токены, включая сам себя.
Это необходимо для того, чтобы:
Сохранить информацию о самом токене — иначе он бы «терялся» на фоне остальных.

Научиться «усиливать» или «подавлять» себя — например, в некоторых языковых ситуациях токен важен сам по себе (например, личное местоимение), а иногда его контекст важнее.
Обеспечить симметрию — матрица внимания всегда квадратная (n × n), и по диагонали — это как раз self‑to‑self attention.

Формально attention — это веса, по которым токен агрегирует информацию от других токенов (в т.ч. от самого себя) и w1 — это внимание «Привет» к самому себе. Если его не считать — токен «Привет» вообще не участвовал бы в своем собственном выходе.

Пример:
Он сказал, что он придет.
Когда модель обрабатывает токен «он», ей нужно:
«посмотреть» на другие токены — чтобы понять контекст,
но и сам токен «он» тоже важен, чтобы не потерять информацию о том, о ком идет речь.

Шаг 5: Объединение голов внимания (Head Concatenation, Concatenated Multi-Head Attention)

Предыдущие рассчеты происходили для каждой из голов внимания, теперь необходимо объединить результаты. Напомню, результаты разные из за разных Wq, Wk, Wv для разных голов.

С точки зрения математики:

h - количество голов внимания
d_k - размерность вектора Attention Score для каждой головы
AttentionScore_i - вектор Attention Score для i-й головы.

Concatenation (Объединение векторов в один вектор по координатам):

concat = [AttentionScore_1, AttentionScore_2, ..., AttentionScore_h]

Пример:

Входные данные: 
Допустим, размерность: 6 (2 головы × по 3 значения)

Количество голов внимания h = 2
Размерность вектора d_k = 3
"Привет" для головы 1 AttentionScore_1 = [0.4062, 0.4621, 0.5129]
"Привет" для головы 2 AttentionScore_2 = [0.22, 0.33, 0.44]

Вычисление:

Concatenation (Объединение векторов в один вектор по координатам):

concat[0] = AttentionScore_1[0] = 0.4062
concat[1] = AttentionScore_1[1] = 0.4621
concat[2] = AttentionScore_1[2] = 0.5129
concat[3] = AttentionScore_2[0] = 0.22
concat[4] = AttentionScore_2[1] = 0.33
concat[5] = AttentionScore_2[2] = 0.44

concat = [0.4062, 0.4621, 0.5129, 0.22, 0.33, 0.44]

Шаг 6: Output Projection (Wo)

После объединения attention-выходов с разных голов, они обычно пропускаются через линейный слой (Dense Layer), чтобы вернуть их в исходное пространство размерности модели.

С точки зрения математики:

concat ∈ ℝ⁶ - входной вектор
Wₒ ∈ ℝ⁶ˣ³ - матрица весов проекции
output ∈ ℝ³ - выходной вектор после проекции

Умножение:
output = concat • Wₒ

Подробная формула для каждой компоненты выходного вектора:
output[0] = concat[0]*W_o[0][0] + concat[1]*W_o[1][0] + concat[2]*W_o[2][0] + concat[3]*W_o[3][0] + concat[4]*W_o[4][0] + concat[5]*W_o[5][0]

Альтернативно, в виде суммы:
output_j = ∑_{i=1}^{6} concat_i ⋅ W_o[i][j]     для j = 1, 2, 3

Матрично:
output = concat (1x6) ⋅ W_o (6x3) = (1x3)

Пример:

Входные данные: 
Размерность модели d_model = 3

Значит, проекционная матрица W_o будет иметь 
размерность (6, 3), т.е. 6 входов → 3 выхода
W_o = [
  [0.1, 0.2, 0.3],
  [0.0, 0.1, 0.0],
  [0.2, 0.0, 0.1],
  [0.1, 0.2, 0.2],
  [0.0, 0.1, 0.3],
  [0.3, 0.0, 0.1]
]

Входной вектор после concat:
concat = [0.4062, 0.4621, 0.5129, 0.22, 0.33, 0.44]

Вычисление:

x = 0.4062*0.1 + 0.4621*0.0 + 0.5129*0.2 + 0.22*0.1 + 0.33*0.0 + 0.44*0.3
  = 0.04062 + 0 + 0.10258 + 0.022 + 0 + 0.132
  = 0.2972

y = 0.4062*0.2 + 0.4621*0.1 + 0.5129*0.0 + 0.22*0.2 + 0.33*0.1 + 0.44*0.0
  = 0.08124 + 0.04621 + 0 + 0.044 + 0.033 + 0
  = 0.2045

z = 0.4062*0.3 + 0.4621*0.0 + 0.5129*0.1 + 0.22*0.2 + 0.33*0.3 + 0.44*0.1
  = 0.12186 + 0 + 0.05129 + 0.044 + 0.099 + 0.044
  = 0.3602

Финальный output вектор:
output = [0.2972, 0.2045, 0.3602]

Шаг 7: Добавление Residual (остаточного соединения)

это суммирование входа слоя с его выходом. Мы складываем выход с входным вектором, который подавался на вход блока (input embedding или выход предыдущего слоя).

Это используется, чтобы:
Сохранить исходную информацию (градиенты легче передаются назад).
Избежать “затухания” сигнала через множество слоёв.
Облегчить обучение даже очень глубоких нейросетей.

Входные данные:

Входной вектор
input = [0.035, 0.207, 0.473]

Выходной вектор
output = [0.2972, 0.2045, 0.3602]

Вычисление:

residual = output + input = residual = [0.3322, 0.4115, 0.8332]

Шаг 8: Нормализация слоя (Layer Normalization)

нормализует значения внутри одного вектора признаков, то есть по размерности признаков (feature dimension).

Зачем это нужно:
Устраняет смещение и масштабные различия между признаками.
Делает обучение более стабильным.
Ускоряет сходимость нейросети.
Лучше работает при маленьких батчах, в отличие от BatchNorm.

С точки зрения математики:

Вычисляем среднее значение (mean):
μ = (1/n) * ∑ xₙ

Вычисляем стандартное отклонение (std):
σ = sqrt((1/n) * ∑ (xₙ - μ)^2 + ε)
Где ε - маленькое число, чтобы избежать деления на ноль.

Нормализуем каждый элемент:
̂xₙ = (xₙ - μ) / σ

Опционально масштабируем и смещаем (обучаемые параметры):
yₙ = γ * ̂xₙ + β

Пример:

Входные данные:

x = [0.5972, 0.3045, 0.5602]

Вычисление:

Вычислим среднее:
μ = (0.5972 + 0.3045 + 0.5602) / 3 = 1.4619 / 3 ≈ 0.4873

Вычислим стандартное отклонение:
σ = sqrt(((0.5972 - 0.4873)^2 + (0.3045 - 0.4873)^2 + (0.5602 - 0.4873)^2) / 3)
   = sqrt((0.0121 + 0.0334 + 0.0053) / 3)
   = sqrt(0.0169) ≈ 0.13

Нормализуем:
̂x₁ = (0.5972 - 0.4873) / 0.13 ≈ 0.845
̂x₂ = (0.3045 - 0.4873) / 0.13 ≈ -1.405
̂x₃ = (0.5602 - 0.4873) / 0.13 ≈ 0.561

После округления и применения масштабирования и смещения (если есть):
≈ [0.87, -1.13, 0.26]

Шаг 9: FFN (Feed-Forward Network) и MLP (Multilayer Perceptron)

FFN (Feed-Forward Network):
это компонент трансформера, который обрабатывает каждое слово (или токен) по отдельности, без учета других токенов.

Он применяется независимо к каждому токену после слоя внимания и представляет собой двухслойную нейросеть с нелинейной функцией активации.

Это позволяет модели улавливать более сложные зависимости.

MLP (Multilayer Perceptron):
это тип нейронной сети, состоящий из нескольких слоев полностью связанных нейронов. В контексте LLM и трансформеров MLP часто означает ту же самую Feed-Forward Network (FFN).

MLP = общее название архитектуры,
FFN = частный случай MLP, используемый внутри трансформеров.

С точки зрения математики:

x - входной вектор размерности d
W1-матрица весов первого линейного слоя размерности (d_ff × d)
b1-смещение первого слоя размерности d_ff
W2-матрица весов второго линейного слоя размерности (d × d_ff)
b2-смещение второго слоя размерности d
f-функция активации (например, ReLU или GELU)
d-размерность входа/выхода
d_ff-размерность скрытого слоя (обычно d_ff = 4 × d)

Основная формула FFN:
FFN(x) = W2 · f(W1 · x + b1) + b2

Пошаговое разложение:

Линейное преобразование, размерность z1: (d_ff × 1):
z1 = W1 · x + b1

Нелинейная активация, применяется поэлементно, размерность сохраняется:
z2 = f(z1)

Второе линейное преобразование, итоговый вектор того же размера, что и x: (d × 1):
y = W2 · z2 + b2

Пример:

Входные данные:

Размерность скрытого слоя d = 4,
Внутренняя размерность d_ff = 8,
Активация: ReLU,
Входной вектор: 
x = [x[0], x[1], x[2], x[3]] = [1.0, -2.0, 0.5, 3.0]

матрица 8x4 W1 = 
[
  [1, 0, 0, 0],
  [0, 1, 0, 0],
  [0, 0, 1, 0],
  [0, 0, 0, 1],
  [1, 1, 1, 1],
  [1, -1, 1, -1],
  [0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5],
  [-1, -1, -1, -1]
]

Вычисление:

y[0] = 1 * x[0] + 0 * x[1] + 0 * x[2] + 0 * x[3] = 1.0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 1.0
y[1] = 0 * x[0] + 1 * x[1] + 0 * x[2] + 0 * x[3] = 0 - 2.0 + 0 + 0 = -2.0
y[2] = 0 * x[0] + 0 * x[1] + 1 * x[2] + 0 * x[3] = 0 + 0 + 0.5 + 0 = 0.5
y[3] = 0 * x[0] + 0 * x[1] + 0 * x[2] + 1 * x[3] = 0 + 0 + 0 + 3.0 = 3.0
y[4] = 1 * x[0] + 1 * x[1] + 1 * x[2] + 1 * x[3] = 1.0 - 2.0 + 0.5 + 3.0 = 2.5
y[5] = 1 * x[0] + (-1) * x[1] + 1 * x[2] + (-1) * x[3] = 1.0 + 2.0 + 0.5 - 3.0 = 0.5
y[6] = 0.5 * x[0] + 0.5 * x[1] + 0.5 * x[2] + 0.5 * x[3] = 0.5 - 1.0 + 0.25 + 1.5 = 1.25
y[7] = -1 * x[0] + (-1) * x[1] + (-1) * x[2] + (-1) * x[3] = -1.0 + 2.0 - 0.5 - 3.0 = -2.5

Вектор после линейного слоя (до активации):
y = [1.0, -2.0, 0.5, 3.0, 2.5, 0.5, 1.25, -2.5]

Применяем ReLU:
ReLU(y[i]) = max(0, y[i])

ReLU(y) = [1.0, 0.0, 0.5, 3.0, 2.5, 0.5, 1.25, 0.0]

Шаг 10: Residual + LayerNorm (второй слой нормализации)

После FFN к результату снова прибавляют вход этого блока (результат шага 6) и снова нормализуют вектор — это помогает сохранить информацию и стабилизировать расчёты

Шаг 11: Подача выхода блока в следующий трансформер-блок

Получив на выходе одного блока трансформера нормализованный вектор, модель передаёт его на вход следующему блоку. Таких блоков может быть десятки — каждый добавляет всё больше «понимания» контекста

Шаг 12: Финальная LayerNorm нормализация после последнего блока

После последнего слоя ещё раз применяют LayerNorm — это заключительный штрих перед генерацией логитов, чтобы сгладить разброс значений

Шаг 13: Линейная проекция в логиты (Logits Projection) + Softmax

Нормализованный вектор из последнего слоя умножают на матрицу эмбеддингов (или отдельный линейный слой), чтобы получить «сырые» оценки (logits) для каждого токена словаря. Затем эти оценки превращают в вероятности с помощью Softmax или сразу передают в семплеры для отборки токена

Что такое logits:
«сырые» значения, которые ещё не нормализованы в вероятности.
Например, если словарь состоит из 50 000 токенов, то logits — это просто 50 000 чисел, одно для каждого токена.

Для каждого токена в последовательности модель сформировала его представление (hidden state).

Теперь надо преобразовать этот hidden state в логиты по словарю — оценку вероятности появления каждого возможного следующего токена.

Преобразование через Linear Layer:

logits = hidden_state @ Wᵀ + b

hidden_state: последний вектор (или вся последовательность — но чаще интересует последний токен),
Wᵀ: транспонированная матрица эмбеддингов (размер [vocab_size, hidden_dim]),
b: сдвиг (bias), часто опускается для экономии.

почти во всех современных LLM применяется weight tying — то есть Wᵀ берётся из того же слоя, что и эмбеддинги на входе. Это экономит память и улучшает обобщающую способность модели.

Шаг 14: Выбор следующего токена (sampling)

Полученные logits проходят через цепочку семплеров: сначала применяются штрафы за повторения и температура, затем фильтры (top-k, top-p и др.), а в конце — финальный семплер (миростат, жадный выбор или распределение) . Именно этот токен добавляют в контекст, и генерация повторяется с шага 1 до достижения конца или нужной длины.

В бекенде LLama.cpp можно составлять цепочки семплеров, сначала промежуточные, затем цепочка должна завершаться финальным семплером.
Порядок применения семплеров в llama.cpp:

1. Штрафы за повторы:
   - repeat_penalty
   - frequency_penalty
   - presence_penalty

2. Масштабирование логитов:
   - temperature

3. Фильтрация токенов:
   - top_k
   - top_p
   - min_p
   - typical_p
   - tfs_z

4. Грамматические ограничения:
   - grammar

5. Финальный выбор токена:
   - mirostat (v1 или v2) или
   - greedy / random sampling

Пример из LLama.cpp (для разработчиков):

// подготовка параметров цепочки
struct llama_sampler_chain_params sparams = llama_sampler_chain_default_params();
llama_sampler * smpl = llama_sampler_chain_init(sparams);

// промежуточные семплеры:
llama_sampler_chain_add(smpl, llama_sampler_init_top_k (50)); // Top-K
llama_sampler_chain_add(smpl, llama_sampler_init_top_p (0.9f, 1)); // Top-P (nucleus)
llama_sampler_chain_add(smpl, llama_sampler_init_min_p (0.8f, 1)); // Min-P
llama_sampler_chain_add(smpl, llama_sampler_init_typical (0.95f, 1)); // Locally Typical
llama_sampler_chain_add(smpl, llama_sampler_init_temp (0.7f)); // Temperature
llama_sampler_chain_add(smpl, llama_sampler_init_temp_ext (0.7f, 0.1f, 1.5f));  // Extended temp
llama_sampler_chain_add(smpl, llama_sampler_init_xtc (0.9f, 1.0f, 1, LLAMA_DEFAULT_SEED)); // XTC
llama_sampler_chain_add(smpl, llama_sampler_init_top_n_sigma(1.5f)); // Top-nσ

llama_sampler_chain_add(smpl, llama_sampler_init_grammar(vocab, grammar, "root"));
llama_sampler_chain_add(smpl,llama_sampler_init_grammar_lazy_patterns(vocab, grammar, "root", patterns, 2, tokens, N));

// финальный семплер, только 1 вариант из:
llama_sampler_chain_add(smpl, llama_sampler_init_mirostat(32000, LLAMA_DEFAULT_SEED, 5.0f, 0.1f, 100)); // Mirostat V1
llama_sampler_chain_add(smpl, llama_sampler_init_mirostat_v2(LLAMA_DEFAULT_SEED, 5.0f, 0.1f)); // Mirostat V2
llama_sampler_chain_add(smpl, llama_sampler_init_greedy()); // Greedy
llama_sampler_chain_add(smpl, llama_sampler_init_dist(LLAMA_DEFAULT_SEED)); // Dist

// после генерации не забыть освободить цепочку:
llama_sampler_free(smpl);

Пример страницы настройки семплеров из приложения

Промежуточные семплеры

Temperature (temp):

управляет степенью случайности при выборе следующего токена из распределения вероятностей, вычисленного моделью. Температура сужает или расширяет «воронку выбора» следующего слова. Чем она ниже — тем уже воронка, тем выше — тем шире.

После того как модель предсказала логиты (сырые значения вероятностей) для всех возможных токенов, они проходят через softmax-функцию. Температура влияет на эту функцию:

P(token) = softmax(logits / temperature)

Эффект параметра temperature:T = 1 логиты остаются как есть.T < 1 (например, 0.7) модель усиливает различия между токенами — вероятные токены становятся ещё более вероятными. Поведение становится более предсказуемым.T > 1 (например, 1.5) различия между токенами сглаживаются — возрастает шанс выбрать менее вероятный токен. Поведение становится более разнообразным и рискованным.T → 0 softmax превращается в argmax, и всегда выбирается один самый вероятный токен.

Исходные логиты:
Token A: 3.0
Token B: 2.5
Token C: 1.0

После softmax без изменения (temp = 1.0):
A: 64%
B: 24%
C: 12%
    
С пониженной температурой (temp = 0.5):
A: 85%
B: 13%
C: 2%
  
С повышенной температурой (temp = 1.5):
A: 47%
B: 31%
C: 22%

Top-k:

модель выбирает следующий токен только из k наиболее вероятных. Все остальные токены отбрасываются, независимо от их абсолютной вероятности.

есть 6 токенов с такими вероятностями:
A: 0.35
B: 0.30
C: 0.15
D: 0.10
E: 0.06
F: 0.04

Если top_k = 3, то оставим только:
A: 0.35
B: 0.30
C: 0.15

Top-p (nucleus sampling):

выбирается минимальное множество токенов с наибольшими вероятностями, сумма которых превышает заданный порог p. Остальные токены полностью отсекаются, даже если они имели высокий ранг.

модель выдала вероятности токенов:
A: 0.50  
B: 0.25  
C: 0.15  
D: 0.08  
E: 0.02

При min_p = 0.1, остаются только:
A, B, C
D и E будут отброшены, даже если общая сумма теперь меньше 1.0 — потом оставшиеся нормализуются.

Min-p:

отсекаются все токены с вероятностью ниже заданного порога p. Он жёстко ограничивает выбор, исключая слишком маловероятные токены независимо от их ранга или общей суммы вероятностей, как в top-p.

Typical sampling:

выбирает токены, близкие к «типичному» уровню неожиданности (surprisal), отсекая слишком предсказуемые и слишком редкие. В отличие от top-k и top-p, он ориентируется на медианное значение surprisal, а не на вероятность токенов.

Repetition penalties, Frequency penalty, Presence penalty:

снижает шансы повторного выбора уже сгенерированных токенов, уменьшая их логиты. Это помогает избежать навязчивых повторов в тексте и делает вывод более разнообразным.

Logit bias:

метод, позволяющий вручную изменить вероятность отдельных токенов перед применением softmax, добавляя или вычитая значения из их логитов. Это даёт точечный контроль: можно, например, заставить модель избегать определённых слов или, наоборот, чаще их выбирать.

Tail Free Sampling (TFS):

отбрасывает длинный «хвост» распределения, регулируя плотность вероятностей.

и другие

Финальные семплеры

Greedy:

самый простой способ генерации, при котором модель всегда выбирает токен с наивысшей вероятностью (максимальный логит). Он быстрый и детерминированный, но часто приводит к однообразному и предсказуемому тексту.

Random:

выбор следующего токена случайно, пропорционально его вероятности после всех применённых семплеров (top-k, top-p и т.д.). Это противоположность жадного выбора (greedy), где всегда берётся токен с максимальной вероятностью.

Dist:

снижает вероятность токенов, образующих уже встречавшиеся n-граммы, чтобы уменьшить повторяемость текста. Он динамически штрафует повторы, делая генерацию более разнообразной.

Mirostat v1:

поддерживает заданный уровень «удивления» (перплексии), динамически корректируя выбор слов. Он помогает избежать чрезмерных повторов (ловушка скуки) и бессвязности (ловушка путаницы), обеспечивая сбалансированную и качественную генерацию текста.

Mirostat v2:

поддерживает заданный уровень неожиданности (перплексии) с помощью более точного управления, чем Mirostat v1. Он использует расширенный механизм обратной связи, позволяющий динамически корректировать выбор слов для достижения стабильного качества текста.

Grammar:

использует правила грамматики (обычно в виде CFG) для жёсткого ограничения допустимых токенов на каждом шаге генерации. Вместо изменения логитов, он просто запрещает все токены, не соответствующие текущему допустимому состоянию грамматики, обеспечивая строго структурированный вывод.

и другие

Шаг 15: Итерация генерации

После того как модель выбрала следующий токен, он добавляется в конец входной последовательности.

Контекст расширяется: теперь в качестве “исходного” текста для токенизации берутся все предыдущие токены плюс новосгенерированный.

Затем алгоритм возвращается к шагу 1 (токенизация), и процесс повторяется до тех пор, пока не будут выполнены условия прекращения.

Такой цикл позволяет по одному токену строить всю выходную последовательность.

Условия завершения:

Генерация завершается, когда модель выдаёт специальный токен конца предложения (EOS) или когда достигается заранее заданная максимальная длина последовательности.

Это ограничение предотвращает бесконечные или слишком длинные ответы.

В некоторых реализациях добавляют ещё и правило завершения по вероятностному порогу: если максимальная вероятность следующего токена ниже заданного значения, генерация тоже останавливается.

Шаг 16: Преобразование токенов в слова

После того как модель сгенерировала нужное количество токенов, их преобразуют обратно в текст — это называется детокенизация. Токенизатор берёт последовательность чисел (токенов) и переводит их в слова и знаки препинания. Обычно это делают уже после полной генерации или по ходу, если нужно получать текст «на лету».

TODO: в статье много неточностей, они будут исправляться по мере наличия свободного времени и желания

Дополнительная информация

Способы запуска (бэкенды) для LLM моделей:

ONNX Runtime:
Кроссплатформенный движок для выполнения моделей в формате ONNX.
Формат файла: .onnx

TensorFlow (Inference API):
Стандартный движок для моделей TensorFlow, поддерживает SavedModel и замороженный граф.
Форматы: папка SavedModel (saved_model.pb + variables/), единый файл .pb

TensorFlow Lite:
Лёгкий движок для мобильных и встраиваемых устройств, оптимизированный по размеру и скорости.
Формат: .tflite

PyTorch (TorchScript):
Позволяет сериализовать и запускать модели без зависимости от Python, с оптимизациями JIT.
Форматы: .pt, .pth

NVIDIA TensorRT:
Аппаратно-ускоренный движок для GPU NVIDIA, компилирует модели (обычно из ONNX) под конкретную карту.
Формат: скомпилированный движок .engine (или план UFF/ONNX → .engine)

Intel OpenVINO:
Оптимизирует и ускоряет сети на CPU и Intel GPU/VPU, конвертирует модели в IR-формат.
Форматы: .xml (структура) + .bin (веса)

Apple Core ML:
Фреймворк для запуска моделей на iOS/macOS, интегрируется с Xcode и ускоряется через Core ML Runtime.
Формат: .mlmodel

Microsoft ML.NET:
.NET-движок для инференса на CPU, подходит для C# и F#.
Формат: архив модели .zip

Apache TVM:
Компилирует и оптимизирует модели под разнообразное железо, создаёт нативные библиотеки.
Форматы: сериализованный Relay-модуль или скомпилированная библиотека (.so, .dll)

Alibaba MNN:
Мобильный нейронный движок с широкими оптимизациями для ARM, поддерживает серверный запуск.
Формат: .mnn

Tencent NCNN:
Компактный движок для мобильных CPU/GPU, без сторонних зависимостей.
Форматы: .param (структура) + .bin (веса)

OpenCV DNN:
Модуль компьютерного зрения с поддержкой разных форматов (ONNX, Caffe, TensorFlow, Darknet).
Форматы: зависит от исходного — .onnx, .pb, .caffemodel + .prototxt, .weights

Unity Barracuda:
Движок для запуска нейросетей в играх Unity, поддерживает ONNX-модели.
Формат: .nn

MLC LLM:
ML-компилятор и движок для LLM, компилирует веса в свой IR и шардирует их.
Формат: каталог …-MLC с .bin-шардами и JSON-конфигами (например, mlc-chat-config.json)

MediaPipe:
Фреймворк для создания мультимодальных пайплайнов (детекция, сегментация и др.), опирается на TFLite.
Форматы: .tflite (модель) + .pbtxt (граф)

llama.cpp:
C++-движок для LLaMA-подобных моделей с поддержкой квантования на CPU/GPU.
Форматы: GGML-модели (.bin, .gguf)

GGML:
Библиотека для эффективного инференса моделей (основа llama.cpp и др.).
Форматы: .gguf, .bin

NeuralMagic DeepSparse:
Оптимизированный движок для разреженных нейросетей на CPU.
Формат: .onnx

AWS Neuron SDK:
Движок для ускорения инференса на AWS Inferentia, компилирует модели под Neuron.
Форматы: Neuron-артефакты (.nef или библиотека)

Glow:
Компилятор и рантайм от Facebook для нейросетей, входной формат ONNX.
Форматы: промежуточный файл .bc или скомпилированная библиотека .so

Apache MXNet:
Фреймворк с собственным рантаймом для CPU/GPU, поддерживает Docker-развёртывание.
Форматы: .params (веса) + .json (сеть)

Caffe:
Классический движок для CV-сетей, часто используется в исследованиях.
Форматы: .caffemodel (веса) + .prototxt (описание сети)

Приложения для запуска LLM моделей:

LM Studio:
Десктоп-приложение для Windows и macOS с GUI для запуска локальных LLM (GPT-подобных).
Форматы моделей: .gguf, .bin

Ollama:
Лёгкий CLI/GUI-клиент для Windows и macOS, работает «из коробки» с LLM.
Форматы моделей: .gguf, .bin

Automatic1111 Stable Diffusion WebUI:
Самый популярный локальный веб-интерфейс для генерации изображений на Windows/macOS/Linux.
Форматы моделей: .ckpt, .safetensors

DiffusionBee:
Настольное приложение для macOS (есть бета-сборки для Windows), «всё в одном» для Stable Diffusion.
Форматы моделей: .ckpt, .safetensors

InvokeAI:
Кроссплатформенный пакет с CLI и WebUI для генерации изображений на базе Stable Diffusion.
Форматы моделей: .ckpt, .safetensors

llama.cpp (prebuilt binaries):
Готовые исполняемые файлы для Windows/macOS/Linux, позволяют запускать LLaMA-подобные модели без установки зависимостей.
Форматы моделей: .bin, .gguf

Формат хранения LLM моделей:

.pt / .pth
Используются в PyTorch для сохранения обученных моделей

Хранят веса и структуру модели (или только веса).
Основаны на сериализации Python (pickle), что делает их не очень безопасными.
Подходят для обучения и дообучения.
Не оптимизированы для мобильного вывода или внешнего инференса
Могут занимать много памяти (FP32).

.safetensors
Альтернатива .pt, безопасный и быстрый формат для PyTorch.

Не использует pickle, а значит безопасен при загрузке.
Поддерживает параллельную загрузку, что ускоряет работу.
Только для хранения весов (структура — отдельно).
Подходит для инференса и дообучения.
Поддерживается HuggingFace, PyTorch, JAX.

.bin
Универсальный или частный бинарный формат для весов моделей, особенно в HuggingFace и старом GGML.

Может быть неформализован (структура зависит от фреймворка).
Может содержать полные веса или квантованные данные.
Подходит для загрузки в кастомные движки (например, llama.cpp).
Требует точного знания, как интерпретировать содержимое.
Часто используется в старых проектах или кастомных пайплайнах.

.gguf
Новый стандарт от GGML для запуска LLM в llama.cpp, Ollama, MLC LLM.

Включает всё в одном файле: веса, словарь, токенизатор, параметры модели.
Поддерживает разные типы квантования (Q2_K, Q4_0, Q8_1 и т.д.).
Хорошо сжат и оптимизирован под запуск на CPU, GPU, Android.
Быстро загружается и легко обрабатывается C++ кодом.
Основной выбор для локального запуска LLM (Gemma, LLaMA, Mistral).

.onnx
Кросс-фреймворк формат для запуска модели в разных средах (Windows, Web, C#, Java и др.).

Стандартизирован, поддерживается многими фреймворками (PyTorch, TF, Keras).
Упрощает перенос моделей между платформами.
Подходит для инференса (не для обучения).
Оптимизируется средствами ONNX Runtime (сжатие, квантование).
Отличный выбор для запуска моделей в embedded-средах и .NET.

.tflite
Формат для запуска моделей TensorFlow на мобильных устройствах (Android, iOS).

Очень компактный и быстрый.
Поддерживает INT8 и FP16 квантование.
Работает с TensorFlow Lite Interpreter, легко встраивается в Android.
Нельзя обучать или дообучать — только запуск.
Поддерживает базовые CNN, RNN, Seq2Seq, но не LLM.

.mlc
Формат для MLC LLM — запуск LLM на Android/iOS/GPU через компиляцию.

Модель предварительно компилируется в эффективный байткод.
Поддерживает Vulkan/Metal/OpenCL для ускорения.
Используется для Gemma, Mistral, LLaMA на телефоне.
Требует сложной подготовки (TVM, скрипты, настройка).
Отлично подходит для мобильных приложений без серверов.

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12 авг. 2025 г.

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09.09.25 15:05 patricialovick86

How To Recover Your Bitcoin Without Falling Victim To Scams: A Testimony Experience With Capital Crypto Recover Services, Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Dear Everyone, I would like to take a moment to share my positive experience with Capital Crypto Recover Services. Initially, I was unsure if it would be possible to recover my stolen bitcoins. However, with their expertise and professionalism, I was able to fully recover my funds. Unfortunately, many individuals fall victim to scams in the cryptocurrency space, especially those involving fraudulent investment platforms. However, I advise caution, as not all recovery services are legitimate. I personally lost $273,000 worth of Bitcoin from my Binance account due to a deceptive platform. If you have suffered a similar loss, you may be considering crypto recovery, The Capital Crypto Recover is the most knowledgeable and effective Capital Crypto Recovery Services assisted me in recovering my stolen funds within 24 hours, after getting access to my wallet. Their service was not only prompt but also highly professional and effective, and many recovery services may not be trustworthy. Therefore, I highly recommend Capital Crypto Recover to you. i do always research and see reviews about their service, For assistance finding your misplaced cryptocurrency, get in touch with them, They do their jobs quickly and excellently, Stay safe and vigilant in the crypto world. Contact: [email protected] You can reach them via email at [email protected] OR Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
09.09.25 15:05 patricialovick86

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09.09.25 15:05 patricialovick86

How To Recover Your Bitcoin Without Falling Victim To Scams: A Testimony Experience With Capital Crypto Recover Services, Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Dear Everyone, I would like to take a moment to share my positive experience with Capital Crypto Recover Services. Initially, I was unsure if it would be possible to recover my stolen bitcoins. However, with their expertise and professionalism, I was able to fully recover my funds. Unfortunately, many individuals fall victim to scams in the cryptocurrency space, especially those involving fraudulent investment platforms. However, I advise caution, as not all recovery services are legitimate. I personally lost $273,000 worth of Bitcoin from my Binance account due to a deceptive platform. If you have suffered a similar loss, you may be considering crypto recovery, The Capital Crypto Recover is the most knowledgeable and effective Capital Crypto Recovery Services assisted me in recovering my stolen funds within 24 hours, after getting access to my wallet. Their service was not only prompt but also highly professional and effective, and many recovery services may not be trustworthy. Therefore, I highly recommend Capital Crypto Recover to you. i do always research and see reviews about their service, For assistance finding your misplaced cryptocurrency, get in touch with them, They do their jobs quickly and excellently, Stay safe and vigilant in the crypto world. Contact: [email protected] You can reach them via email at [email protected] OR Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
09.09.25 20:23 Bramfloris

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09.09.25 20:37 DAVEortega1010

Be wary of fraudulent cryptocurrency recovery services. Many promise to recover your lost digital currency. These services often provide excuses or fail to deliver any results. This only adds to your distress. After several unsuccessful attempts with others, I discovered a genuine expert. This individual was highly capable and provided excellent assistance. They successfully recovered my stolen cryptocurrency. I was finally able to find peace of mind. If you have lost crypto, you should contact them. talk to [email protected] for help. You can also send a text message via WhatsApp to +447366445035, Stop losing time on scams. They can help you get your money back.
10.09.25 00:45 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: 📧 Email: [email protected] 📱 Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] 📞 Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 🌐 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
10.09.25 00:45 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: 📧 Email: [email protected] 📱 Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] 📞 Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 🌐 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
11.09.25 03:31 DAVEortega1010

Be wary of fraudulent cryptocurrency recovery services. Many promise to recover your lost digital currency. These services often provide excuses or fail to deliver any results. This only adds to your distress. After several unsuccessful attempts with others, I discovered a genuine expert. This individual was highly capable and provided excellent assistance. They successfully recovered my stolen cryptocurrency. I was finally able to find peace of mind. If you have lost crypto, you should contact them. talk to [email protected] for help. You can also send a text message via WhatsApp to +447366445035, Stop losing time on scams. They can help you get your money back.
11.09.25 13:44 grace

i fell for an investment scam also and lost $250k worth of bitcoin luckily i found anthonydavies01 on telegram with his assistance i got back over 85% of my money. him and his team are top notch
11.09.25 15:03 stevensjonas

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11.09.25 18:51 patricialovick86

How To Recover Your Bitcoin Without Falling Victim To Scams: A Testimony Experience With Capital Crypto Recover Services, Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Dear Everyone, I would like to take a moment to share my positive experience with Capital Crypto Recover Services. Initially, I was unsure if it would be possible to recover my stolen bitcoins. However, with their expertise and professionalism, I was able to fully recover my funds. Unfortunately, many individuals fall victim to scams in the cryptocurrency space, especially those involving fraudulent investment platforms. However, I advise caution, as not all recovery services are legitimate. I personally lost $273,000 worth of Bitcoin from my Binance account due to a deceptive platform. If you have suffered a similar loss, you may be considering crypto recovery, The Capital Crypto Recover is the most knowledgeable and effective Capital Crypto Recovery Services assisted me in recovering my stolen funds within 24 hours, after getting access to my wallet. Their service was not only prompt but also highly professional and effective, and many recovery services may not be trustworthy. Therefore, I highly recommend Capital Crypto Recover to you. i do always research and see reviews about their service, For assistance finding your misplaced cryptocurrency, get in touch with them, They do their jobs quickly and excellently, Stay safe and vigilant in the crypto world. Contact: [email protected] You can reach them via email at [email protected] OR Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
11.09.25 18:51 patricialovick86

How To Recover Your Bitcoin Without Falling Victim To Scams: A Testimony Experience With Capital Crypto Recover Services, Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Dear Everyone, I would like to take a moment to share my positive experience with Capital Crypto Recover Services. Initially, I was unsure if it would be possible to recover my stolen bitcoins. However, with their expertise and professionalism, I was able to fully recover my funds. Unfortunately, many individuals fall victim to scams in the cryptocurrency space, especially those involving fraudulent investment platforms. However, I advise caution, as not all recovery services are legitimate. I personally lost $273,000 worth of Bitcoin from my Binance account due to a deceptive platform. If you have suffered a similar loss, you may be considering crypto recovery, The Capital Crypto Recover is the most knowledgeable and effective Capital Crypto Recovery Services assisted me in recovering my stolen funds within 24 hours, after getting access to my wallet. Their service was not only prompt but also highly professional and effective, and many recovery services may not be trustworthy. Therefore, I highly recommend Capital Crypto Recover to you. i do always research and see reviews about their service, For assistance finding your misplaced cryptocurrency, get in touch with them, They do their jobs quickly and excellently, Stay safe and vigilant in the crypto world. Contact: [email protected] You can reach them via email at [email protected] OR Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
11.09.25 18:51 patricialovick86

How To Recover Your Bitcoin Without Falling Victim To Scams: A Testimony Experience With Capital Crypto Recover Services, Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Dear Everyone, I would like to take a moment to share my positive experience with Capital Crypto Recover Services. Initially, I was unsure if it would be possible to recover my stolen bitcoins. However, with their expertise and professionalism, I was able to fully recover my funds. Unfortunately, many individuals fall victim to scams in the cryptocurrency space, especially those involving fraudulent investment platforms. However, I advise caution, as not all recovery services are legitimate. I personally lost $273,000 worth of Bitcoin from my Binance account due to a deceptive platform. If you have suffered a similar loss, you may be considering crypto recovery, The Capital Crypto Recover is the most knowledgeable and effective Capital Crypto Recovery Services assisted me in recovering my stolen funds within 24 hours, after getting access to my wallet. Their service was not only prompt but also highly professional and effective, and many recovery services may not be trustworthy. Therefore, I highly recommend Capital Crypto Recover to you. i do always research and see reviews about their service, For assistance finding your misplaced cryptocurrency, get in touch with them, They do their jobs quickly and excellently, Stay safe and vigilant in the crypto world. Contact: [email protected] You can reach them via email at [email protected] OR Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
12.09.25 13:11 grace

I lost my money to them few months ago. I lost over $244,000, they denied my withdrawal request and and also left it pending. I reached out to them and they never responded back tooth my emails and calls. They eventually locked me out of my account. I had to reach out to a recovery expert ( anthonydaviestech@gmail com) to help me recover all my money back. I have gotten my money back**you can also text him via whatsapp: +19514908435
12.09.25 15:06 michaeldavenport218

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12.09.25 15:06 michaeldavenport218

I was recently scammed out of $53,000 by a fraudulent Bitcoin investment scheme, which added significant stress to my already difficult health issues, as I was also facing cancer surgery expenses. Desperate to recover my funds, I spent hours researching and consulting other victims, which led me to discover the excellent reputation of Capital Crypto Recover, I came across a Google post It was only after spending many hours researching and asking other victims for advice that I discovered Capital Crypto Recovery’s stellar reputation. I decided to contact them because of their successful recovery record and encouraging client testimonials. I had no idea that this would be the pivotal moment in my fight against cryptocurrency theft. Thanks to their expert team, I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency back. The process was intricate, but Capital Crypto Recovery's commitment to utilizing the latest technology ensured a successful outcome. I highly recommend their services to anyone who has fallen victim to cryptocurrency fraud. For assistance contact [email protected] and on Telegram OR Call Number +1 (336)390-6684 via email: [email protected] you can visit his website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
13.09.25 20:45 Clinton

I know firsthand how devastating it feels to lose money to a scam. When it happened to me, I was left frustrated, hopeless, and unsure where to turn. Complaining to apps about being scammed on their platforms didn’t change anything it felt like no one cared. But through a friend’s advice, I connected with a recovery professional who gave me real hope. With their help, I was able to get my funds back, something I thought was impossible. I’m sharing this because I don’t want anyone else to feel as lost as I once did. Whether you’ve been scammed through crypto platforms, dating scams, real-estate or mortgage fraud, or even fake ICOs, please know there’s still a way forward. If you’ve lost money, reach out to Recoveryfundprovider(@)gmail(.)com).) or (WhatsApp) at (+)44 7366445035 for consultation and recovery services.
14.09.25 00:54 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: 📧 Email: [email protected] 📱 Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] 📞 Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 🌐 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
14.09.25 00:54 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: 📧 Email: [email protected] 📱 Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] 📞 Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 🌐 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
14.09.25 02:37 luciajessy3

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14.09.25 02:37 luciajessy3

Don’t be deceived by different testimonies online that is most likely wrong. I have made use of several recovery options that got me disappointed at the end of the day but I must confess that the tech genius I eventually found is the best out here. It’s better you devise your time to find the valid professional that can help you recover your stolen or lost crypto such as bitcoins rather than falling victim of other amateur hackers that cannot get the job done. ADAMWILSON . TRADING @ CONSULTANT COM / WHATSAPP ; +1 (603) 702 ( 4335 ) is the most reliable and authentic blockchain tech expert you can work with to recover what you lost to scammers. They helped me get back on my feet and I’m very grateful for that. Contact their email today to recover your lost coins ASAP…
14.09.25 12:44 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: 📧 Email: [email protected] 📱 Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] 📞 Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 🌐 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
14.09.25 12:44 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: 📧 Email: [email protected] 📱 Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] 📞 Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 🌐 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
14.09.25 15:13 estherfords

My solana recovery experience with Mighty Hacker Recovery Expert.
14.09.25 15:13 estherfords

My solana recovery experience with Mighty Hacker Recovery Expert. Contact them on +14042456415 WhatsApp
14.09.25 17:48 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: 📧 Email: [email protected] 📱 Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] 📞 Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 🌐 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
14.09.25 17:48 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: 📧 Email: [email protected] 📱 Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] 📞 Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 🌐 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
14.09.25 20:49 Clinton

I know firsthand how devastating it feels to lose money to a scam. When it happened to me, I was left frustrated, hopeless, and unsure where to turn. Complaining to apps about being scammed on their platforms didn’t change anything it felt like no one cared. But through a friend’s advice, I connected with a recovery professional who gave me real hope. With their help, I was able to get my funds back, something I thought was impossible. I’m sharing this because I don’t want anyone else to feel as lost as I once did. Whether you’ve been scammed through crypto platforms, dating scams, real-estate or mortgage fraud, or even fake ICOs, please know there’s still a way forward. If you’ve lost money, reach out to ([email protected]) or (WhatsApp) at (+)44 7366445035 for consultation and recovery services.
14.09.25 22:16 Berrysmith

I recently recovered a large sum of digital assets. Sylvester Bryant, reachable at Yt7cracker@gmail. com, helped me reclaim 720,000 in Ethereum. The entire experience was excellent. I highly recommend Mr. Sylvester. He assists those dealing with lost or stolen funds. His skill in getting back money from scams is outstanding. Scammers cause huge stress and financial pain. Mr. Bryant offers a crucial service. He provides a way to possibly recover stolen funds. His professional manner built trust. If you lost money to scams, contact him. He is also on WhatsApp at +1 512 577 7957. This makes it easy to discuss your case. Recovering this amount was difficult. Mr. Bryant showed deep knowledge of the technical work. His commitment to solving these problems is clear. Seek his help for lost crypto or other digital assets. This is a major concern for many. Expert aid can greatly improve outcomes.
15.09.25 10:25 aliceforemanlaw

I got back a lot of digital money recently. Sylvester Bryant helped me recover 120,000 in Ethereum. You can reach him at Yt7cracker@gmail. com. It was a great experience overall. I really suggest Mr. Sylvester. He helps people who lost money. He is great at getting money back from scams. Scammers cause a lot of stress and hurt. Mr. Bryant offers an important service. He can help you get back stolen funds. He was very professional and earned my trust. Contact him if you lost money to scams. He is also on WhatsApp at +1 512 577 7957. This makes it easy to talk about your situation. Getting this amount back was tough. Mr. Bryant knew a lot about the technical parts. His drive to fix these issues is clear. Get his help if you lost crypto or other digital items. Many people worry about this. Getting expert help can really make a difference.
15.09.25 12:49 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: 📧 Email: [email protected] 📱 Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] 📞 Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 🌐 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
15.09.25 12:49 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: 📧 Email: [email protected] 📱 Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] 📞 Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 🌐 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
15.09.25 12:49 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: 📧 Email: [email protected] 📱 Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] 📞 Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 🌐 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
16.09.25 12:25 aliceforemanlaw

Sylvester Bryant helped me recover 120,000 in Ethereum. You can reach him at Yt7cracker@gmail. com. It was a great experience overall. I really suggest Mr. Sylvester. He helps people who lost money. He is great at getting money back from scams. Scammers cause a lot of stress and hurt. Mr. Bryant offers an important service. He can help you get back stolen funds. He was very professional and earned my trust. Contact him if you lost money to scams. He is also on WhatsApp at +1 512 577 7957. This makes it easy to talk about your situation. Getting this amount back was tough. Mr. Bryant knew a lot about the technical parts. His drive to fix these issues is clear. Get his help if you lost crypto or other digital items. Many people worry about this. Getting expert help can really make a difference.
16.09.25 12:26 aliceforemanlaw

Sylvester Bryant helped me recover 120,000 in Ethereum. You can reach him at Yt7cracker@gmail. com. It was a great experience overall. I really suggest Mr. Sylvester. He helps people who lost money. He is great at getting money back from scams. Scammers cause a lot of stress and hurt. Mr. Bryant offers an important service. He can help you get back stolen funds. He was very professional and earned my trust. Contact him if you lost money to scams. He is also on WhatsApp at +1 512 577 7957. This makes it easy to talk about your situation. Getting this amount back was tough. Mr. Bryant knew a lot about the technical parts. His drive to fix these issues is clear. Get his help if you lost crypto or other digital items. Many people worry about this. Getting expert help can really make a difference.
16.09.25 13:25 marcushenderson624

Bitcoin Recovery Testimonial After falling victim to a cryptocurrency scam group, I lost $354,000 worth of USDT. I thought all hope was lost from the experience of losing my hard-earned money to scammers. I was devastated and believed there was no way to recover my funds. Fortunately, I started searching for help to recover my stolen funds and I came across a lot of testimonials online about Capital Crypto Recovery, an agent who helps in recovery of lost bitcoin funds, I contacted Capital Crypto Recover Service, and with their expertise, they successfully traced and recovered my stolen assets. Their team was professional, kept me updated throughout the process, and demonstrated a deep understanding of blockchain transactions and recovery protocols. They are trusted and very reliable with a 100% successful rate record Recovery bitcoin, I’m grateful for their help and highly recommend their services to anyone seeking assistance with lost crypto. Contact: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Email: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
16.09.25 13:25 marcushenderson624

Bitcoin Recovery Testimonial After falling victim to a cryptocurrency scam group, I lost $354,000 worth of USDT. I thought all hope was lost from the experience of losing my hard-earned money to scammers. I was devastated and believed there was no way to recover my funds. Fortunately, I started searching for help to recover my stolen funds and I came across a lot of testimonials online about Capital Crypto Recovery, an agent who helps in recovery of lost bitcoin funds, I contacted Capital Crypto Recover Service, and with their expertise, they successfully traced and recovered my stolen assets. Their team was professional, kept me updated throughout the process, and demonstrated a deep understanding of blockchain transactions and recovery protocols. They are trusted and very reliable with a 100% successful rate record Recovery bitcoin, I’m grateful for their help and highly recommend their services to anyone seeking assistance with lost crypto. Contact: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Email: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
17.09.25 02:56 peju1213

It can be very concerning to lose access to your USDT (Tether) wallet. It could potentially result in permanent loss of significant funds. You may have misplaced your private keys. Perhaps you unintentionally erased something, or your security was breached. It seems hopeless when you are unable to access your USDT. However, it doesn't have to stop there. There are methods for recovering your lost USDT. During difficult circumstances, professional assistance and wise recuperation techniques can give you hope. get in touch with Marie ([email protected] and +1 7127594675) on WhatsApp.
17.09.25 11:16 [email protected]

Sylvester Bryant helped me recover $510,000 in Ethereum, and I highly recommend his services. He specializes in helping people recover funds lost to scams. Scammers can cause significant stress, but Mr. Bryant's professionalism and expertise in the technical aspects of recovery earned my trust. If you've lost money through scams, you can reach him at [ yt7cracker@gmail. com ] or on WhatsApp at +1 512 577 7957. His dedication to helping people get their stolen funds back is clear, and his support made a huge difference in my case.
17.09.25 11:16 [email protected]

Sylvester Bryant helped me recover $510,000 in Ethereum, and I highly recommend his services. He specializes in helping people recover funds lost to scams. Scammers can cause significant stress, but Mr. Bryant's professionalism and expertise in the technical aspects of recovery earned my trust. If you've lost money through scams, you can reach him at [ yt7cracker@gmail. com ] or on WhatsApp at +1 512 577 7957. His dedication to helping people get their stolen funds back is clear, and his support made a huge difference in my case.
17.09.25 23:50 marcushenderson624

Bitcoin Recovery Testimonial After falling victim to a cryptocurrency scam group, I lost $354,000 worth of USDT. I thought all hope was lost from the experience of losing my hard-earned money to scammers. I was devastated and believed there was no way to recover my funds. Fortunately, I started searching for help to recover my stolen funds and I came across a lot of testimonials online about Capital Crypto Recovery, an agent who helps in recovery of lost bitcoin funds, I contacted Capital Crypto Recover Service, and with their expertise, they successfully traced and recovered my stolen assets. Their team was professional, kept me updated throughout the process, and demonstrated a deep understanding of blockchain transactions and recovery protocols. They are trusted and very reliable with a 100% successful rate record Recovery bitcoin, I’m grateful for their help and highly recommend their services to anyone seeking assistance with lost crypto. Contact: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Email: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
17.09.25 23:50 marcushenderson624

Bitcoin Recovery Testimonial After falling victim to a cryptocurrency scam group, I lost $354,000 worth of USDT. I thought all hope was lost from the experience of losing my hard-earned money to scammers. I was devastated and believed there was no way to recover my funds. Fortunately, I started searching for help to recover my stolen funds and I came across a lot of testimonials online about Capital Crypto Recovery, an agent who helps in recovery of lost bitcoin funds, I contacted Capital Crypto Recover Service, and with their expertise, they successfully traced and recovered my stolen assets. Their team was professional, kept me updated throughout the process, and demonstrated a deep understanding of blockchain transactions and recovery protocols. They are trusted and very reliable with a 100% successful rate record Recovery bitcoin, I’m grateful for their help and highly recommend their services to anyone seeking assistance with lost crypto. Contact: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Email: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
17.09.25 23:50 marcushenderson624

Bitcoin Recovery Testimonial After falling victim to a cryptocurrency scam group, I lost $354,000 worth of USDT. I thought all hope was lost from the experience of losing my hard-earned money to scammers. I was devastated and believed there was no way to recover my funds. Fortunately, I started searching for help to recover my stolen funds and I came across a lot of testimonials online about Capital Crypto Recovery, an agent who helps in recovery of lost bitcoin funds, I contacted Capital Crypto Recover Service, and with their expertise, they successfully traced and recovered my stolen assets. Their team was professional, kept me updated throughout the process, and demonstrated a deep understanding of blockchain transactions and recovery protocols. They are trusted and very reliable with a 100% successful rate record Recovery bitcoin, I’m grateful for their help and highly recommend their services to anyone seeking assistance with lost crypto. Contact: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Email: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
18.09.25 11:55 Mundo

Sylvester Bryant recovered £400,000 in Ethereum for me. I strongly advise using his services. He focuses on retrieving money lost to fraudulent schemes. Scams cause immense worry. Mr. Bryant's expert knowledge and calm approach in getting funds back reassured me. If you have lost money to scams, contact him via email at [email protected]. You can also reach him on WhatsApp at +1 512 577 7957. He is committed to helping people recover their stolen assets. His support was invaluable in my situation.
18.09.25 11:55 Mundo

Sylvester Bryant recovered £400,000 in Ethereum for me. I strongly advise using his services. He focuses on retrieving money lost to fraudulent schemes. Scams cause immense worry. Mr. Bryant's expert knowledge and calm approach in getting funds back reassured me. If you have lost money to scams, contact him via email at [email protected]. You can also reach him on WhatsApp at +1 512 577 7957. He is committed to helping people recover their stolen assets. His support was invaluable in my situation.
18.09.25 12:22 wendytaylor015

My name is Wendy Taylor, I'm from Los Angeles, i want to announce to you Viewer how Capital Crypto Recover help me to restore my Lost Bitcoin, I invested with a Crypto broker without proper research to know what I was hoarding my hard-earned money into scammers, i lost access to my crypto wallet or had your funds stolen? Don’t worry Capital Crypto Recover is here to help you recover your cryptocurrency with cutting-edge technical expertise, With years of experience in the crypto world, Capital Crypto Recover employs the best latest tools and ethical hacking techniques to help you recover lost assets, unlock hacked accounts, Whether it’s a forgotten password, Capital Crypto Recover has the expertise to help you get your crypto back. a security company service that has a 100% success rate in the recovery of crypto assets, i lost wallet and hacked accounts. I provided them the information they requested and they began their investigation. To my surprise, Capital Crypto Recover was able to trace and recover my crypto assets successfully within 24hours. Thank you for your service in helping me recover my $647,734 worth of crypto funds and I highly recommend their recovery services, they are reliable and a trusted company to any individuals looking to recover lost money. Contact email [email protected] OR Telegram @Capitalcryptorecover Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
18.09.25 12:22 wendytaylor015

My name is Wendy Taylor, I'm from Los Angeles, i want to announce to you Viewer how Capital Crypto Recover help me to restore my Lost Bitcoin, I invested with a Crypto broker without proper research to know what I was hoarding my hard-earned money into scammers, i lost access to my crypto wallet or had your funds stolen? Don’t worry Capital Crypto Recover is here to help you recover your cryptocurrency with cutting-edge technical expertise, With years of experience in the crypto world, Capital Crypto Recover employs the best latest tools and ethical hacking techniques to help you recover lost assets, unlock hacked accounts, Whether it’s a forgotten password, Capital Crypto Recover has the expertise to help you get your crypto back. a security company service that has a 100% success rate in the recovery of crypto assets, i lost wallet and hacked accounts. I provided them the information they requested and they began their investigation. To my surprise, Capital Crypto Recover was able to trace and recover my crypto assets successfully within 24hours. Thank you for your service in helping me recover my $647,734 worth of crypto funds and I highly recommend their recovery services, they are reliable and a trusted company to any individuals looking to recover lost money. Contact email [email protected] OR Telegram @Capitalcryptorecover Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
18.09.25 13:04 Mundo

Sylvester Bryant recovered £400,000 in Ethereum for me. I strongly advise using his services. He focuses on retrieving money lost to fraudulent schemes. Scams cause immense worry. Mr. Bryant's expert knowledge and calm approach in getting funds back reassured me. If you have lost money to scams, contact him via email at [email protected]. You can also reach him on WhatsApp at +1 512 577 7957. He is committed to helping people recover their stolen assets. His support was invaluable in my situation.
18.09.25 16:46 carolinehudso83

I noticed a lot of online recommendations, and it’s clear that some of them are bad eggs that will just make уour mуsterу worse. I can onlу suggest one, and if уou need assistance getting back the moneу уou lost to scammers, уou can contact them bу email at: [email protected] Whats app or text +1 518 468 2985 Website https://bestrecoveryagent.com/
19.09.25 00:54 frank2025

Anthony davies played a crucial role in successfully recovering my stolen USDT, which was valued at more than $300,000. His expertise and dedication made the recovery process smooth and efficient. Throughout the entire time, he demonstrated himself to be a reliable recovery agent. His professionalism and commitment to his clients are evident in the results he achieves. If you find yourself in a similar situation or need assistance, he is available for contact. You can reach anthony through email at (anthonydaviestech AT gmail dot com). Alternatively, he is also accessible via telegram at anthonydavies01. Reaching out to him could be the first step toward recovering your lost assets
19.09.25 10:02 faithlawrence

Sylvester Bryant recovered £400,000 in Ethereum for me. I strongly advise using his services. He focuses on retrieving money lost to fraudulent schemes. Scams cause immense worry. Mr. Bryant's expert knowledge and calm approach in getting funds back reassured me. If you have lost money to scams, contact him via email at [email protected]. You can also reach him on WhatsApp at +1 512 577 7957. He is committed to helping people recover their stolen assets. His support was invaluable in my situation.
19.09.25 10:02 faithlawrence

Sylvester Bryant recovered £400,000 in Ethereum for me. I strongly advise using his services. He focuses on retrieving money lost to fraudulent schemes. Scams cause immense worry. Mr. Bryant's expert knowledge and calm approach in getting funds back reassured me. If you have lost money to scams, contact him via email at [email protected]. You can also reach him on WhatsApp at +1 512 577 7957. He is committed to helping people recover their stolen assets. His support was invaluable in my situation.
19.09.25 15:27 tonykith01477

There are not many reviews about free crypto recovery fixed but the ones that exist are mostly positive. I have no idea how that is possible, but it is clear that they are fabricated. However, there are also negative reviews – and I highly recommend paying attention to them. These are real people describing their unfortunate experiences with this scam. It’s the same story as always – fraudsters create a fake website to con people out of money. Nothing new but look no more and contact FASTRECOVERYAGENT These types of scams are everywhere. If you have already lost money to scammers i mean any type be it sending to scammers account , or if you have a case about stolen bitcoin , usdt, or any type of cryptocurrency whatsoever just reach out to www.fastrecoveryagent.com, i really owe this group of recovery expert because they saved me after bad investment with a fake broker, i literally owe them my life as they saved me from some bunch of scammers, but see how life is , i got every cent of my investment back with the profit , reach out to to them today and tell them from Mary because i promise them i will tell the whole world when the recovery is complete, and here i go after i got my recovered assets thats why im doing what i promised. do not fall for another scam. contact the,m today!!!!
19.09.25 17:12 wendytaylor015

My name is Wendy Taylor, I'm from Los Angeles, i want to announce to you Viewer how Capital Crypto Recover help me to restore my Lost Bitcoin, I invested with a Crypto broker without proper research to know what I was hoarding my hard-earned money into scammers, i lost access to my crypto wallet or had your funds stolen? Don’t worry Capital Crypto Recover is here to help you recover your cryptocurrency with cutting-edge technical expertise, With years of experience in the crypto world, Capital Crypto Recover employs the best latest tools and ethical hacking techniques to help you recover lost assets, unlock hacked accounts, Whether it’s a forgotten password, Capital Crypto Recover has the expertise to help you get your crypto back. a security company service that has a 100% success rate in the recovery of crypto assets, i lost wallet and hacked accounts. I provided them the information they requested and they began their investigation. To my surprise, Capital Crypto Recover was able to trace and recover my crypto assets successfully within 24hours. Thank you for your service in helping me recover my $647,734 worth of crypto funds and I highly recommend their recovery services, they are reliable and a trusted company to any individuals looking to recover lost money. Contact email [email protected] OR Telegram @Capitalcryptorecover Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
19.09.25 17:12 wendytaylor015

My name is Wendy Taylor, I'm from Los Angeles, i want to announce to you Viewer how Capital Crypto Recover help me to restore my Lost Bitcoin, I invested with a Crypto broker without proper research to know what I was hoarding my hard-earned money into scammers, i lost access to my crypto wallet or had your funds stolen? Don’t worry Capital Crypto Recover is here to help you recover your cryptocurrency with cutting-edge technical expertise, With years of experience in the crypto world, Capital Crypto Recover employs the best latest tools and ethical hacking techniques to help you recover lost assets, unlock hacked accounts, Whether it’s a forgotten password, Capital Crypto Recover has the expertise to help you get your crypto back. a security company service that has a 100% success rate in the recovery of crypto assets, i lost wallet and hacked accounts. I provided them the information they requested and they began their investigation. To my surprise, Capital Crypto Recover was able to trace and recover my crypto assets successfully within 24hours. Thank you for your service in helping me recover my $647,734 worth of crypto funds and I highly recommend their recovery services, they are reliable and a trusted company to any individuals looking to recover lost money. Contact email [email protected] OR Telegram @Capitalcryptorecover Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
20.09.25 15:05 faithlawrence

I can’t recommend Sylvester Bryant enough. He successfully recovered €210,000 in Ethereum for me after I had lost hope. His expertise in tracing and reclaiming funds from scams is truly remarkable. What stood out most was his calm, professional approach and deep technical knowledge, which gave me complete confidence throughout the process. If you’ve lost money to a scam, I strongly encourage you to reach out to him. You can contact him via email at [[email protected] ] or on WhatsApp at +1 512 577 7957. He is genuinely dedicated to helping people recover what they’ve lost, and his support has been invaluable to me.
20.09.25 15:53 blessing1198

It is distressing to lose USDT due to a bitcoin wallet hack. Although it is challenging, stolen USDT can be recovered. Taking prompt, wise action increases your chances. Marie can help you with reporting the theft, what to do right away, and USDT recovery. Contact her on WhatsApp at +1 7127594675, or email [email protected].
21.09.25 12:05 star1121

Consider this: In cryptocurrency, you see what appears to be a fantastic opportunity. After investing your hard-earned money, you see it disappear into the wallet of a con artist. Your bank account seems empty as rage and regret merge in this stomach punch. These days, cryptocurrency frauds are very common, however recovering your cryptocurrency from scammers is still possible. You can track down and possibly recover what you lost with shrewd actions. Marie can help; contact her at [email protected] and on WhatsApp at +1 7127594675.
23.09.25 03:23 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: 📧 Email: [email protected] 📱 Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] 📞 Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 🌐 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
23.09.25 03:23 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: 📧 Email: [email protected] 📱 Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] 📞 Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 🌐 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
23.09.25 03:23 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: 📧 Email: [email protected] 📱 Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] 📞 Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 🌐 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
23.09.25 03:54 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: 📧 Email: [email protected] 📱 Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] 📞 Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 🌐 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
23.09.25 14:45 Raymondkrisitina

Sylvester Bryant gets my full recommendation. He helped me get back €230,000 in Ethereum when I thought it was gone forever. His skills in tracking and retrieving scam-lost funds amaze me. I appreciated his steady, expert manner and strong tech know-how. That built my trust every step of the way. If a scam has taken your money, get in touch with him right away. Email him at yt7cracker@gmail. com or message on WhatsApp at +1 512 577 7957. He truly commits to aiding folks in regaining their assets. His help meant everything to me.
23.09.25 19:27 beverlyalex010

In 2022, I lost 1.5 ETH in what I thought was a promising Twitter investment. I reached out to the so-called brokers behind it, but they vanished and stopped replying. For years, I carried the heavy belief that my crypto was gone forever. Then, by chance, I discovered RecoveryFundProvider [email protected] WhatsApp at +44 736-644-5035 through a finance podcast. That moment changed everything. Their team didn’t lure me in with false promises or flashy guarantees. Instead, they explained their process clearly specializing in advanced blockchain tracing, smart contract forensics, and even transaction reversal in certain cases. Skeptical but hopeful, I allowed them to review my case. What followed was beyond my expectations. They dug deep into the blockchain ledger, followed the coin’s complex movements across multiple addresses, and even collaborated with global nodes to trace every trail. Two weeks later, I received an alert I never thought I’d see again: my crypto had been fully recovered and safely transferred back to me. I cried tears of relief. What sets RecoveryFundProvider apart isn’t just their cutting-edge expertise, but their unwavering ethics and dedication. They treat every client like more than just another case number even years after a loss. Today, I can confidently say they live up to their name, and I’m endlessly grateful.
23.09.25 22:38 Raymondkrisitina

Sylvester Bryant gets my full recommendation. He helped me get back €230,000 in Ethereum when I thought it was gone forever. His skills in tracking and retrieving scam-lost funds amaze me. I appreciated his steady, expert manner and strong tech know-how. That built my trust every step of the way. If a scam has taken your money, get in touch with him right away. Email him at yt7cracker@gmail. com or message on WhatsApp at +1 512 577 7957. He truly commits to aiding folks in regaining their assets. His help meant everything to me.
24.09.25 12:22 beverlyalex010

In 2022, I lost 1.5 ETH in what I thought was a promising Twitter investment. I reached out to the so-called brokers behind it, but they vanished and stopped replying. For years, I carried the heavy belief that my crypto was gone forever. Then, by chance, I discovered RecoveryFundProvider [email protected] WhatsApp at +44 736-644-5035 through a finance podcast. That moment changed everything. Their team didn’t lure me in with false promises or flashy guarantees. Instead, they explained their process clearly specializing in advanced blockchain tracing, smart contract forensics, and even transaction reversal in certain cases. Skeptical but hopeful, I allowed them to review my case. What followed was beyond my expectations. They dug deep into the blockchain ledger, followed the coin’s complex movements across multiple addresses, and even collaborated with global nodes to trace every trail. Two weeks later, I received an alert I never thought I’d see again: my crypto had been fully recovered and safely transferred back to me. I cried tears of relief. What sets RecoveryFundProvider apart isn’t just their cutting-edge expertise, but their unwavering ethics and dedication. They treat every client like more than just another case number even years after a loss. Today, I can confidently say they live up to their name, and I’m endlessly grateful.
24.09.25 15:50 michaeldavenport218

I was recently scammed out of $53,000 by a fraudulent Bitcoin investment scheme, which added significant stress to my already difficult health issues, as I was also facing cancer surgery expenses. Desperate to recover my funds, I spent hours researching and consulting other victims, which led me to discover the excellent reputation of Capital Crypto Recover, I came across a Google post It was only after spending many hours researching and asking other victims for advice that I discovered Capital Crypto Recovery’s stellar reputation. I decided to contact them because of their successful recovery record and encouraging client testimonials. I had no idea that this would be the pivotal moment in my fight against cryptocurrency theft. Thanks to their expert team, I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency back. The process was intricate, but Capital Crypto Recovery's commitment to utilizing the latest technology ensured a successful outcome. I highly recommend their services to anyone who has fallen victim to cryptocurrency fraud. For assistance contact [email protected] and on Telegram OR Call Number +1 (336)390-6684 via email: [email protected] you can visit his website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
24.09.25 15:50 michaeldavenport218

I was recently scammed out of $53,000 by a fraudulent Bitcoin investment scheme, which added significant stress to my already difficult health issues, as I was also facing cancer surgery expenses. Desperate to recover my funds, I spent hours researching and consulting other victims, which led me to discover the excellent reputation of Capital Crypto Recover, I came across a Google post It was only after spending many hours researching and asking other victims for advice that I discovered Capital Crypto Recovery’s stellar reputation. I decided to contact them because of their successful recovery record and encouraging client testimonials. I had no idea that this would be the pivotal moment in my fight against cryptocurrency theft. Thanks to their expert team, I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency back. The process was intricate, but Capital Crypto Recovery's commitment to utilizing the latest technology ensured a successful outcome. I highly recommend their services to anyone who has fallen victim to cryptocurrency fraud. For assistance contact [email protected] and on Telegram OR Call Number +1 (336)390-6684 via email: [email protected] you can visit his website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
24.09.25 15:50 michaeldavenport218

I was recently scammed out of $53,000 by a fraudulent Bitcoin investment scheme, which added significant stress to my already difficult health issues, as I was also facing cancer surgery expenses. Desperate to recover my funds, I spent hours researching and consulting other victims, which led me to discover the excellent reputation of Capital Crypto Recover, I came across a Google post It was only after spending many hours researching and asking other victims for advice that I discovered Capital Crypto Recovery’s stellar reputation. I decided to contact them because of their successful recovery record and encouraging client testimonials. I had no idea that this would be the pivotal moment in my fight against cryptocurrency theft. Thanks to their expert team, I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency back. The process was intricate, but Capital Crypto Recovery's commitment to utilizing the latest technology ensured a successful outcome. I highly recommend their services to anyone who has fallen victim to cryptocurrency fraud. For assistance contact [email protected] and on Telegram OR Call Number +1 (336)390-6684 via email: [email protected] you can visit his website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
24.09.25 19:08 Raymondkrisitina

Sylvester Bryant gets my full recommendation. He helped me get back €230,000 in Ethereum when I thought it was gone forever. His skills in tracking and retrieving scam-lost funds amaze me. I appreciated his steady, expert manner and strong tech know-how. That built my trust every step of the way. If a scam has taken your money, get in touch with him right away. Email him at yt7cracker@gmail. com or message on WhatsApp at +1 512 577 7957. He truly commits to aiding folks in regaining their assets. His help meant everything to me.
24.09.25 19:50 Raymondkrisitina

Sylvester Bryant gets my full recommendation. He helped me get back €230,000 in Ethereum when I thought it was gone forever. His skills in tracking and retrieving scam-lost funds amaze me. I appreciated his steady, expert manner and strong tech know-how. That built my trust every step of the way. If a scam has taken your money, get in touch with him right away. Email him at yt7cracker@gmail. com or message on WhatsApp at +1 512 577 7957. He truly commits to aiding folks in regaining their assets. His help meant everything to me.
24.09.25 19:55 Athea5130

ETHICAL BITCOIN HACKER/ BEST WAY RECOVERY BITCOIN I believed I was completely lost. I was unable to withdraw money from my investment wallet after making a dubious investment, and until I discovered Best Way Hacker Company, no one could assist me in unfreezing it. This group handled my matter with attention and urgency. In a matter of days, they were able to retrieve my frozen investment and transfer it to a new wallet that I owned. They restored my hope in a big way. Best Way Hacker restored my money and my peace of mind, and for that I will always be grateful. Email.. [email protected] WhatsApp..+39-(350)-967-(1925)
24.09.25 19:56 Athea5130

ETHICAL BITCOIN HACKER/ BEST WAY RECOVERY BITCOIN I believed I was completely lost. I was unable to withdraw money from my investment wallet after making a dubious investment, and until I discovered Best Way Hacker Company, no one could assist me in unfreezing it. This group handled my matter with attention and urgency. In a matter of days, they were able to retrieve my frozen investment and transfer it to a new wallet that I owned. They restored my hope in a big way. Best Way Hacker restored my money and my peace of mind, and for that I will always be grateful. Email.. [email protected] WhatsApp..+39-(350)-967-(1925)
24.09.25 19:56 Athea5130

ETHICAL BITCOIN HACKER/ BEST WAY RECOVERY BITCOIN I believed I was completely lost. I was unable to withdraw money from my investment wallet after making a dubious investment, and until I discovered Best Way Hacker Company, no one could assist me in unfreezing it. This group handled my matter with attention and urgency. In a matter of days, they were able to retrieve my frozen investment and transfer it to a new wallet that I owned. They restored my hope in a big way. Best Way Hacker restored my money and my peace of mind, and for that I will always be grateful. Email.. [email protected] WhatsApp..+39-(350)-967-(1925)
24.09.25 19:56 Athea5130

ETHICAL BITCOIN HACKER/ BEST WAY RECOVERY BITCOIN I believed I was completely lost. I was unable to withdraw money from my investment wallet after making a dubious investment, and until I discovered Best Way Hacker Company, no one could assist me in unfreezing it. This group handled my matter with attention and urgency. In a matter of days, they were able to retrieve my frozen investment and transfer it to a new wallet that I owned. They restored my hope in a big way. Best Way Hacker restored my money and my peace of mind, and for that I will always be grateful. Email.. [email protected] WhatsApp..+39-(350)-967-(1925)
24.09.25 20:52 elizabethrush89

God bless Capital Crypto Recover Services for the marvelous work you did in my life, I have learned the hard way that even the most sensible investors can fall victim to scams. When my USD was stolen, for anyone who has fallen victim to one of the bitcoin binary investment scams that are currently ongoing, I felt betrayal and upset. But then I was reading a post on site when I saw a testimony of Wendy Taylor online who recommended that Capital Crypto Recovery has helped her recover scammed funds within 24 hours. after reaching out to this cyber security firm that was able to help me recover my stolen digital assets and bitcoin. I’m genuinely blown away by their amazing service and professionalism. I never imagined I’d be able to get my money back until I complained to Capital Crypto Recovery Services about my difficulties and gave all of the necessary paperwork. I was astounded that it took them 12 hours to reclaim my stolen money back. Without a doubt, my USDT assets were successfully recovered from the scam platform, Thank you so much Sir, I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover for any of your bitcoin recovery, digital funds recovery, hacking, and cybersecurity concerns. You reach them Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 His Email: [email protected] Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Via Contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
24.09.25 20:52 elizabethrush89

God bless Capital Crypto Recover Services for the marvelous work you did in my life, I have learned the hard way that even the most sensible investors can fall victim to scams. When my USD was stolen, for anyone who has fallen victim to one of the bitcoin binary investment scams that are currently ongoing, I felt betrayal and upset. But then I was reading a post on site when I saw a testimony of Wendy Taylor online who recommended that Capital Crypto Recovery has helped her recover scammed funds within 24 hours. after reaching out to this cyber security firm that was able to help me recover my stolen digital assets and bitcoin. I’m genuinely blown away by their amazing service and professionalism. I never imagined I’d be able to get my money back until I complained to Capital Crypto Recovery Services about my difficulties and gave all of the necessary paperwork. I was astounded that it took them 12 hours to reclaim my stolen money back. Without a doubt, my USDT assets were successfully recovered from the scam platform, Thank you so much Sir, I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover for any of your bitcoin recovery, digital funds recovery, hacking, and cybersecurity concerns. You reach them Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 His Email: [email protected] Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Via Contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
26.09.25 12:29 beverlyalex010

In 2022, I lost 1.5 ETH in what I thought was a promising Twitter investment. I reached out to the so-called brokers behind it, but they vanished and stopped replying. For years, I carried the heavy belief that my crypto was gone forever. Then, by chance, I discovered RecoveryFundProvider (recoveryfundprovider @ gmail. com WhatsApp +44 736-644-5035) through a finance podcast. That moment changed everything. Their team didn’t lure me in with false promises or flashy guarantees. Instead, they explained their process clearly specializing in advanced blockchain tracing, smart contract forensics, and even transaction reversal in certain cases. Skeptical but hopeful, I allowed them to review my case. What followed was beyond my expectations. They dug deep into the blockchain ledger, followed the coin’s complex movements across multiple addresses, and even collaborated with global nodes to trace every trail. Two weeks later, I received an alert I never thought I’d see again: my crypto had been fully recovered and safely transferred back to me. I cried tears of relief. What sets RecoveryFundProvider apart isn’t just their cutting-edge expertise, but their unwavering ethics and dedication. They treat every client like more than just another case number even years after a loss. Today, I can confidently say they live up to their name, and i am endlessly grateful.
26.09.25 15:42 elizabethrush89

God bless Capital Crypto Recover Services for the marvelous work you did in my life, I have learned the hard way that even the most sensible investors can fall victim to scams. When my USD was stolen, for anyone who has fallen victim to one of the bitcoin binary investment scams that are currently ongoing, I felt betrayal and upset. But then I was reading a post on site when I saw a testimony of Wendy Taylor online who recommended that Capital Crypto Recovery has helped her recover scammed funds within 24 hours. after reaching out to this cyber security firm that was able to help me recover my stolen digital assets and bitcoin. I’m genuinely blown away by their amazing service and professionalism. I never imagined I’d be able to get my money back until I complained to Capital Crypto Recovery Services about my difficulties and gave all of the necessary paperwork. I was astounded that it took them 12 hours to reclaim my stolen money back. Without a doubt, my USDT assets were successfully recovered from the scam platform, Thank you so much Sir, I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover for any of your bitcoin recovery, digital funds recovery, hacking, and cybersecurity concerns. You reach them Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 His Email: [email protected] Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Via Contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
26.09.25 15:42 elizabethrush89

God bless Capital Crypto Recover Services for the marvelous work you did in my life, I have learned the hard way that even the most sensible investors can fall victim to scams. When my USD was stolen, for anyone who has fallen victim to one of the bitcoin binary investment scams that are currently ongoing, I felt betrayal and upset. But then I was reading a post on site when I saw a testimony of Wendy Taylor online who recommended that Capital Crypto Recovery has helped her recover scammed funds within 24 hours. after reaching out to this cyber security firm that was able to help me recover my stolen digital assets and bitcoin. I’m genuinely blown away by their amazing service and professionalism. I never imagined I’d be able to get my money back until I complained to Capital Crypto Recovery Services about my difficulties and gave all of the necessary paperwork. I was astounded that it took them 12 hours to reclaim my stolen money back. Without a doubt, my USDT assets were successfully recovered from the scam platform, Thank you so much Sir, I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover for any of your bitcoin recovery, digital funds recovery, hacking, and cybersecurity concerns. You reach them Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 His Email: [email protected] Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Via Contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
26.09.25 16:40 Slimbella

I fully recommend Sylvester Bryant. He recovered €230,000 in Ethereum for me after I believed it was lost for good. His talent for tracing and reclaiming funds stolen by scammers impresses me deeply. I valued his calm, skilled approach and solid grasp of technology. This gained my confidence at every turn. If scammers have stolen your cash, contact him now. Reach out by email at yt7cracker@gmail. com or via WhatsApp at +1 512 577 7957. He dedicates himself to helping people recover their belongings. His support changed everything for me.
26.09.25 16:40 Slimbella

I fully recommend Sylvester Bryant. He recovered €230,000 in Ethereum for me after I believed it was lost for good. His talent for tracing and reclaiming funds stolen by scammers impresses me deeply. I valued his calm, skilled approach and solid grasp of technology. This gained my confidence at every turn. If scammers have stolen your cash, contact him now. Reach out by email at yt7cracker@gmail. com or via WhatsApp at +1 512 577 7957. He dedicates himself to helping people recover their belongings. His support changed everything for me.
26.09.25 19:08 beverlyalex010

In 2022, I lost 1.5 ETH in what I thought was a promising Twitter investment. I reached out to the so-called brokers behind it, but they vanished and stopped replying. For years, I carried the heavy belief that my crypto was gone forever. Then, by chance, I discovered RecoveryFundProvider ( [email protected]. WhatsApp +44 736-644-5035) through a finance podcast. That moment changed everything. Their team didn’t lure me in with false promises or flashy guarantees. Instead, they explained their process clearly specializing in advanced blockchain tracing, smart contract forensics, and even transaction reversal in certain cases. Skeptical but hopeful, I allowed them to review my case. What followed was beyond my expectations. They dug deep into the blockchain ledger, followed the coin’s complex movements across multiple addresses, and even collaborated with global nodes to trace every trail. Two weeks later, I received an alert I never thought I’d see again: my crypto had been fully recovered and safely transferred back to me. I cried tears of relief. What sets RecoveryFundProvider apart isn’t just their cutting-edge expertise, but their unwavering ethics and dedication. They treat every client like more than just another case number even years after a loss. Today, I can confidently say they live up to their name, and i am endlessly grateful.
26.09.25 19:53 carolinehudso83

You are one step away from recovering your lost crypto funds. CAPITAL REDEMPTION WIZARD is the solution. Without them, I would have lost everything. I was scammed through a compromised email, lured by a fake Elon Musk Bitcoin investment. After applying and completing KYC, I was credited with 2.5 Bitcoin. When I tried to withdraw, I was hit with fees, and my wallet was emptied of $103,000.00. Their support team was hostile. I researched and found CAPITAL REDEMPTION WIZARD. They recovered my hacked Bitcoin. I learned the Bitcoin offer was a scam. CAPITAL REDEMPTION WIZARD guided me through this. Email: ( [email protected] ) Whats app or text +1 518 468 2985 Website https://bestrecoveryagent.com/
26.09.25 22:25 Slimbella

I fully recommend Sylvester Bryant. He recovered €230,000 in Ethereum for me after I believed it was lost for good. His talent for tracing and reclaiming funds stolen by scammers impresses me deeply. I valued his calm, skilled approach and solid grasp of technology. This gained my confidence at every turn. If scammers have stolen your cash, contact him now. Reach out by email at yt7cracker@gmail. com or via WhatsApp at +1 512 577 7957. He dedicates himself to helping people recover their belongings. His support changed everything for me.
26.09.25 22:59 elizabethrush89

God bless Capital Crypto Recover Services for the marvelous work you did in my life, I have learned the hard way that even the most sensible investors can fall victim to scams. When my USD was stolen, for anyone who has fallen victim to one of the bitcoin binary investment scams that are currently ongoing, I felt betrayal and upset. But then I was reading a post on site when I saw a testimony of Wendy Taylor online who recommended that Capital Crypto Recovery has helped her recover scammed funds within 24 hours. after reaching out to this cyber security firm that was able to help me recover my stolen digital assets and bitcoin. I’m genuinely blown away by their amazing service and professionalism. I never imagined I’d be able to get my money back until I complained to Capital Crypto Recovery Services about my difficulties and gave all of the necessary paperwork. I was astounded that it took them 12 hours to reclaim my stolen money back. Without a doubt, my USDT assets were successfully recovered from the scam platform, Thank you so much Sir, I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover for any of your bitcoin recovery, digital funds recovery, hacking, and cybersecurity concerns. You reach them Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 His Email: [email protected] Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Via Contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
26.09.25 22:59 elizabethrush89

God bless Capital Crypto Recover Services for the marvelous work you did in my life, I have learned the hard way that even the most sensible investors can fall victim to scams. When my USD was stolen, for anyone who has fallen victim to one of the bitcoin binary investment scams that are currently ongoing, I felt betrayal and upset. But then I was reading a post on site when I saw a testimony of Wendy Taylor online who recommended that Capital Crypto Recovery has helped her recover scammed funds within 24 hours. after reaching out to this cyber security firm that was able to help me recover my stolen digital assets and bitcoin. I’m genuinely blown away by their amazing service and professionalism. I never imagined I’d be able to get my money back until I complained to Capital Crypto Recovery Services about my difficulties and gave all of the necessary paperwork. I was astounded that it took them 12 hours to reclaim my stolen money back. Without a doubt, my USDT assets were successfully recovered from the scam platform, Thank you so much Sir, I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover for any of your bitcoin recovery, digital funds recovery, hacking, and cybersecurity concerns. You reach them Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 His Email: [email protected] Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Via Contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
27.09.25 03:07 Angela_Moore

I thought my money was lost forever. Then Mr. Sylvester stepped in. He tracked down and recovered $107,000 in stablecoins , plus all my earnings. His talent for finding scam-stolen funds left me stunned. I loved how he handled everything with real expertise and solid tech skills. It got my scammed cash back safe. I trusted him completely. If you've lost funds to a scam, reach out to him now. Email [email protected] or text on WhatsApp at +1 512 577 7957. His support saved me.
28.09.25 00:42 Anitastar

Wizard Hilton Cyber Tech's strategic approach to Bitcoin recovery represents a mutually beneficial collaboration that offers valuable advantages for all involved. At the core of this innovative partnership is a shared commitment to leveraging cutting-edge technology and expertise to tackle the increasingly complex challenges of cryptocurrency theft and loss. By combining Wizard Hilton's world-class cybersecurity capabilities with the deep industry insights and recovery methodologies of Cyber Tech, this alliance is poised to revolutionize the way individuals and organizations safeguard their digital assets. Through a meticulous, multi-layered process, the team meticulously analyzes each case, employing advanced forensic techniques to trace the flow of stolen funds and identify potential recovery avenues. This rigorous approach not only maximizes the chances of successful Bitcoin retrieval, but also provides invaluable intelligence to enhance future security measures and prevention strategies. Importantly, the collaboration is built on a foundation of trust, transparency, and a genuine concern for the well-being of clients, ensuring that the recovery process is handled with the utmost care and discretion. As the cryptocurrency landscape continues to evolve, this strategic alliance between Wizard Hilton Cyber Tech stands as a shining example of how industry leaders can come together to safeguard digital assets, protect victims of cybercrime, and pave the way for a more secure and resilient cryptocurrency ecosystem. Email : wizardhiltoncybertech ( @ ) gmail (. ) com OR support ( @ ) wizardhiltoncybertech (.) com WhatsApp number +18737715701 Thanks.
28.09.25 01:48 marcushenderson624

Bitcoin Recovery Testimonial After falling victim to a cryptocurrency scam group, I lost $354,000 worth of USDT. I thought all hope was lost from the experience of losing my hard-earned money to scammers. I was devastated and believed there was no way to recover my funds. Fortunately, I started searching for help to recover my stolen funds and I came across a lot of testimonials online about Capital Crypto Recovery, an agent who helps in recovery of lost bitcoin funds, I contacted Capital Crypto Recover Service, and with their expertise, they successfully traced and recovered my stolen assets. Their team was professional, kept me updated throughout the process, and demonstrated a deep understanding of blockchain transactions and recovery protocols. They are trusted and very reliable with a 100% successful rate record Recovery bitcoin, I’m grateful for their help and highly recommend their services to anyone seeking assistance with lost crypto. Contact: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Email: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
28.09.25 01:48 marcushenderson624

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28.09.25 01:49 marcushenderson624

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Интересные вопросы и ответы

Возможно ли в нескольких предложениях описать, как работает нейросеть?

Почему в LLM моделях на входе дается вопрос, а на выходе получается ответ, а не перефразированный вопрос?

Данные, на которых обучается LLM модель, устаревают, какие есть возможности для того, чтобы модель генерировала актуальные ответы?

Каким образом LLM модель понимает различные языки?

Входящие данные

Как работает RAG

Шаги работы нейросети

Шаг 1: Токенизация (из текста / изображения в токены)

Токенизация текста:

Токенизация изображений:

Максимальная длина контекста:

Шаг 2: Token embedding (из токена в вектор)

Размерность вектора (Embedding Size, d_model) на каждом слое трансформера:

Точность вектора:

Квантование (Quantization):

Продуктовое квантование (Product Quantization)

Трансформер (Transformer):

Слои трансформера (Transformer Layers):

Активация (Activation):

Тензор (Tensor)

Шаг 3: Positional Encoding / Embeddings

Вычисление Sinusoidal Position Encoding:

Шаг 4: Attention, Self-Attention (Вектор Внимания, Q,K,V-проекции) и Разбиение на Головы Внимания (Multi-Head Attention)

Softmax:

Шаг 5: Объединение голов внимания (Head Concatenation, Concatenated Multi-Head Attention)

Шаг 6: Output Projection (Wo)

Шаг 7: Добавление Residual (остаточного соединения)

Шаг 8: Нормализация слоя (Layer Normalization)

Шаг 9: FFN (Feed-Forward Network) и MLP (Multilayer Perceptron)

Шаг 10: Residual + LayerNorm (второй слой нормализации)

Шаг 11: Подача выхода блока в следующий трансформер-блок

Шаг 12: Финальная LayerNorm нормализация после последнего блока

Шаг 13: Линейная проекция в логиты (Logits Projection) + Softmax

Шаг 14: Выбор следующего токена (sampling)

Промежуточные семплеры

Temperature (temp):

Top-k:

Top-p (nucleus sampling):

Min-p:

Typical sampling:

Repetition penalties, Frequency penalty, Presence penalty:

Logit bias:

Tail Free Sampling (TFS):

Финальные семплеры

Greedy:

Random:

Dist:

Mirostat v1:

Mirostat v2:

Grammar:

Шаг 15: Итерация генерации

Условия завершения:

Шаг 16: Преобразование токенов в слова

TODO: в статье много неточностей, они будут исправляться по мере наличия свободного времени и желания

Дополнительная информация

Способы запуска (бэкенды) для LLM моделей:

Приложения для запуска LLM моделей:

Формат хранения LLM моделей:

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