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Нейронные оптимизаторы запросов в реляционных БД (Часть 1)

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Введение

В 1970-х годах известный программист Эдгар Кодд разработал математически выверенную теорию организации данных в виде таблиц (реляций). С тех пор утекло немало воды — появилось большое количество различных коммерческих и open-source реляционных систем управления базами данных (РСУБД). Скоро стало понятно, что эффективное получение данных из базы — задача далеко не тривиальная. Если говорить прямо, она нелинейная и в общем случае NP-сложная.

Когда SQL-запрос становится немного сложнее: SELECT * FROM table, у нас появляется огромная вариативность его исполнения внутри системы — и не всегда понятно, какой из возможных вариантов эффективнее как по памяти, так и по скорости. Чтобы сократить огромное количество вариантов до приемлемого, обычно используются так называемые эвристики — эмпирические правила, которые придуманы человеком для сокращения пространства поиска на несколько порядков. Понятное дело, эти правила могут отсечь и сам оптимальный план выполнения запроса, но позволяют получить хоть что-то приемлемое за адекватное время.

В последние годы в связи с активным развитием ML начали развиваться и нейронные оптимизаторы запросов —особенность которых в том, что они самостоятельно, без участия человека, находят необходимые закономерности в выполнении сложных планов исходя из обучения на огромном количестве данных. Тенденция началась приблизительно в 2017 году и продолжается до сих пор. Давайте посмотрим, что уже появилось в этой области в хронологическом порядке и какие перспективы нас ждут.

Начнём с трёх моделей:

  1. MSCN (2018) — модель для оценки кардинальности запросов

  2. DQN (2018) — модель построения плана выполнения запроса

  3. NEO (2019) — end-to-end-подход, объединивший в себе как обучаемую функцию оценки скорости выполнения заданного плана, так и само его построение

MSCN

Кардинальность запроса — это количество строк, которые возвращает каждая операция в процессе выполнения SQL-запроса. Кардинальность играет ключевую роль в оптимизации запросов, так как позволяет оптимизатору предсказать, какой из возможных планов выполнения будет наиболее эффективным.

Например, если в соединении двух таблиц одна из них имеет очень высокую кардинальность (много строк), а другая — низкую, оптимизатор с помощью этой информацию может выбрать более подходящий порядок выполнения операций. Это поможет сократить объём обрабатываемых данных и, соответственно, улучшить производительность запроса.

MSCN является одним из первых подходов, в которых начали формулировать проблему оценки кардинальности запросов в терминах машинного обучения. Стоит также отметить, что предложенный метод нацелен на выявление корреляций в перекрёстных join'ах, природа которых не является линейной и оценка которых чрезвычайно важна.

Авторы статьи рассматривают решение проблемы оценки кардинальности запросов как основополагающую. Сама по себе оценка может быть сформулирована в терминах задачи обучения с учителем, где входными данными выступают признаки (фичи) запроса, а выходными — оцениваемая кардинальность.

Разбор алгоритма

Идея проста: необходимо натренировать алгоритм обучения с учителем предсказывать по заданному запросу соответствующую этому запросу кардинальность. Однако, по понятным причинам возникает 3 вопроса:

  1. Как получить фичи запроса, отправляемые на вход алгоритма

  2. Какой именно алгоритм обучения с учителем выбрать

  3. Где взять датасет из пар запросов и кардинальностей для обучения алгоритма

Фичи запроса

Запрос описывается в терминах теории множеств и представляет собой набор из трёх множеств: (T_q, J_q, P_q), где:

  • T_q \subset T — множество всех таблиц;

  • J_q \subset J — множество всех join'ов;

  • P_q \subset P — множество всех предикатов вида (column, operator, value), например, выражение age > 18 записывается как (age, >, 18).

Фича v_t для t \in T — это обычный one-hot-вектор, размер которого равен количеству таблиц в базе.
Для join'а j \in J вектор v_j также является one-hot, обозначающим таблицы на объединение.
Для предикатов не сильно интереснее — тоже one-hot для категорий вида (column, operator), а value — результат MinMax-нормализации по соответствующему столбцу, лежащему в отрезке [0,1].

Схема алгоритма

В итоге получается следующая формальная схема:

1a7bc857cfb6da20843605efd8ce7037.png

То же самое, только с отображением внутренней структуры MLP можно увидеть на модульной схеме:

f2781a7743e9989c9a7a512c04fc0ba3.png

Получаем по одной MLP на каждый набор векторов фич:(MLP_T(v_t), MLP_J(v_j), MLP_P(v_p)) и одну MLP для объединения всех предшествующих результирующих векторов w_T, w_J, w_P. Таким образом, выходной w_{out} \in [0,1] является скалярной величиной, которая получена в результате применения сигмоидной функции активации.

Математическое обоснование

Cтоит отметить, что данный результат теоретически подкрепляется теоремой, позволяющей представить инвариантную относительно перестановок функцию множества в следующем виде:

\rho \left(\sum_{x \in X}\phi(x) \right), где \rho и \phi — искомые функции, за поиск которых отвечает MLP (это возможно в силу универсальной аппроксимационной теоремы).

Датасет

А что с датасетом? На чём обучать всё это дело? Авторы метода разработали генератор рандомных запросов, которые основываются на исходных схемах и информации, содержащейся в данных. Таблицы, join'ы и предикаты выбираются случайно. Чтобы избежать большого количество комбинаций, число join'ов ограничивается двумя (последующеее обобщение на большее количество join'ов предполагается после обучения модели). Дальше выполняются все сгенерированные запросы, в результате получаем их истинную кардинальность. Эта кардинальность в совокупности с запросом и становятся элементами обучающего датасета. При этом запросы, дающие пустой результат, игнорируются.

Одной из идей обогащения полученного датасета является использование собранной статистической информации о количестве получаемых строк в результате применения заданного предиката. Это нужно, чтобы модель понимала, с каким объемом данных ей предстоит работать перед использованием join'ов. В продолжение этой идеи разработчики сверху добавляют и битмапу, указывающую на положение получаемых в результате применения предикатов строк, что в свою очередь даёт алгоритму понимание о распределении данных в таблице. Обе этих модификации в совокупности с базовым подходом неплохо бустят результат работы системы и выводят её на один уровень с существующими алгоритмами оценки кардинальности.

Результаты

Оценка результатов производилась на датасете IMDb с использованием как синтетически сгенерированных запросов, так и набора готовых (JOB-light), нацеленных на работу с join'ами.

Сравнивали с PostgreSQL 10.3, Random Sampling (RS) и Index-Based Join Sampling (IBJS).

becc641f2fe5b88eb64da1a575ea7084.png

Видно, что у MSCN самый маленький разброс по ошибке предсказания, что даёт чрезвычайно точные оценки с точки зрения среднего значения. По медиане IBJS попадает лучше, но по ресурсам затратнее.

Замечу, что при всём этом скорость работы модели находится в рамках нескольких миллисекунд на предсказание и не превышает 40 минут на обучение. И это всё без использования GPU.

MSCN показала, что использование нейронных сетей в задаче предсказания кардинальности может дать весьма неплохие результаты, которые достигаются не самой сложной архитектурой. Потенциал у этой области определённо виден и в эпоху бума нейросетевых подходов может раскрыться в полной мере, включая и задачу построения непосредственно плана запросов, которую мы рассмотрим далее.

DQN

Следующий представитель ML-алгоритмов, связанный с оптимизацией запросов, использует механизм обучения с подкреплением. В дальнейшем он будет основополагающим подходом в построении подобных систем. Авторы статьи также отмечают неэффективность использования эвристик на обширном классе задач, в которых так или иначе возникает много нелинейных взаимосвязей. Основной упор, как и в MSCN, делается на решение комбинаторно сложной проблемы, связанной с join'ами, однако теперь мы хотим узнать наиболее оптимальный порядок их выполнения. Чтобы понять, насколько это тяжело, рассмотрим небольшой пример:

Пусть у нас есть 4 таблицы: A, B, C, D и мы хотим их объединить: A⋈B⋈C⋈D. Для начала можем посчитать общее количество комбинаций перестановок данного набора, то есть A⋈B⋈C⋈D, A⋈B⋈D⋈C, A⋈C⋈B⋈D и т. д. Всего их, как известно из комбинаторики, n!=4!=1*2*3*4=24. Но это ещё не всё. Также мы можем получить разный порядок их объединения, по-разному расставляя скобочки, то есть для A⋈B⋈C⋈D получим (((A⋈B)⋈C)⋈D), ((A⋈(B⋈C))⋈D), ((A⋈B)⋈(C⋈D)), (A⋈((B⋈C)⋈D)), (A⋈(B⋈(C⋈D))) — всего 5 штук. Чтобы лучше понять, как именно происходит это объединение, обычно рисуют соответствующие представления в виде деревьев:

Источник

Получаем 24 разных расстановки листов, помноженные на 5 разных расстановок операций между этими листами. Выходит N=120 разных вариантов объединения всего четырёх таблиц. Формально данный результат записывается следующим образом:

N=n!*C_{n-1}=n!*\frac{(2*(n-1))!}{n!*(n-1)!}=\frac{(2(n-1))!}{(n-1)!}

Здесь C_n — число Каталана, которое и задаёт количество правильных скобочных последовательностей. А теперь ради интереса объединим 10 таблиц (не такая уж и редкая ситуация на больших проектах). Посчитаем количество возможных комбинаций по формуле выше:N=\frac{18!}{9!}=17.643.225.600. 17 миллиардов... Обычный перебор не подходит и, вообще говоря, в подобных задачах прибегают либо к жадному поиску (он будет почти всегда не оптимальным, но быстро выдаст ответ), либо к множеству эвристик в совокупности с динамическим программированием (когда мы запоминаем промежуточные результаты вычислений, чтобы использовать их в дальнейшем). Если мы знаем затраты на объединение (A⋈B), то пересчитывать его несколько раз, например, для выражений ((A⋈B)⋈С), ((A⋈B)⋈D) уже не нужно. Получается, что мы шаг за шагом перебираем множество планов, приходя к субоптимальному. В силу применённых эвристик он почти наверняка не будет лучшим, но даст уже неплохой результат.

Разбор алгоритма

Ключевая идея DQ состоит в том, что рассмотренный выше процесс поиска оптимального плана схож с задачей обучения с подкреплением. На каждом шаге мы принимаем наиболее оптимальное с точки зрения алгоритма решение и продолжаем выполнять операцию объединения до тех пор, пока не дойдём до конца. Основное отличие заключается в цели каждого из двух подходов. Обучение с подкреплением стремится на основе имеющихся данных научить агента принимать решения, которые приведут к максимизации награды в долгосрочной перспективе, даже если на ранних этапах принимаются менее оптимальные решения. Чисто технически здесь тоже ищутся эвристики, но в автоматизированном и гораздо более комплексном режиме с использованием огромного объёма обучающей информации.

Обучение с подкреплением

Сформулируем саму задачу обучения с подкреплением:

Пусть S — множество возможных состояний системы (в нашем случае join'ов всех таблиц), A — множество различных действий, которые переводят нас из одного состояния в другое (в нашем случае действие — выбор следующей таблицы на объединение), R(s,a) — награда, которую получит агент, выполнив действие a в состоянии s (поскольку награда может быть и отрицательной, мы будем штрафовать агента при помощи существующей функции стоимости выполнения запроса. Таким образом, чем быстрее выполнится запрос на объединение двух таблиц, тем больше будет моментальный выигрыш для агента), \pi(a|s) — так называемая политика, которая определяет вероятность совершить действие a в состоянии s. Иногда её просто записывают как a=\pi(s) — по сути эта функция полностью задаёт поведение агента.

Цель агента — найти такую политику \pi, которая для любого стартового состояния s_0 максимизирует следующее выражение:

V(s_0)=\max_{a_1,...a_T}(\sum_{i=1}^{T}\gamma^iR(s_i, a_i))

Здесь также появляется \gamma — коэффициент дисконтирования, который призван уменьшать для агента важность выигрыша в далёком будущем в пользу выигрыша в ближайшей перспективе. Обычно он берётся близким к 1, например, \gamma=0.99. Таким образом, у первой награды будет мультипликатор 0.99, а у сотой 0.99^{100}=0.366 . Данный параметр позволяет алгоритму выбирать более осмысленные действия в настоящем, что приводит к быстрой сходимости.

Максимизировать V(s) напрямую вообще говоря не получится, поскольку нам неизвестно правило выбора a_i. Однако, мы можем выписать принцип, в связи с которым будем получать оптимальную политику. В роли этого принципа будет выступать так называемое рекуррентное равенство Беллмана:

Q(s_i,a_i)=R(s_i,a_i)+\gamma\max_{a'}(Q(s_{i+1}, a'))\pi(s)=argmax_{a'}(Q(s,a'))

Здесь мы вводим некую Q-функцию, которая выражается рекуррентно через саму себя. Эта рекурсия позволяет учесть текущий выигрыш R(s_i,a_i) и максимизировать все последующие \max_{a'}(Q(s_{i+1}, a')) с учётом дисконтирования \gamma. На последнем шаге Q-функция вырождается в обычную стоимость: Q(s_N,a_N)=R(s_N,a_N). Определение политики здесь очевидно: для текущего состояния s выбираем такое действие a', которое будет максимизировать Q-функцию, то есть общий дисконтированный выигрыш от всех действий агента.

Таким образом, мы получили условие оптимальности политики — удовлетворение некоторой Q-функции уравнению Беллмана. Но изначально нам неизвестна Q-функция. Она может задаваться либо в виде таблицы размером l_s×l_a, где l_s и l_a — количество всевозможных состояний и действий агента соответственно, либо аппроксимацией в виде MLP. Вариант с таблицей — это алгоритм Q-learning, а с MLP — Deep Q-Network (или DQN). По понятным причинам Q-learning нам не подходит — уж очень много существует различных вариантов объединений таблиц между собой, как мы уже подметили ранее. Остаётся DQN. Независимо от представления Q-функции оптимизация будет происходить как обычно — градиентным спуском. Нам чрезвычайно важно удовлетворение Q-функции уравнению Беллмана, без его выполнения политика не оптимальна. В связи с этим шаг оптимизации вполне понятен: у нас есть аппроксимация Q-функции Q(s, a, \theta) (поначалу она вообще рандомная) и есть Q-функция, полученная через саму же себя в уравнении Беллмана:

Q_{target}=\begin{cases} R(s_i,a_i) & \quad \text{если $s_{i+1}$ — конечное состояние}\\ R(s_i,a_i)+\gamma\max_{a'}(Q(s_{i+1}, a',\theta^{-})) & \quad \text{если $s_{i+1}$ — не конечное состояние}\end{cases}

Здесь \theta — оптимизируемые параметры нейросети, а \theta^{-} — замороженные с предыдущего шага параметры Q-функции (вообще говоря \theta и \theta^{-} по значениям равны, просто по второй не считается градиент во время оптимизации, чтобы не возникло ненужных корреляций параметров). Формально описанный нами шаг оптимизации выглядит так:

Loss=(​Q_{target}−Q(s, a, \theta))^2\theta\leftarrow\theta-\alpha\nabla_{\theta}​Loss\theta^{-}\leftarrow\theta

где \alpha — скорость обучения.

Поздравляю! Мы разобрались в основах работы DQN. Осталась лишь пара технических деталей.

Заметим, что в процессе обучения мы не всегда пользуемся Q-функцией для определения следующего действия. На начальных этапах обучения полезно заставлять алгоритм выбирать рандомные, неоптимальные действия, чтобы исследовать множество состояний S. Результаты рандомных исследований и действий агента будут записываться в так называемый Replay Buffer в виде кортежей (s_i, a_i, r_i, s_{i+1}), на которых затем также будет производиться оптимизация Q-функции. Описанная рандомизация выбора называется \epsilon-greedy стратегией и выражается следующим образом:

p \sim U[0,1]\text{ - равномерно распределенная величина на отрезке $[0,1]$}, \\ \epsilon\in[0,1]\text{ - порог}a_{next}=\begin{cases} \pi(s) & \quad \text{если $\epsilon<t$}\\ pick\_random(A) & \quad \text{если $\epsilon>=t$}\end{cases}

Вектор признаков

Схема обучения ясна, сейчас необходимо понять, в каком формате передавать на вход DQNсостояние и действие для оценки Q-функции. Рассмотрим, что предлагают авторы.

Символом ⊕ будем обозначать конкатенацию векторов. Входной вектор признаков будет состоять из следующих компонент F = f_G ⊕ f_L ⊕ f_R ⊕ f_t.

Начнём с вектора f_G — выборки при помощи оператора SELECT. В нём будет храниться информация о том, какие столбцы нужно извлечь и с какой селективностью. Таким образом его размер будет равен количеству столбцов с соответствующими значениями селективности.

Например, у нас есть 3 таблицы A(col1, col2, col3), B(col4, col5, col6), C(col7, col8) и следующий запрос:

SELECT col1, col2, col7 
FROM A, B, C 
WHERE A.col3=B.col4 AND B.col6=C.col7 AND A.col2 > 10;

Пусть также селективность предиката A.col2 > 10 будет равняться 0.2. Тогдаf_G=[1, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0].

Перейдём к векторам f_L и f_R. Они обозначают столбцы, стоящие соответственно слева и справа от оператора join. Т. е. в примере выше, если мы для определённости возьмём порядок объединения ((A⋈B)⋈С), где (A⋈B) уже посчитано, то f_L=(A⋈B)=[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0] и f_R=C=[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1].

Остаётся вектор f_t — one-hot, который определяет тип производимого join'а. Например, если у нас есть выбор только между HashJoin и IndexJoin, то для HashJoin f_t=[0, 1], а для IndexJoin f_t=[1, 0].

Вообще говоря, это лишь некоторые компоненты, которые мы можем включать в вектор признаков. Вход нейронной сети открыт к расширению и в случае чего мы можем без проблем добавить новые признаки или видоизменить старые. Например, можно добавить f_{ind}, который будет обозначать, какие столбцы индексируются, или указать вектор со статистикой по полям и т. д. Общая схема обучения с подкреплением не поменяется, поскольку мы просто корректируем множество состояний S.

Генерация датасета

Датасет получается посредствам прогонки существующего алгоритма Bushy Dynamic Programming (Exhaustive) на наборе запросов. В процессе работы алгоритм генерирует не только оптимальный план для заданного запроса, но и в силу своей динамичности оптимальные субпланы для подзапросов. Здесь остановимся поподробнее. Пусть у нас есть запрос на объединение четырёх таблиц: B⋈A⋈C⋈D. В процессе просчёта всевозможных планов выяснилось, что оптимальным будет объединение ((A⋈B)⋈D), а не ((A⋈B)⋈C), тогда мы вполне легитимно можем добавить в общий обучающий датасет дополнительный пример для запроса A⋈B⋈D, в котором правильным порядком объединения будет ((A⋈B)⋈D). И таких вот дополнительных примеров получится N-1, где N — количество таблиц. Авторы статьи продемонстрировали этот бонус на схеме ниже:

3642476f0b34fcb48c767cc2961d6656.png

И ещё один нюанс: если в запрос на объединение идёт больше 10 таблиц, то начиная с 11-й происходит переключение на жадный алгоритм, чтобы не тормозить сбор датасета.

Результаты

В статье демонстрируются следующие результаты сравнения DQ с разными оптимизаторами на трёх разных функциях стоимости:

907e11768f52b05dc5dc714f71398a06.png

Здесь всё нормировано относительно Exhaustive-оптимизатора, который перебирает все планы, пока не найдёт оптимальный.

Видно, что DQ отрабатывает стабильнее и в большинстве случаев точнее, особенно на нелинейных функциях стоимости (CM2 учитывает использование дискового пространства во время выполнения гибридного HashJoin, CM3 учитывает возможность переиспользования построенных hash-таблиц).

Для CM2 приводится ещё одна таблица, в которой берётся разный memory limit M:

2445ff1aec6dbf9dc7a6b276986fa2fc.png

Видно, что чем меньше объём выделенной памяти, тем лучше результаты планирования запроса у DQ.

Отметим и такой параметр, как скорость формирования плана:

86fa39e8d4770be9191031bcb73747e6.png

Видим, что скорость работы алгоритма не сильно зависит от количества таблиц (в отличие от того же Exhaustive) и начиная с 10 join'ов казалось бы затратная для CPU нейросеть начинает обгонять другие оптимизаторы. В целом данный результат в совокупности с отличными показателями на CM2 и CM3 даёт основание полагать, что применение обучения с подкреплением в совокупности с нейросетями может дать качественный скачок как в скорости работы оптимизатора, так и в скорости выполнения сгенерированных планов. Всё это очень важно при работе с большими объёмами данных в реляционных СУБД. Советую прочесть оригинальную статью, она прекрасно написана и содержит много подробностей и интересных для дальнейшего изучения аспектов.

NEO

В статье о NEO авторы утверждают, что до появления их подхода не существовало полного end-to-end-оптимизатора запросов, применяющего принципы ML на практике. И действительно:

  • рассмотренный ранее MSCN оценивает только кардинальность запросов и непонятно, насколько эта оценка реально повлияет на построение и оптимизацию итогового плана;

  • DQ реализует схему обучения с подкреплением для оптимизации плана, но при этом ориентируется на существующие эвристические функции стоимости.

NEO совмещает в себе все части реального оптимизатора, которые уже не опираются на придуманные эвристики, а обучаются на основе предоставленных данных. Они в полной мере реализуют свой потенциал, поскольку обучение происходит в end-to-end-пайплайне, где каждый шаг оптимизации учитывает работу сразу всех компонентов и их взаимное влияние друг на друга. Да, NEO всё равно необходимо обучать на конкретной базе данных с конкретными отношениями, но она гораздо ближе к работе реальных коммерческих систем, чем всё, что было до неё.

Разбор алгоритма

Начнём разбор со следующей схемы:

0b350a2c83966494a4a0b576cd926b66.png

В верхней части видно, что, как и в случае DQ, в NEO собирается первоначальный датасет запросов с оптимальными планами их выполнения при помощи существующего оптимизатора PostgreSQL (так называемый этап Expertise). Затем собранный датасет помещается в блок Expirience, в котором хранятся обучающие данные. В процессе работы Experience будет пополняться уже сгенерированными планами с соответствующими для них Latency — реальным временем исполнения. Это пополнение позволит системе постоянно дообучаться и поддерживать актуальность производимых оценок:

a994f44e4b64aca760d2d3e9051be3a8.png

Дальше на основе собранного датасета обучается центральный элемент всей системы — нейросеть по предсказанию затраченного времени на выполнение предоставленного запроса с соответствующим ему планом, так называемая Value Model.

Value Model

Для начала зафиксируем архитектуру сети:

4cdbafc811392af43030b0c0422c87dc.png

Тренировка происходит по обычной схеме обучения с учителем: на выходе получаем число, которое сравниваем с реальным временем выполнения запроса и производим градиентную оптимизацию.

Запрос, поступающий на вход этой сетке, преобразуется в вектор признаков, который содержит как информацию о самом запросе (какие есть join'ы, предикаты и т. д.), так и информацию о плане его выполнения в виде дерева (выбранный порядок join'ов, способ чтения таблиц и т. д.).

Фичи запроса

Фичи для запроса могут быть получены как при помощи one-hot-векторов, как уже делали в MSCN и DQ, так и при помощи семантических векторов.

С оne-hot всё понятно, а что такое семантический вектор в нашем случае? Под семантикой понимается вычленение смыслового вектора для заданного предиката при помощи дообученной word2vec, FastText или другой модели по получению текстовых эмбедингов:

c660c3e19aca9039797d87ed8db85ca4.png

Дообучение происходит на обычных текстовых предложениях. В качестве предложений здесь берётся объединение всех столбцов для каждой строки внутри денормализованной таблицы. Это позволяет ориентироваться на контекст внутри конкретной базы данных, что сильно повышает точность метода. Вообще говоря, идея интересная, потому что NEO при принятии решения будет ориентироваться на смысл предиката.

Звучит всё это непросто, поэтому рассмотрим на примере. Возьмём базу данных фильмов IMDb, которой мы отправляем следующий запрос:

SELECT count (*)
FROM title as t,
	movie_keyword as mk,
	keyword as k,
	info_type as it,
	movie_info as mi
WHERE it.id = 3
AND it.id = mi.info_type_id
AND mi.movie_id = t.id
AND mk.keyword_id = k.id
AND mk.movie_id = t.id
AND k.keyword ILIKE '% love %'
AND mi.info ILIKE '% romance %'

Во время обучения алгоритм выявит, что слова love из столбца keyword и romance из столбца info часто встречаются в одном контексте, что и выражается в метрике схожести Similarity:

bde32e006fe7d92c960518ec6b565e63.png

Поэтому для запроса выше NEO использует не Nested Loop Join'ы, что сделал бы стандартный оптимизатор после оценки кардинальности близкой к 1, а Hash Join'ы, и это в свою очередь даст ускорение на 60%.

Допустим, что с векторизацией признаков запроса разобрались — не раз уже к ней возвращались. Из нового здесь только семантика, которая в целом не является обязательной (вообще как хотим, так и векторизуем, главное, чтобы в векторах отражался смысл входных данных).

Сам по себе запрос мы можем представить в виде одного вектора, поскольку там нет упорядоченных данных. Выглядеть этот вектор будет примерно так (семантику здесь авторы не изобразили, уже знакомый составной one-hot):

10477689514338aec9e5babbc24a949e.png

Фичи плана запроса

А вот план запроса является упорядоченным, все операции представляют из себя узлы некого дерева, а таблицы — его листья:

c74d67ba8995888a242b17227a5ff139.png

Каждый элемент дерева кодируется оne-hot'ами. Тут уже не составишь один сплошной вектор, потому что структура дерева от раза к разу будет отличаться. И как нам его обработать? На общей схеме сети видно, что сначала вектор запроса проходит через несколько полносвязных слоёв и конкатенируется к каждому элементу дерева. Затем это дерево с составными признаками попадает в блок графовой свёртки (если конкретнее, свёртки над бинарным деревом). Подробнее о таком виде свёрток можно почитать в статье.

Поиск оптимального плана

Как при помощи Value Model можно получить оптимальный план? Схема схожа с DQ, когда мы перебираем все возможные продолжения текущего частичного плана и выбираем наилучшее из них. Только сейчас нейросеть выдаёт значение не Q-функции, а сразу значение стоимости, что делает модель более интерпретируемой и настраиваемой. В остальном оптимальная политика \pi с точностью до знака определяется точно так же:


\pi(s)=argmax_{a'}(-ValueModel(s,a')), где

  • s — текущий запрос с уже составленным частичным планом;

  • a' — возможное продолжение частичного плана.

Результаты

Сравнение происходило на трёх разных датасетах и четырёх разных СУБД. Значения нормированы относительно скорости стандартного для выбранной СУБД оптимизатора таким образом: чем столбцы меньше единицы, тем лучше (единица — скорость исходного оптимизатора):

02480b828e87c18e4e90a1e7a3982f94.png

Мы видим, что скорость работы NEO в совокупности с исполнением полученного плана либо сравнима, либо превосходит существующие оптимизаторы (включая коммерческие SQL Server и Oracle).

Вывод

Получается весьма занимательная картина: почти везде нейросети обгоняют по качеству и производительности классические эвристические подходы, существовавшие на момент их создания. Однако засилия этих сетей на практике не наблюдается (типичная ситуация для большинства научных работ: результаты великолепные, а пользы никакой). По всей видимости разработка продуктового нейросетевого решения, которое будет удовлетворять всем нюансам работы реальных коммерческих систем, было дорого и сложно в 2018–19 годах. Инертность индустрии никто не отменял, а живём мы без преувеличения в переломное время. Возможно, именно сейчас мы станем свидетелями революции не только в мире языковых моделей, но и в мире реляционных БД. Но об этом уже в следующих статьях :)

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  • 11.10.25 10:44 Tonerdomark

    A thief took my Dogecoin and wrecked my life. Then Mr. Sylvester stepped in and changed everything. He got back €211,000 for me, every single cent of my gains. His calm confidence and strong tech skills rebuilt my trust. Thanks to him, I recovered my cash with no issues. After months of stress, I felt huge relief. I had full faith in him. If a scam stole your money, reach out to him today at { yt7cracker@gmail . com } His help sparked my full turnaround.

  • 12.10.25 01:12 harristhomas7376

    "In the crypto world, this is great news I want to share. Last year, I fell victim to a scam disguised as a safe investment option. I have invested in crypto trading platforms for about 10yrs thinking I was ensuring myself a retirement income, only to find that all my assets were either frozen, I believed my assets were secure — until I discovered that my BTC funds had been frozen and withdrawals were impossible. It was a devastating moment when I realized I had been scammed, and I thought my Bitcoin was gone forever, Everything changed when a close friend recommended the Capital Crypto Recover Service. Their professionalism, expertise, and dedication enabled me to recover my lost Bitcoin funds back — more than €560.000 DEM to my BTC wallet. What once felt impossible became a reality thanks to their support. If you have lost Bitcoin through scams, hacking, failed withdrawals, or similar challenges, don’t lose hope. I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover Service to anyone seeking a reliable and effective solution for recovering any wallet assets. They have a proven track record of successful reputation in recovering lost password assets for their clients and can help you navigate the process of recovering your funds. Don’t let scammers get away with your hard-earned money – contact Email: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Contact: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 12.10.25 01:12 harristhomas7376

    "In the crypto world, this is great news I want to share. Last year, I fell victim to a scam disguised as a safe investment option. I have invested in crypto trading platforms for about 10yrs thinking I was ensuring myself a retirement income, only to find that all my assets were either frozen, I believed my assets were secure — until I discovered that my BTC funds had been frozen and withdrawals were impossible. It was a devastating moment when I realized I had been scammed, and I thought my Bitcoin was gone forever, Everything changed when a close friend recommended the Capital Crypto Recover Service. Their professionalism, expertise, and dedication enabled me to recover my lost Bitcoin funds back — more than €560.000 DEM to my BTC wallet. What once felt impossible became a reality thanks to their support. If you have lost Bitcoin through scams, hacking, failed withdrawals, or similar challenges, don’t lose hope. I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover Service to anyone seeking a reliable and effective solution for recovering any wallet assets. They have a proven track record of successful reputation in recovering lost password assets for their clients and can help you navigate the process of recovering your funds. Don’t let scammers get away with your hard-earned money – contact Email: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Contact: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 12.10.25 19:53 Tonerdomark

    A crook swiped my Dogecoin. It ruined my whole world. Then Mr. Sylvester showed up. He fixed it all. He pulled back €211,000 for me. Not one cent missing from my profits. His steady cool and sharp tech know-how won back my trust. I got my money smooth and sound. After endless worry, relief hit me hard. I trusted him completely. Lost cash to a scam? Hit him up now at { yt7cracker@gmail . com }. His aid turned my life around. WhatsApp at +1 512 577 7957.

  • 12.10.25 21:36 blessing

    Writing this review is a joy. Marie has provided excellent service ever since I started working with her in early 2018. I was worried I wouldn't be able to get my coins back after they were stolen by hackers. I had no idea where to begin, therefore it was a nightmare for me. However, things became easier for me after my friend sent me to [email protected] and +1 7127594675 on WhatsApp. I'm happy that she was able to retrieve my bitcoin so that I could resume trading.

  • 13.10.25 01:11 elizabethrush89

    God bless Capital Crypto Recover Services for the marvelous work you did in my life, I have learned the hard way that even the most sensible investors can fall victim to scams. When my USD was stolen, for anyone who has fallen victim to one of the bitcoin binary investment scams that are currently ongoing, I felt betrayal and upset. But then I was reading a post on site when I saw a testimony of Wendy Taylor online who recommended that Capital Crypto Recovery has helped her recover scammed funds within 24 hours. after reaching out to this cyber security firm that was able to help me recover my stolen digital assets and bitcoin. I’m genuinely blown away by their amazing service and professionalism. I never imagined I’d be able to get my money back until I complained to Capital Crypto Recovery Services about my difficulties and gave all of the necessary paperwork. I was astounded that it took them 12 hours to reclaim my stolen money back. Without a doubt, my USDT assets were successfully recovered from the scam platform, Thank you so much Sir, I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover for any of your bitcoin recovery, digital funds recovery, hacking, and cybersecurity concerns. You reach them Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 His Email: [email protected] Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Via Contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 13.10.25 01:11 elizabethrush89

    God bless Capital Crypto Recover Services for the marvelous work you did in my life, I have learned the hard way that even the most sensible investors can fall victim to scams. When my USD was stolen, for anyone who has fallen victim to one of the bitcoin binary investment scams that are currently ongoing, I felt betrayal and upset. But then I was reading a post on site when I saw a testimony of Wendy Taylor online who recommended that Capital Crypto Recovery has helped her recover scammed funds within 24 hours. after reaching out to this cyber security firm that was able to help me recover my stolen digital assets and bitcoin. I’m genuinely blown away by their amazing service and professionalism. I never imagined I’d be able to get my money back until I complained to Capital Crypto Recovery Services about my difficulties and gave all of the necessary paperwork. I was astounded that it took them 12 hours to reclaim my stolen money back. Without a doubt, my USDT assets were successfully recovered from the scam platform, Thank you so much Sir, I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover for any of your bitcoin recovery, digital funds recovery, hacking, and cybersecurity concerns. You reach them Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 His Email: [email protected] Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Via Contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 14.10.25 01:15 tyleradams

    Hi. Please be wise, do not make the same mistake I had made in the past, I was a victim of bitcoin scam, I saw a glamorous review showering praises and marketing an investment firm, I reached out to them on what their contracts are, and I invested $28,000, which I was promised to get my first 15% profit in weeks, when it’s time to get my profits, I got to know the company was bogus, they kept asking me to invest more and I ran out of patience then requested to have my money back, they refused to answer nor refund my funds, not until a friend of mine introduced me to the NVIDIA TECH HACKERS, so I reached out and after tabling my complaints, they were swift to action and within 36 hours I got back my funds with the due profit. I couldn’t contain the joy in me. I urge you guys to reach out to NVIDIA TECH HACKERS on their email: [email protected]

  • 14.10.25 08:46 robertalfred175

    CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: 📧 Email: [email protected] 📱 Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] 📞 Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 🌐 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 14.10.25 08:46 robertalfred175

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  • 14.10.25 08:46 robertalfred175

    CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: 📧 Email: [email protected] 📱 Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] 📞 Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 🌐 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 15.10.25 18:07 crypto

    Cryptocurrency's digital realm presents many opportunities, but it also conceals complex frauds. It is quite painful to lose your cryptocurrency to scam. You can feel harassed and lost as a result. If you have been the victim of a cryptocurrency scam, this guide explains what to do ASAP. Following these procedures will help you avoid further issues or get your money back. Communication with Marie ([email protected] and WhatsApp: +1 7127594675) can make all the difference.

  • 15.10.25 21:52 harristhomas7376

    "In the crypto world, this is great news I want to share. Last year, I fell victim to a scam disguised as a safe investment option. I have invested in crypto trading platforms for about 10yrs thinking I was ensuring myself a retirement income, only to find that all my assets were either frozen, I believed my assets were secure — until I discovered that my BTC funds had been frozen and withdrawals were impossible. It was a devastating moment when I realized I had been scammed, and I thought my Bitcoin was gone forever, Everything changed when a close friend recommended the Capital Crypto Recover Service. Their professionalism, expertise, and dedication enabled me to recover my lost Bitcoin funds back — more than €560.000 DEM to my BTC wallet. What once felt impossible became a reality thanks to their support. If you have lost Bitcoin through scams, hacking, failed withdrawals, or similar challenges, don’t lose hope. I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover Service to anyone seeking a reliable and effective solution for recovering any wallet assets. They have a proven track record of successful reputation in recovering lost password assets for their clients and can help you navigate the process of recovering your funds. Don’t let scammers get away with your hard-earned money – contact Email: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Contact: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 15.10.25 21:52 harristhomas7376

    "In the crypto world, this is great news I want to share. Last year, I fell victim to a scam disguised as a safe investment option. I have invested in crypto trading platforms for about 10yrs thinking I was ensuring myself a retirement income, only to find that all my assets were either frozen, I believed my assets were secure — until I discovered that my BTC funds had been frozen and withdrawals were impossible. It was a devastating moment when I realized I had been scammed, and I thought my Bitcoin was gone forever, Everything changed when a close friend recommended the Capital Crypto Recover Service. Their professionalism, expertise, and dedication enabled me to recover my lost Bitcoin funds back — more than €560.000 DEM to my BTC wallet. What once felt impossible became a reality thanks to their support. If you have lost Bitcoin through scams, hacking, failed withdrawals, or similar challenges, don’t lose hope. I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover Service to anyone seeking a reliable and effective solution for recovering any wallet assets. They have a proven track record of successful reputation in recovering lost password assets for their clients and can help you navigate the process of recovering your funds. Don’t let scammers get away with your hard-earned money – contact Email: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Contact: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 17.10.25 20:17 tyleradams

    As time passes, there are an increasing number of frauds involving Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies. Although there are many individuals who advertise recovering money online, people should use caution in dealing, especially when money is involved. You can trust NVIDIA TECH HACKERS [[email protected]], I promise. They are the top internet recovery company, and as their names indicate, your money is reclaimed as soon as feasible. My bitcoin was successfully retrieved in large part thanks to NVIDIA TECH HACKERS. Ensure that you get top-notch service; NVIDIA TECH HACKERS provides evidence of its work; and payment is only made when the service has been completed to your satisfaction. Reach them via email: [email protected] on google mail

  • 17.10.25 20:20 lindseyvonn

    Have you gotten yourself involved in a cryptocurrency scam or any scam at all? If yes, know that you are not alone, there are a lot of people in this same situation. I'm a Health Worker and was a victim of a cryptocurrency scam that cost me a lot of money. This happened a few weeks ago, there’s only one solution which is to talk to the right people, if you don’t do this you will end up being really depressed. I was really devastated until went on LinkedIn one evening after my work hours and i saw lots of reviews popped up on my feed about [email protected], I sent an email to the team who came highly recommended - [email protected] I started seeing some hope for myself from the moment I sent them an email. The good part is they made the entire process stress free for me, i literally sat and waited for them to finish and I received what I lost in my wallet

  • 17.10.25 20:22 richardcharles

    I would recommend NVIDIA TECH HACKERS to anyone that needs this service. I decided to get into crypto investment and I ended up getting my crypto lost to an investor late last year. The guy who was supposed to be managing my account turned out to be a scammer all along. I invested 56,000 USD and at first, my reading and profit margins were looking good. I started getting worried when I couldn’t make withdrawals and realized that I’ve been scammed. I came across some of the testimonials that people said about NVIDIA TECH HACKERS and how helpful he has been in recovering their funds. I immediately contacted him in his mail at [email protected] so I can get his assistance. One week into the recovery process the funds were traced and recovered back from the scammer. I can't appreciate him enough for his professionalism.

  • 17.10.25 20:23 stevekalfman

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  • 17.10.25 21:42 marcushenderson624

    Bitcoin Recovery Testimonial After falling victim to a cryptocurrency scam group, I lost $354,000 worth of USDT. I thought all hope was lost from the experience of losing my hard-earned money to scammers. I was devastated and believed there was no way to recover my funds. Fortunately, I started searching for help to recover my stolen funds and I came across a lot of testimonials online about Capital Crypto Recovery, an agent who helps in recovery of lost bitcoin funds, I contacted Capital Crypto Recover Service, and with their expertise, they successfully traced and recovered my stolen assets. Their team was professional, kept me updated throughout the process, and demonstrated a deep understanding of blockchain transactions and recovery protocols. They are trusted and very reliable with a 100% successful rate record Recovery bitcoin, I’m grateful for their help and highly recommend their services to anyone seeking assistance with lost crypto. Contact: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Email: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 17.10.25 21:42 marcushenderson624

    Bitcoin Recovery Testimonial After falling victim to a cryptocurrency scam group, I lost $354,000 worth of USDT. I thought all hope was lost from the experience of losing my hard-earned money to scammers. I was devastated and believed there was no way to recover my funds. Fortunately, I started searching for help to recover my stolen funds and I came across a lot of testimonials online about Capital Crypto Recovery, an agent who helps in recovery of lost bitcoin funds, I contacted Capital Crypto Recover Service, and with their expertise, they successfully traced and recovered my stolen assets. Their team was professional, kept me updated throughout the process, and demonstrated a deep understanding of blockchain transactions and recovery protocols. They are trusted and very reliable with a 100% successful rate record Recovery bitcoin, I’m grateful for their help and highly recommend their services to anyone seeking assistance with lost crypto. Contact: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Email: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 17.10.25 21:42 marcushenderson624

    Bitcoin Recovery Testimonial After falling victim to a cryptocurrency scam group, I lost $354,000 worth of USDT. I thought all hope was lost from the experience of losing my hard-earned money to scammers. I was devastated and believed there was no way to recover my funds. Fortunately, I started searching for help to recover my stolen funds and I came across a lot of testimonials online about Capital Crypto Recovery, an agent who helps in recovery of lost bitcoin funds, I contacted Capital Crypto Recover Service, and with their expertise, they successfully traced and recovered my stolen assets. Their team was professional, kept me updated throughout the process, and demonstrated a deep understanding of blockchain transactions and recovery protocols. They are trusted and very reliable with a 100% successful rate record Recovery bitcoin, I’m grateful for their help and highly recommend their services to anyone seeking assistance with lost crypto. Contact: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Email: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 21.10.25 08:39 debby131

    Given how swiftly the cryptocurrency market moves, losing USDT may be a terrifying and upsetting experience. Whether you experienced a technical problem, a transaction error, or were the victim of fraud, it is important to understand the potential recovery routes. Marie can assist you in determining the specific actions you can take to attempt to regain your lost USDT when you need guidance and clarification. You can reach her via email at [email protected] and WhatsApp at +1 7127594675.

  • 21.10.25 11:45 harristhomas7376

    "In the crypto world, this is great news I want to share. Last year, I fell victim to a scam disguised as a safe investment option. I have invested in crypto trading platforms for about 10yrs thinking I was ensuring myself a retirement income, only to find that all my assets were either frozen, I believed my assets were secure — until I discovered that my BTC funds had been frozen and withdrawals were impossible. It was a devastating moment when I realized I had been scammed, and I thought my Bitcoin was gone forever, Everything changed when a close friend recommended the Capital Crypto Recover Service. Their professionalism, expertise, and dedication enabled me to recover my lost Bitcoin funds back — more than €560.000 DEM to my BTC wallet. What once felt impossible became a reality thanks to their support. If you have lost Bitcoin through scams, hacking, failed withdrawals, or similar challenges, don’t lose hope. I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover Service to anyone seeking a reliable and effective solution for recovering any wallet assets. They have a proven track record of successful reputation in recovering lost password assets for their clients and can help you navigate the process of recovering your funds. Don’t let scammers get away with your hard-earned money – contact Email: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Contact: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 21.10.25 11:45 harristhomas7376

    "In the crypto world, this is great news I want to share. Last year, I fell victim to a scam disguised as a safe investment option. I have invested in crypto trading platforms for about 10yrs thinking I was ensuring myself a retirement income, only to find that all my assets were either frozen, I believed my assets were secure — until I discovered that my BTC funds had been frozen and withdrawals were impossible. It was a devastating moment when I realized I had been scammed, and I thought my Bitcoin was gone forever, Everything changed when a close friend recommended the Capital Crypto Recover Service. Their professionalism, expertise, and dedication enabled me to recover my lost Bitcoin funds back — more than €560.000 DEM to my BTC wallet. What once felt impossible became a reality thanks to their support. If you have lost Bitcoin through scams, hacking, failed withdrawals, or similar challenges, don’t lose hope. I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover Service to anyone seeking a reliable and effective solution for recovering any wallet assets. They have a proven track record of successful reputation in recovering lost password assets for their clients and can help you navigate the process of recovering your funds. Don’t let scammers get away with your hard-earned money – contact Email: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Contact: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 22.10.25 04:48 MATT PHILLIP

    I never imagined I’d fall for a crypto romance scam but it happened. Over the course of a few months, I sent nearly $150,000 worth of Bitcoin to someone I genuinely believed I was building a future with. When they disappeared without a trace, I was left heartbroken, humiliated, and financially devastated. For a long time, I didn’t tell anyone. I felt ashamed. But eventually, while searching for answers, I came across a Reddit thread that mentioned Agent Jasmine Lopez. I reached out, not expecting much. To my surprise, she treated me with kindness, not judgment. She used advanced tools like blockchain forensics, IP tracing, and smart contract analysis and with persistence and legal support, she was able to recover nearly 85% of what I lost. I know not everyone gets that kind of outcome, but thanks to [email protected] WhatsApp at +44 736-644-5035, I’ve started to reclaim not just my assets, but my confidence and peace of mind. If you’re going through something similar, you’re not alone and there is hope.

  • 22.10.25 07:36 donnacollier

    HOW I RECOVERED MY BITCOIN FROM CRYPTO INVESTMENT SCAM HOW I RECOVERED MY BITCOIN FROM CRYPTO INVESTMENT SCAM Hello everyone l’m by name Donna collier I live in urbandale 3 weeks ago was the darkest days of my life, i invested my hard earned money the sum of $123,000 into a crypto currency platform I was introduced to by a friend I met online everything happen so fast I was promised 300% of return of investment when it was time for me to cash out my investment and profit the platform was down I was so diversitated confused and tried to end it all then I came across upswing Ai a renowned expert in crypto currency and digital assets recovery at first it seem impossible after taking up my case within the the next 48 hours they where able to track down those fraud stars and recover my money I can’t recommend them enough to any one facing likewise change I will recommend you contact upswing Ai on Contact Details: WhatsApp +,1,2,0,2,8,1,0,1,4,0,7 E m a i l @Upswing-ai.com Website https: // u psw ing-ai. com/ platform /

  • 22.10.25 11:59 elizabethrush89

    God bless Capital Crypto Recover Services for the marvelous work you did in my life, I have learned the hard way that even the most sensible investors can fall victim to scams. When my USD was stolen, for anyone who has fallen victim to one of the bitcoin binary investment scams that are currently ongoing, I felt betrayal and upset. But then I was reading a post on site when I saw a testimony of Wendy Taylor online who recommended that Capital Crypto Recovery has helped her recover scammed funds within 24 hours. after reaching out to this cyber security firm that was able to help me recover my stolen digital assets and bitcoin. I’m genuinely blown away by their amazing service and professionalism. I never imagined I’d be able to get my money back until I complained to Capital Crypto Recovery Services about my difficulties and gave all of the necessary paperwork. I was astounded that it took them 12 hours to reclaim my stolen money back. Without a doubt, my USDT assets were successfully recovered from the scam platform, Thank you so much Sir, I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover for any of your bitcoin recovery, digital funds recovery, hacking, and cybersecurity concerns. You reach them Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 His Email: [email protected] Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Via Contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 22.10.25 11:59 elizabethrush89

    God bless Capital Crypto Recover Services for the marvelous work you did in my life, I have learned the hard way that even the most sensible investors can fall victim to scams. When my USD was stolen, for anyone who has fallen victim to one of the bitcoin binary investment scams that are currently ongoing, I felt betrayal and upset. But then I was reading a post on site when I saw a testimony of Wendy Taylor online who recommended that Capital Crypto Recovery has helped her recover scammed funds within 24 hours. after reaching out to this cyber security firm that was able to help me recover my stolen digital assets and bitcoin. I’m genuinely blown away by their amazing service and professionalism. I never imagined I’d be able to get my money back until I complained to Capital Crypto Recovery Services about my difficulties and gave all of the necessary paperwork. I was astounded that it took them 12 hours to reclaim my stolen money back. Without a doubt, my USDT assets were successfully recovered from the scam platform, Thank you so much Sir, I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover for any of your bitcoin recovery, digital funds recovery, hacking, and cybersecurity concerns. You reach them Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 His Email: [email protected] Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Via Contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 22.10.25 16:31 MATT PHILLIP

    I never imagined I’d fall for a crypto romance scam but it happened. Over the course of a few months, I sent nearly $150,000 worth of Bitcoin to someone I genuinely believed I was building a future with. When they disappeared without a trace, I was left heartbroken, humiliated, and financially devastated. For a long time, I didn’t tell anyone. I felt ashamed. But eventually, while searching for answers, I came across a Reddit thread that mentioned Agent Jasmine Lopez. I reached out, not expecting much. To my surprise, she treated me with kindness, not judgment. She used advanced tools like blockchain forensics, IP tracing, and smart contract analysis and with persistence and legal support, she was able to recover nearly 85% of what I lost. I know not everyone gets that kind of outcome, but thanks to [email protected] WhatsApp at +44 736-644-5035, I’ve started to reclaim not just my assets, but my confidence and peace of mind. If you’re going through something similar, you’re not alone and there is hope.

  • 23.10.25 01:52 marcushenderson624

    Bitcoin Recovery Testimonial After falling victim to a cryptocurrency scam group, I lost $354,000 worth of USDT. I thought all hope was lost from the experience of losing my hard-earned money to scammers. I was devastated and believed there was no way to recover my funds. Fortunately, I started searching for help to recover my stolen funds and I came across a lot of testimonials online about Capital Crypto Recovery, an agent who helps in recovery of lost bitcoin funds, I contacted Capital Crypto Recover Service, and with their expertise, they successfully traced and recovered my stolen assets. Their team was professional, kept me updated throughout the process, and demonstrated a deep understanding of blockchain transactions and recovery protocols. They are trusted and very reliable with a 100% successful rate record Recovery bitcoin, I’m grateful for their help and highly recommend their services to anyone seeking assistance with lost crypto. Contact: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Email: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 23.10.25 01:52 marcushenderson624

    Bitcoin Recovery Testimonial After falling victim to a cryptocurrency scam group, I lost $354,000 worth of USDT. I thought all hope was lost from the experience of losing my hard-earned money to scammers. I was devastated and believed there was no way to recover my funds. Fortunately, I started searching for help to recover my stolen funds and I came across a lot of testimonials online about Capital Crypto Recovery, an agent who helps in recovery of lost bitcoin funds, I contacted Capital Crypto Recover Service, and with their expertise, they successfully traced and recovered my stolen assets. Their team was professional, kept me updated throughout the process, and demonstrated a deep understanding of blockchain transactions and recovery protocols. They are trusted and very reliable with a 100% successful rate record Recovery bitcoin, I’m grateful for their help and highly recommend their services to anyone seeking assistance with lost crypto. Contact: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Email: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 23.10.25 15:47 MATT PHILLIP

    I never imagined I’d fall for a crypto romance scam but it happened. Over the course of a few months, I sent nearly $150,000 worth of Bitcoin to someone I genuinely believed I was building a future with. When they disappeared without a trace, I was left heartbroken, humiliated, and financially devastated. For a long time, I didn’t tell anyone. I felt ashamed. But eventually, while searching for answers, I came across a Reddit thread that mentioned Agent Jasmine Lopez. I reached out, not expecting much. To my surprise, she treated me with kindness, not judgment. She used advanced tools like blockchain forensics, IP tracing, and smart contract analysis and with persistence and legal support, she was able to recover nearly 85% of what I lost. I know not everyone gets that kind of outcome, but thanks to [email protected] WhatsApp at +44 736-644-5035, I’ve started to reclaim not just my assets, but my confidence and peace of mind. If you’re going through something similar, you’re not alone and there is hope.

  • 23.10.25 21:43 patricialovick86

    How To Recover Your Bitcoin Without Falling Victim To Scams: A  Testimony Experience With Capital Crypto Recover Services, Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Dear Everyone, I would like to take a moment to share my positive experience with Capital Crypto Recover Services. Initially, I was unsure if it would be possible to recover my stolen bitcoins. However, with their expertise and professionalism, I was able to fully recover my funds. Unfortunately, many individuals fall victim to scams in the cryptocurrency space, especially those involving fraudulent investment platforms. However, I advise caution, as not all recovery services are legitimate. I personally lost $273,000 worth of Bitcoin from my Binance account due to a deceptive platform. If you have suffered a similar loss, you may be considering crypto recovery, The Capital Crypto Recover is the most knowledgeable and effective Capital Crypto Recovery Services assisted me in recovering my stolen funds within 24 hours, after getting access to my wallet. Their service was not only prompt but also highly professional and effective, and many recovery services may not be trustworthy. Therefore, I highly recommend Capital Crypto Recover to you. i do always research and see reviews about their service, For assistance finding your misplaced cryptocurrency, get in touch with them, They do their jobs quickly and excellently, Stay safe and vigilant in the crypto world. Contact: [email protected]  You can reach them via email at [email protected] OR Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 23.10.25 21:43 patricialovick86

    How To Recover Your Bitcoin Without Falling Victim To Scams: A  Testimony Experience With Capital Crypto Recover Services, Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Dear Everyone, I would like to take a moment to share my positive experience with Capital Crypto Recover Services. Initially, I was unsure if it would be possible to recover my stolen bitcoins. However, with their expertise and professionalism, I was able to fully recover my funds. Unfortunately, many individuals fall victim to scams in the cryptocurrency space, especially those involving fraudulent investment platforms. However, I advise caution, as not all recovery services are legitimate. I personally lost $273,000 worth of Bitcoin from my Binance account due to a deceptive platform. If you have suffered a similar loss, you may be considering crypto recovery, The Capital Crypto Recover is the most knowledgeable and effective Capital Crypto Recovery Services assisted me in recovering my stolen funds within 24 hours, after getting access to my wallet. Their service was not only prompt but also highly professional and effective, and many recovery services may not be trustworthy. Therefore, I highly recommend Capital Crypto Recover to you. i do always research and see reviews about their service, For assistance finding your misplaced cryptocurrency, get in touch with them, They do their jobs quickly and excellently, Stay safe and vigilant in the crypto world. Contact: [email protected]  You can reach them via email at [email protected] OR Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 24.10.25 06:08 MATT PHILLIP

    I never imagined I’d fall for a crypto romance scam but it happened. Over the course of a few months, I sent nearly $150,000 worth of Bitcoin to someone I genuinely believed I was building a future with. When they disappeared without a trace, I was left heartbroken, humiliated, and financially devastated. For a long time, I didn’t tell anyone. I felt ashamed. But eventually, while searching for answers, I came across a Reddit thread that mentioned Agent Jasmine Lopez. I reached out, not expecting much. To my surprise, she treated me with kindness, not judgment. She used advanced tools like blockchain forensics, IP tracing, and smart contract analysis and with persistence and legal support, she was able to recover nearly 85% of what I lost. I know not everyone gets that kind of outcome, but thanks to [email protected] WhatsApp at +44 736-644-5035, I’ve started to reclaim not just my assets, but my confidence and peace of mind. If you’re going through something similar, you’re not alone and there is hope.

  • 24.10.25 06:40 elizabethrush89

    God bless Capital Crypto Recover Services for the marvelous work you did in my life, I have learned the hard way that even the most sensible investors can fall victim to scams. When my USD was stolen, for anyone who has fallen victim to one of the bitcoin binary investment scams that are currently ongoing, I felt betrayal and upset. But then I was reading a post on site when I saw a testimony of Wendy Taylor online who recommended that Capital Crypto Recovery has helped her recover scammed funds within 24 hours. after reaching out to this cyber security firm that was able to help me recover my stolen digital assets and bitcoin. I’m genuinely blown away by their amazing service and professionalism. I never imagined I’d be able to get my money back until I complained to Capital Crypto Recovery Services about my difficulties and gave all of the necessary paperwork. I was astounded that it took them 12 hours to reclaim my stolen money back. Without a doubt, my USDT assets were successfully recovered from the scam platform, Thank you so much Sir, I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover for any of your bitcoin recovery, digital funds recovery, hacking, and cybersecurity concerns. You reach them Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 His Email: [email protected] Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Via Contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 24.10.25 06:40 elizabethrush89

    God bless Capital Crypto Recover Services for the marvelous work you did in my life, I have learned the hard way that even the most sensible investors can fall victim to scams. When my USD was stolen, for anyone who has fallen victim to one of the bitcoin binary investment scams that are currently ongoing, I felt betrayal and upset. But then I was reading a post on site when I saw a testimony of Wendy Taylor online who recommended that Capital Crypto Recovery has helped her recover scammed funds within 24 hours. after reaching out to this cyber security firm that was able to help me recover my stolen digital assets and bitcoin. I’m genuinely blown away by their amazing service and professionalism. I never imagined I’d be able to get my money back until I complained to Capital Crypto Recovery Services about my difficulties and gave all of the necessary paperwork. I was astounded that it took them 12 hours to reclaim my stolen money back. Without a doubt, my USDT assets were successfully recovered from the scam platform, Thank you so much Sir, I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover for any of your bitcoin recovery, digital funds recovery, hacking, and cybersecurity concerns. You reach them Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 His Email: [email protected] Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Via Contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 24.10.25 06:54 MATT PHILLIP

    I never imagined I’d fall for a crypto romance scam but it happened. Over the course of a few months, I sent nearly $150,000 worth of Bitcoin to someone I genuinely believed I was building a future with. When they disappeared without a trace, I was left heartbroken, humiliated, and financially devastated. For a long time, I didn’t tell anyone. I felt ashamed. But eventually, while searching for answers, I came across a Reddit thread that mentioned Agent Jasmine Lopez. I reached out, not expecting much. To my surprise, she treated me with kindness, not judgment. She used advanced tools like blockchain forensics, IP tracing, and smart contract analysis and with persistence and legal support, she was able to recover nearly 85% of what I lost. I know not everyone gets that kind of outcome, but thanks to [email protected] WhatsApp at +44 736-644-5035, I’ve started to reclaim not just my assets, but my confidence and peace of mind. If you’re going through something similar, you’re not alone and there is hope.

  • 24.10.25 18:18 patricialovick86

    How To Recover Your Bitcoin Without Falling Victim To Scams: A  Testimony Experience With Capital Crypto Recover Services, Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Dear Everyone, I would like to take a moment to share my positive experience with Capital Crypto Recover Services. Initially, I was unsure if it would be possible to recover my stolen bitcoins. However, with their expertise and professionalism, I was able to fully recover my funds. Unfortunately, many individuals fall victim to scams in the cryptocurrency space, especially those involving fraudulent investment platforms. However, I advise caution, as not all recovery services are legitimate. I personally lost $273,000 worth of Bitcoin from my Binance account due to a deceptive platform. If you have suffered a similar loss, you may be considering crypto recovery, The Capital Crypto Recover is the most knowledgeable and effective Capital Crypto Recovery Services assisted me in recovering my stolen funds within 24 hours, after getting access to my wallet. Their service was not only prompt but also highly professional and effective, and many recovery services may not be trustworthy. Therefore, I highly recommend Capital Crypto Recover to you. i do always research and see reviews about their service, For assistance finding your misplaced cryptocurrency, get in touch with them, They do their jobs quickly and excellently, Stay safe and vigilant in the crypto world. Contact: [email protected]  You can reach them via email at [email protected] OR Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 24.10.25 18:18 patricialovick86

    How To Recover Your Bitcoin Without Falling Victim To Scams: A  Testimony Experience With Capital Crypto Recover Services, Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Dear Everyone, I would like to take a moment to share my positive experience with Capital Crypto Recover Services. Initially, I was unsure if it would be possible to recover my stolen bitcoins. However, with their expertise and professionalism, I was able to fully recover my funds. Unfortunately, many individuals fall victim to scams in the cryptocurrency space, especially those involving fraudulent investment platforms. However, I advise caution, as not all recovery services are legitimate. I personally lost $273,000 worth of Bitcoin from my Binance account due to a deceptive platform. If you have suffered a similar loss, you may be considering crypto recovery, The Capital Crypto Recover is the most knowledgeable and effective Capital Crypto Recovery Services assisted me in recovering my stolen funds within 24 hours, after getting access to my wallet. Their service was not only prompt but also highly professional and effective, and many recovery services may not be trustworthy. Therefore, I highly recommend Capital Crypto Recover to you. i do always research and see reviews about their service, For assistance finding your misplaced cryptocurrency, get in touch with them, They do their jobs quickly and excellently, Stay safe and vigilant in the crypto world. Contact: [email protected]  You can reach them via email at [email protected] OR Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 25.10.25 00:49 tyleradams

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  • 25.10.25 00:50 stevekalfman

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  • 25.10.25 05:05 victoriabenny463

    A few months ago, I fell for what looked like a legitimate online trading platform. The website was sleek, the support team was responsive, and they even showed me fake profit charts that seemed to grow daily. I started small, and after a few test withdrawals worked, I invested more eventually depositing 2 Bitcoin in hopes of long-term returns. But one morning, when I tried to withdraw, everything changed. The platform suddenly locked my account, claiming there were additional fees to release my funds. The support chat stopped responding, and the website started giving error messages. That’s when I realized I’d been scammed. I was devastated. Two Bitcoins wasn’t pocket change, it was my savings. I filed reports online, but everyone told me it was impossible to recover crypto once it’s sent. Then, through a discussion forum, I came across Dexdert Net Recovery, a team specializing in tracing and recovering stolen digital assets. Skeptical but desperate, I reached out. Their response was immediate and professional. They asked for transaction IDs, wallet addresses, screenshots of my correspondence with the fake platform, and any proof of payment I had. Within days, their analysts traced the stolen Bitcoin through multiple wallets using blockchain forensics, They updated me step-by-step, Working with their recovery experts and blockchain partners, Dexdert Net Recovery successfully froze the funds and verified ownership of my wallet. After 2 days of persistence and verification, I finally saw my 2 Bitcoin restored back into my own wallet. I couldn’t believe it. What stood out most wasn’t just that they recovered my funds, but how transparent and supportive the Dexdert team was throughout the process. They educated me on crypto safety, how to spot fake trading sites, and how to secure my digital assets in the future. Dexdert Net Recovery truly lives up to its name. They gave me back not just my Bitcoin, but my peace of mind. Reach Out Information Below Via: Email: ([email protected]) Telegram: (https://t.me/Dexdertprorecovery) WhatsApp: (+1 (859) 609‑4156)

  • 25.10.25 10:13 wendytaylor015

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  • 25.10.25 10:13 wendytaylor015

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  • 26.10.25 01:03 Christopherbelle

    A terrible financial shock hit me hard. I lost $860,000 in a fake crypto scheme. Things looked good until I tried to cash out my earnings. Suddenly, my account vanished into thin air. I told the police many times, but help never showed up. Despair washed over me; I felt totally beaten. Then, I found Sylvester Bryant Intelligence. Right away, they were skilled and honest about the whole thing. They looked deep into my situation. They tracked where the stolen funds went. They fought hard for me every step of the way. To my great surprise, they got my money back. I thought that was impossible. I owe them so much for their hard work and truthfulness. Sylvester Bryant Intelligence restored my peace. If scams took your crypto, contact them now. Contact Info: Yt7cracker@gmail . com WhatsApp: ‪+1 512 577 7957. or +44 7428 662701.

  • 26.10.25 18:09 victoriabenny463

    A few months ago, I fell for what looked like a legitimate online trading platform. The website was sleek, the support team was responsive, and they even showed me fake profit charts that seemed to grow daily. I started small, and after a few test withdrawals worked, I invested more eventually depositing 2 Bitcoin in hopes of long-term returns. But one morning, when I tried to withdraw, everything changed. The platform suddenly locked my account, claiming there were additional fees to release my funds. The support chat stopped responding, and the website started giving error messages. That’s when I realized I’d been scammed. I was devastated. Two Bitcoins wasn’t pocket change, it was my savings. I filed reports online, but everyone told me it was impossible to recover crypto once it’s sent. Then, through a discussion forum, I came across Dexdert Net Recovery, a team specializing in tracing and recovering stolen digital assets. Skeptical but desperate, I reached out. Their response was immediate and professional. They asked for transaction IDs, wallet addresses, screenshots of my correspondence with the fake platform, and any proof of payment I had. Within days, their analysts traced the stolen Bitcoin through multiple wallets using blockchain forensics, They updated me step-by-step, Working with their recovery experts and blockchain partners, Dexdert Net Recovery successfully froze the funds and verified ownership of my wallet. After 2 days of persistence and verification, I finally saw my 2 Bitcoin restored back into my own wallet. I couldn’t believe it. What stood out most wasn’t just that they recovered my funds, but how transparent and supportive the Dexdert team was throughout the process. They educated me on crypto safety, how to spot fake trading sites, and how to secure my digital assets in the future. Dexdert Net Recovery truly lives up to its name. They gave me back not just my Bitcoin, but my peace of mind. Reach Out Information Below Via: Email: ([email protected]) Telegram: (https://t.me/Dexdertprorecovery) WhatsApp: (+1 (859) 609‑4156)

  • 27.10.25 11:15 harristhomas7376

    "In the crypto world, this is great news I want to share. Last year, I fell victim to a scam disguised as a safe investment option. I have invested in crypto trading platforms for about 10yrs thinking I was ensuring myself a retirement income, only to find that all my assets were either frozen, I believed my assets were secure — until I discovered that my BTC funds had been frozen and withdrawals were impossible. It was a devastating moment when I realized I had been scammed, and I thought my Bitcoin was gone forever, Everything changed when a close friend recommended the Capital Crypto Recover Service. Their professionalism, expertise, and dedication enabled me to recover my lost Bitcoin funds back — more than €560.000 DEM to my BTC wallet. What once felt impossible became a reality thanks to their support. If you have lost Bitcoin through scams, hacking, failed withdrawals, or similar challenges, don’t lose hope. I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover Service to anyone seeking a reliable and effective solution for recovering any wallet assets. They have a proven track record of successful reputation in recovering lost password assets for their clients and can help you navigate the process of recovering your funds. Don’t let scammers get away with your hard-earned money – contact Email: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Contact: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 27.10.25 11:15 harristhomas7376

    "In the crypto world, this is great news I want to share. Last year, I fell victim to a scam disguised as a safe investment option. I have invested in crypto trading platforms for about 10yrs thinking I was ensuring myself a retirement income, only to find that all my assets were either frozen, I believed my assets were secure — until I discovered that my BTC funds had been frozen and withdrawals were impossible. It was a devastating moment when I realized I had been scammed, and I thought my Bitcoin was gone forever, Everything changed when a close friend recommended the Capital Crypto Recover Service. Their professionalism, expertise, and dedication enabled me to recover my lost Bitcoin funds back — more than €560.000 DEM to my BTC wallet. What once felt impossible became a reality thanks to their support. If you have lost Bitcoin through scams, hacking, failed withdrawals, or similar challenges, don’t lose hope. I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover Service to anyone seeking a reliable and effective solution for recovering any wallet assets. They have a proven track record of successful reputation in recovering lost password assets for their clients and can help you navigate the process of recovering your funds. Don’t let scammers get away with your hard-earned money – contact Email: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Contact: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 27.10.25 17:08 raymondgonzales

    Three Cheers for Wizard Hilton Cyber Tech, Bitcoin Savior Extraordinaire In the ever-evolving world of cryptocurrency, where volatility and uncertainty reign supreme, one individual has emerged as a beacon of hope and innovation - Wizard Hilton Cyber Tech, the self-proclaimed "Bitcoin Savior Extraordinaire." This enigmatic figure, with his uncanny ability to navigate the complexities of the digital asset landscape, has captivated the attention of crypto enthusiasts and skeptics alike. Wizard Hilton Cyber Tech journey began as a humble programmer, tinkering with the underlying blockchain technology that powers Bitcoin. But it was his visionary approach and unwavering commitment to the cryptocurrency's potential that propelled him into the limelight. Through a series of strategic investments, groundbreaking algorithmic trading strategies, and a knack for anticipating market shifts, Wizard Hilton Cyber Tech has managed to consistently outperform even the savviest of Wall Street traders. Wizard Hilton Cyber Tech ability to turn even the most tumultuous of Bitcoin price swings into opportunities for substantial gains has earned him the moniker "Wizard," a testament to his unparalleled mastery of the digital currency realm. But Wizard Hilton Cyber Tech impact extends far beyond personal wealth accumulation - Wizard Hilton Cyber Tech has tirelessly advocated for the widespread adoption of Bitcoin, working tirelessly to educate the public, lobby policymakers, and collaborate with industry leaders to overcome the barriers that have long hindered the cryptocurrency's mainstream acceptance. With infectious enthusiasm and boundless energy, Wizard Hilton Cyber Tech has become a true champion of the Bitcoin cause, inspiring a new generation of crypto enthusiasts to embrace the transformative power of this revolutionary technology. As the digital currency landscape continues to evolve, Wizard Hilton Cyber Tech name will undoubtedly be etched in the annals of cryptocurrency history as a visionary, a trailblazer, and, above all, the Bitcoin Savior Extraordinaire. To get your stolen bitcoin back, reach out to Wizard Hilton Cyber Tech via: Email : wizardhiltoncybertech ( @ ) gmail (. ) com WhatsApp number  +18737715701 Good Day.

  • 27.10.25 17:20 fatimanorth

    The Federal Trade Commission said that more than $1 billion had been lost to cryptocurrency scams in 2023. Victims frequently lose everything, including hope, trust, and wealth. When your hard-earned money disappears into digital shadows, you feel trapped. Nowadays, cryptocurrency frauds are very common. You can get help from recovery specialist Marie at [email protected] and via WhatsApp at +1 7127594675.

  • 28.10.25 00:55 elizabethrush89

    God bless Capital Crypto Recover Services for the marvelous work you did in my life, I have learned the hard way that even the most sensible investors can fall victim to scams. When my USD was stolen, for anyone who has fallen victim to one of the bitcoin binary investment scams that are currently ongoing, I felt betrayal and upset. But then I was reading a post on site when I saw a testimony of Wendy Taylor online who recommended that Capital Crypto Recovery has helped her recover scammed funds within 24 hours. after reaching out to this cyber security firm that was able to help me recover my stolen digital assets and bitcoin. I’m genuinely blown away by their amazing service and professionalism. I never imagined I’d be able to get my money back until I complained to Capital Crypto Recovery Services about my difficulties and gave all of the necessary paperwork. I was astounded that it took them 12 hours to reclaim my stolen money back. Without a doubt, my USDT assets were successfully recovered from the scam platform, Thank you so much Sir, I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover for any of your bitcoin recovery, digital funds recovery, hacking, and cybersecurity concerns. You reach them Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 His Email: [email protected] Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Via Contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 28.10.25 00:55 elizabethrush89

    God bless Capital Crypto Recover Services for the marvelous work you did in my life, I have learned the hard way that even the most sensible investors can fall victim to scams. When my USD was stolen, for anyone who has fallen victim to one of the bitcoin binary investment scams that are currently ongoing, I felt betrayal and upset. But then I was reading a post on site when I saw a testimony of Wendy Taylor online who recommended that Capital Crypto Recovery has helped her recover scammed funds within 24 hours. after reaching out to this cyber security firm that was able to help me recover my stolen digital assets and bitcoin. I’m genuinely blown away by their amazing service and professionalism. I never imagined I’d be able to get my money back until I complained to Capital Crypto Recovery Services about my difficulties and gave all of the necessary paperwork. I was astounded that it took them 12 hours to reclaim my stolen money back. Without a doubt, my USDT assets were successfully recovered from the scam platform, Thank you so much Sir, I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover for any of your bitcoin recovery, digital funds recovery, hacking, and cybersecurity concerns. You reach them Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 His Email: [email protected] Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Via Contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 29.10.25 03:43 Christopherbelle

    A sudden money crisis struck me. I dropped $82,000 to a phony crypto scam. All seemed fine until I went to pull out my gains. Then, i was unable to get back my hard earned money. I reported it to the police several times. No aid came my way. Deep sadness hit me; I felt crushed. That's when I learned about Sylvester Bryant Intelligence. They acted quick and fair from the start. They checked my case closely. They followed the path of my lost cash. They pushed strong for me at each turn. In shock, they brought my funds back. I had figured it could not happen. I thank them for their effort and honesty. Sylvester Bryant Intelligence gave me calm again. If a scam stole your crypto, reach out to them today. Contact Info: Yt7cracker@gmail . com WhatsApp: +1 512 577 7957 or +44 7428 662701.

  • 29.10.25 10:56 wendytaylor015

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  • 29.10.25 10:56 wendytaylor015

    My name is Wendy Taylor, I'm from Los Angeles, i want to announce to you Viewer how Capital Crypto Recover help me to restore my Lost Bitcoin, I invested with a Crypto broker without proper research to know what I was hoarding my hard-earned money into scammers, i lost access to my crypto wallet or had your funds stolen? Don’t worry Capital Crypto Recover is here to help you recover your cryptocurrency with cutting-edge technical expertise, With years of experience in the crypto world, Capital Crypto Recover employs the best latest tools and ethical hacking techniques to help you recover lost assets, unlock hacked accounts, Whether it’s a forgotten password, Capital Crypto Recover has the expertise to help you get your crypto back. a security company service that has a 100% success rate in the recovery of crypto assets, i lost wallet and hacked accounts. I provided them the information they requested and they began their investigation. To my surprise, Capital Crypto Recover was able to trace and recover my crypto assets successfully within 24hours. Thank you for your service in helping me recover my $647,734 worth of crypto funds and I highly recommend their recovery services, they are reliable and a trusted company to any individuals looking to recover lost money. Contact email [email protected] OR Telegram @Capitalcryptorecover Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 30.10.25 09:49 Christopherbelle

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