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Кремниевые танки: Ричард Столлман — отец копилефта

В конце 1970-х сообщество программистов столкнулось с неожиданной угрозой, когда корпорации начали зарабатывать на софте, прежде распространявшемся бесплатно. Многие талантливые инженеры в итоге сдались в неравной борьбе между энтузиастами и техгигантами, но только не хакер Ричард Столлман.

О том, как ему удалось произвести революцию в деле освобождения ПО, читайте в новом материале из цикла «Кремниевые танки», в котором ForkLog вспоминает самых влиятельных визионеров в истории IT.

Ричард Мэттью Столлман, получивший в раннем хакерском сообществе известность под ником RMS, родился 16 марта 1953 года в Нью-Йорке. В 1974 году окончил Гарвардский университет и поступил в аспирантуру Массачусетского технологического института (MIT). Вскоре он бросил учебу, но сохранил за собой место программиста в Лаборатории информатики и искусственного интеллекта при MIT, где работал с 1971 года.

В те же годы Столлман вошел в сообщество, участники которого активно делились опытом и софтом, необходимыми для создания нового ПО. Свободный обмен информацией осложнился с наступлением эпохи коммерческого программного обеспечения.

В начале 1980-х Digital Equipment Corporation прекратила поставки оборудования для машин PDP-10, которые использовала команда лаборатории. А в 1981 году почти все коллеги Столлмана ушли в компанию Symbolics.

Компьютеры того времени обладали собственными операционными системами, но ни одна из них не была «свободной». В новых компаниях сотрудников перед получением копии исполняемых файлов заставляли подписывать договор о неразглашении. Участие в хакерском сообществе было запрещено.

Последней каплей для Столлмана стал неисправный принтер, которым он пользовался в лаборатории. Когда программист запросил исходный код ПО машины, чтобы его проапгрейдить, ему отказали.

Этот вроде бы незначительный инцидент навел RMS на мысль о создании совершенно новой парадигмы обмена информацией. 27 сентября 1983 года Столлман объявил о начале разработки Unix-подобной и абсолютно свободной операционной системы GNU. В январе 1984 он уволился из MIT и целиком посвятил себя амбициозному проекту.

Название проекта выбрано в соответствии с хакерской традицией — как рекурсивная аббревиатура от «GNU’s Not Unix». Этот шаг был необходим, чтобы избежать возможных претензий по поводу авторства.

В 1985 году для поддержки GNU и движения за свободное ПО Столлман основал Фонд свободного программного обеспечения (Free Software Foundation, FSF). В том же году вышел текстовый редактор GNU Emacs, отображавший изменения в реальном времени, что на тот момент было техническим прорывом. В основу софта легла коммерческая программа Gosling Emacs, код которой Столлман избавил от проприетарного следа.

Контроль над измененными версиями не был полностью свободным. Столлман обратился за консультациями к юристам в области интеллектуальной собственности Марку Фишеру и Джерри Коэну. Они помогли найти лазейку, позволившую заменить в документах название Emacs на «программное обеспечение» и использовать авторское право в качестве основы для лицензии нового типа.

Софт пользовался спросом и распространялся почтой на физических носителях по цене $150. Так GNU Emacs стала первой программой, получившей копилефт-лицензию GNU GPL.

Следующей важной вехой стала разработка компилятора GNU C (GCC) в 1987 году. GCC был не только бесплатным, но и превосходил по производительности многие аналоги того времени, что обеспечило его быстрое внедрение.

К 1990 году система GNU была почти завершена, единственным серьезным недостающим компонентом оставалось ядро. Эта проблема до конца не решена по сей день. Когда в 1991 году Линус Торвальдс представил Linux, команда GNU перешла на операционную систему финского разработчика.

«Мы называем эту версию системы „GNU/Linux“, чтобы показать, что она составлена из системы GNU с Linux в качестве ядра. Не приобретайте, пожалуйста, привычку называть всю систему Linux, потому что это значит приписывать нашу работу кому-то другому. Упоминайте, пожалуйста, равным образом и нас», — просят в FSF.

Копилефт — это концепция, позволяющая сделать программу или произведение искусства свободными. Его соблюдение требует, чтобы все измененные и расширенные версии также оставались свободными.

В оригинальном описании лицензий серии GNU говорится, что под словом «свобода» подразумевается не обесценивание продукта, а его открытая передача по всей цепочке пользователей. Продажа копий софта не противоречит концепции Столлмана, а, напротив, помогает проекту существовать и развиваться.

«[Копилефт] опирается на закон об авторском праве, но переворачивает его, превращая в противоположность обычной цели: вместо средства ограничения программы он становится средством сохранения ее свободы», — описывал RMS цели копилефта.

Также Столлман определил четыре ключевых показателя свободы софта:

Однако отказ от авторских прав как самый простой способ отнесения творчества к общественному достоянию не решает проблему собственничества посредника. Любой участник может присвоить и коммерциализировать продукт, внеся минимальные изменения.

«Наша цель — дать всем пользователям свободу распространять и изменять ПО GNU. Если бы посредники могли лишать программы этой свободы, наш код мог бы „иметь много пользователей“, но он не давал бы им свободы. Поэтому вместо того, чтобы передавать софт в общественное достояние, мы применяем копилефт», — говорится в описании GNU.

В 1998 году часть сообщества GNU откололась и прекратила пользоваться термином «свободная программа». Вместо этого разработчики стали употреблять словосочетание «программа с открытым исходным кодом». Открытый исходный код дает полные права на использование продукта, его изменения и распространение.

В эссе 2007 года Ричард Столлман так прокомментировал раскол:

«Некоторые из тех, кто поддерживал термин „открытое программное обеспечение“, стремились избежать путаницы между словами „свободный“ и „бесплатный“ — это была вполне разумная цель. Однако другие, казалось, хотели отодвинуть в сторону этические и социальные ценности, подразумеваемые выражением „свободное программное обеспечение“, и вместо этого обратиться к руководителям и деловым пользователям, многие из которых придерживаются идеологии, ставящей прибыль выше свободы, выше сообщества, выше принципов».

В настоящее время к копилефту относят следующие основные формы лицензий:

В 1990-х Столлман практически перестал создавать код и сосредоточился на продвижении идеи копилефта. В 2021 году он вернулся в совет директоров FSF, который двумя годами ранее покинул на фоне скандала, связанного с его публичными заявлениями, которые часть сообщества сочла оскорбительными. В 2023 году на конференции в честь 40-летия GNU основатель проекта сообщил о том, что у него диагностирован рак крови.

Сейчас под лицензией GNU GPL распространяются многие популярные проекты. Среди них: WordPress, phpBB, MediaWiki, GNU Mailman, Audacity, MPlayer, GPL Ghostscript, GIMP, Inkscape, игры Battle for Wesnoth, OpenRA, Freeciv. А в июле 2025 года к переходу на копилефт призвал криптосообщество основатель Ethereum Виталик Бутерин.

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    A crook swiped my Dogecoin. It ruined my whole world. Then Mr. Sylvester showed up. He fixed it all. He pulled back €211,000 for me. Not one cent missing from my profits. His steady cool and sharp tech know-how won back my trust. I got my money smooth and sound. After endless worry, relief hit me hard. I trusted him completely. Lost cash to a scam? Hit him up now at { yt7cracker@gmail . com }. His aid turned my life around. WhatsApp at +1 512 577 7957.

  • 12.10.25 21:36 blessing

    Writing this review is a joy. Marie has provided excellent service ever since I started working with her in early 2018. I was worried I wouldn't be able to get my coins back after they were stolen by hackers. I had no idea where to begin, therefore it was a nightmare for me. However, things became easier for me after my friend sent me to [email protected] and +1 7127594675 on WhatsApp. I'm happy that she was able to retrieve my bitcoin so that I could resume trading.

  • 13.10.25 01:11 elizabethrush89

    God bless Capital Crypto Recover Services for the marvelous work you did in my life, I have learned the hard way that even the most sensible investors can fall victim to scams. When my USD was stolen, for anyone who has fallen victim to one of the bitcoin binary investment scams that are currently ongoing, I felt betrayal and upset. But then I was reading a post on site when I saw a testimony of Wendy Taylor online who recommended that Capital Crypto Recovery has helped her recover scammed funds within 24 hours. after reaching out to this cyber security firm that was able to help me recover my stolen digital assets and bitcoin. I’m genuinely blown away by their amazing service and professionalism. I never imagined I’d be able to get my money back until I complained to Capital Crypto Recovery Services about my difficulties and gave all of the necessary paperwork. I was astounded that it took them 12 hours to reclaim my stolen money back. Without a doubt, my USDT assets were successfully recovered from the scam platform, Thank you so much Sir, I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover for any of your bitcoin recovery, digital funds recovery, hacking, and cybersecurity concerns. You reach them Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 His Email: [email protected] Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Via Contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 13.10.25 01:11 elizabethrush89

    God bless Capital Crypto Recover Services for the marvelous work you did in my life, I have learned the hard way that even the most sensible investors can fall victim to scams. When my USD was stolen, for anyone who has fallen victim to one of the bitcoin binary investment scams that are currently ongoing, I felt betrayal and upset. But then I was reading a post on site when I saw a testimony of Wendy Taylor online who recommended that Capital Crypto Recovery has helped her recover scammed funds within 24 hours. after reaching out to this cyber security firm that was able to help me recover my stolen digital assets and bitcoin. I’m genuinely blown away by their amazing service and professionalism. I never imagined I’d be able to get my money back until I complained to Capital Crypto Recovery Services about my difficulties and gave all of the necessary paperwork. I was astounded that it took them 12 hours to reclaim my stolen money back. Without a doubt, my USDT assets were successfully recovered from the scam platform, Thank you so much Sir, I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover for any of your bitcoin recovery, digital funds recovery, hacking, and cybersecurity concerns. You reach them Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 His Email: [email protected] Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Via Contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 14.10.25 01:15 tyleradams

    Hi. Please be wise, do not make the same mistake I had made in the past, I was a victim of bitcoin scam, I saw a glamorous review showering praises and marketing an investment firm, I reached out to them on what their contracts are, and I invested $28,000, which I was promised to get my first 15% profit in weeks, when it’s time to get my profits, I got to know the company was bogus, they kept asking me to invest more and I ran out of patience then requested to have my money back, they refused to answer nor refund my funds, not until a friend of mine introduced me to the NVIDIA TECH HACKERS, so I reached out and after tabling my complaints, they were swift to action and within 36 hours I got back my funds with the due profit. I couldn’t contain the joy in me. I urge you guys to reach out to NVIDIA TECH HACKERS on their email: [email protected]

  • 14.10.25 08:46 robertalfred175

    CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: 📧 Email: [email protected] 📱 Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] 📞 Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 🌐 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 14.10.25 08:46 robertalfred175

    CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: 📧 Email: [email protected] 📱 Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] 📞 Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 🌐 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 14.10.25 08:46 robertalfred175

    CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: 📧 Email: [email protected] 📱 Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] 📞 Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 🌐 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 15.10.25 18:07 crypto

    Cryptocurrency's digital realm presents many opportunities, but it also conceals complex frauds. It is quite painful to lose your cryptocurrency to scam. You can feel harassed and lost as a result. If you have been the victim of a cryptocurrency scam, this guide explains what to do ASAP. Following these procedures will help you avoid further issues or get your money back. Communication with Marie ([email protected] and WhatsApp: +1 7127594675) can make all the difference.

  • 15.10.25 21:52 harristhomas7376

    "In the crypto world, this is great news I want to share. Last year, I fell victim to a scam disguised as a safe investment option. I have invested in crypto trading platforms for about 10yrs thinking I was ensuring myself a retirement income, only to find that all my assets were either frozen, I believed my assets were secure — until I discovered that my BTC funds had been frozen and withdrawals were impossible. It was a devastating moment when I realized I had been scammed, and I thought my Bitcoin was gone forever, Everything changed when a close friend recommended the Capital Crypto Recover Service. Their professionalism, expertise, and dedication enabled me to recover my lost Bitcoin funds back — more than €560.000 DEM to my BTC wallet. What once felt impossible became a reality thanks to their support. If you have lost Bitcoin through scams, hacking, failed withdrawals, or similar challenges, don’t lose hope. I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover Service to anyone seeking a reliable and effective solution for recovering any wallet assets. They have a proven track record of successful reputation in recovering lost password assets for their clients and can help you navigate the process of recovering your funds. Don’t let scammers get away with your hard-earned money – contact Email: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Contact: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 15.10.25 21:52 harristhomas7376

    "In the crypto world, this is great news I want to share. Last year, I fell victim to a scam disguised as a safe investment option. I have invested in crypto trading platforms for about 10yrs thinking I was ensuring myself a retirement income, only to find that all my assets were either frozen, I believed my assets were secure — until I discovered that my BTC funds had been frozen and withdrawals were impossible. It was a devastating moment when I realized I had been scammed, and I thought my Bitcoin was gone forever, Everything changed when a close friend recommended the Capital Crypto Recover Service. Their professionalism, expertise, and dedication enabled me to recover my lost Bitcoin funds back — more than €560.000 DEM to my BTC wallet. What once felt impossible became a reality thanks to their support. If you have lost Bitcoin through scams, hacking, failed withdrawals, or similar challenges, don’t lose hope. I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover Service to anyone seeking a reliable and effective solution for recovering any wallet assets. They have a proven track record of successful reputation in recovering lost password assets for their clients and can help you navigate the process of recovering your funds. Don’t let scammers get away with your hard-earned money – contact Email: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Contact: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 17.10.25 20:17 tyleradams

    As time passes, there are an increasing number of frauds involving Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies. Although there are many individuals who advertise recovering money online, people should use caution in dealing, especially when money is involved. You can trust NVIDIA TECH HACKERS [[email protected]], I promise. They are the top internet recovery company, and as their names indicate, your money is reclaimed as soon as feasible. My bitcoin was successfully retrieved in large part thanks to NVIDIA TECH HACKERS. Ensure that you get top-notch service; NVIDIA TECH HACKERS provides evidence of its work; and payment is only made when the service has been completed to your satisfaction. Reach them via email: [email protected] on google mail

  • 17.10.25 20:20 lindseyvonn

    Have you gotten yourself involved in a cryptocurrency scam or any scam at all? If yes, know that you are not alone, there are a lot of people in this same situation. I'm a Health Worker and was a victim of a cryptocurrency scam that cost me a lot of money. This happened a few weeks ago, there’s only one solution which is to talk to the right people, if you don’t do this you will end up being really depressed. I was really devastated until went on LinkedIn one evening after my work hours and i saw lots of reviews popped up on my feed about [email protected], I sent an email to the team who came highly recommended - [email protected] I started seeing some hope for myself from the moment I sent them an email. The good part is they made the entire process stress free for me, i literally sat and waited for them to finish and I received what I lost in my wallet

  • 17.10.25 20:22 richardcharles

    I would recommend NVIDIA TECH HACKERS to anyone that needs this service. I decided to get into crypto investment and I ended up getting my crypto lost to an investor late last year. The guy who was supposed to be managing my account turned out to be a scammer all along. I invested 56,000 USD and at first, my reading and profit margins were looking good. I started getting worried when I couldn’t make withdrawals and realized that I’ve been scammed. I came across some of the testimonials that people said about NVIDIA TECH HACKERS and how helpful he has been in recovering their funds. I immediately contacted him in his mail at [email protected] so I can get his assistance. One week into the recovery process the funds were traced and recovered back from the scammer. I can't appreciate him enough for his professionalism.

  • 17.10.25 20:23 stevekalfman

    If you need a hacker for scam crypto recovery or mobile spy access remotely kindly reach out to [email protected] for quick response, I hired this hacker and he did a nice job. before NVIDIA TECH HACKERS, I met with different hacker's online which turns out to be scam, this NVIDIA TECH HACKERS case was different and he is the trusted hacker I can vote and refer.

  • 17.10.25 21:42 marcushenderson624

    Bitcoin Recovery Testimonial After falling victim to a cryptocurrency scam group, I lost $354,000 worth of USDT. I thought all hope was lost from the experience of losing my hard-earned money to scammers. I was devastated and believed there was no way to recover my funds. Fortunately, I started searching for help to recover my stolen funds and I came across a lot of testimonials online about Capital Crypto Recovery, an agent who helps in recovery of lost bitcoin funds, I contacted Capital Crypto Recover Service, and with their expertise, they successfully traced and recovered my stolen assets. Their team was professional, kept me updated throughout the process, and demonstrated a deep understanding of blockchain transactions and recovery protocols. They are trusted and very reliable with a 100% successful rate record Recovery bitcoin, I’m grateful for their help and highly recommend their services to anyone seeking assistance with lost crypto. Contact: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Email: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 17.10.25 21:42 marcushenderson624

    Bitcoin Recovery Testimonial After falling victim to a cryptocurrency scam group, I lost $354,000 worth of USDT. I thought all hope was lost from the experience of losing my hard-earned money to scammers. I was devastated and believed there was no way to recover my funds. Fortunately, I started searching for help to recover my stolen funds and I came across a lot of testimonials online about Capital Crypto Recovery, an agent who helps in recovery of lost bitcoin funds, I contacted Capital Crypto Recover Service, and with their expertise, they successfully traced and recovered my stolen assets. Their team was professional, kept me updated throughout the process, and demonstrated a deep understanding of blockchain transactions and recovery protocols. They are trusted and very reliable with a 100% successful rate record Recovery bitcoin, I’m grateful for their help and highly recommend their services to anyone seeking assistance with lost crypto. Contact: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Email: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 17.10.25 21:42 marcushenderson624

    Bitcoin Recovery Testimonial After falling victim to a cryptocurrency scam group, I lost $354,000 worth of USDT. I thought all hope was lost from the experience of losing my hard-earned money to scammers. I was devastated and believed there was no way to recover my funds. Fortunately, I started searching for help to recover my stolen funds and I came across a lot of testimonials online about Capital Crypto Recovery, an agent who helps in recovery of lost bitcoin funds, I contacted Capital Crypto Recover Service, and with their expertise, they successfully traced and recovered my stolen assets. Their team was professional, kept me updated throughout the process, and demonstrated a deep understanding of blockchain transactions and recovery protocols. They are trusted and very reliable with a 100% successful rate record Recovery bitcoin, I’m grateful for their help and highly recommend their services to anyone seeking assistance with lost crypto. Contact: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Email: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

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