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Н Новости

Фундаментальные вопросы по ML/DL, часть 1: Вопрос → Краткий ответ → Разбор → Пример кода. Линейки. Байес. Регуляризация

У каждого наступает момент, когда нужно быстро освежить в памяти огромный пласт информации по всему ML. Причины разные - подготовка к собеседованию, начало преподавания или просто найти вдохновение.

Времени мало, объема много, цели амбициозные - нужно научиться легко и быстро объяснять, но так же не лишая полноты!

Обращу внимание, самый действенный способ разобраться и запомнить - это своими руками поисследовать задачу! Это самое важное, оно происходит в секции с кодом.

Будет здорово получить ваши задачи и в следующих выпусках разобрать!

sg80wc891lrdbsliixpdgygh7nc.png

Я считаю самый полный и простой способ заполнить все пробелы - это взять хороший экзамен и ответить на все вопросы - понятно и быстро. А что запомнилось решить задачку. Приступим!

Сначала попробуйте сами быстро ответить, а потом после просмотра! Стало быстрее-понятнее объяснять?

Для более полного погружения в конце приложу важные ресурсы. Делитесь своими!

📚 Глава 1: Модели, метрики и формула Байеса

0. Задача обучения с учителем. Регрессия, Классификация

📌 Краткий ответ
  • Обучение с учителем — это постановка задачи, при которой каждый объект обучающей выборки снабжён целевым значением y, и модель обучается приближать отображение f(x) \approx y.

  • Регрессия: если y \in \mathbb{R} (например, цена, температура).

  • Классификация: если y \in \{1, \dots, K\}, то есть класс или категория (например, диагноз, категория изображения).

🔬 Подробный разбор

Общая постановка задачи

В обучении с учителем задана обучающая выборка из пар

(x_i, y_i), \quad i = 1, \dots, n,

где x_i \in \mathbb{R}^d — вектор признаков, y_i — целевая переменная. Требуется построить алгоритм f(x), минимизирующий ошибку предсказания.


Регрессия

Если y_i \in \mathbb{R} или \mathbb{R}^k, задача называется регрессией.
Модель должна предсказывать численное значение. Типичные функции потерь:

  • Mean Squared Error (MSE)

  • Mean Absolute Error (MAE)

Примеры:

  • Прогнозирование цены недвижимости

  • Оценка спроса на товар


Классификация

Если y_i \in \{1, \dots, K\} — задача классификации.
В простейшем случае — бинарная классификация (например, "да/нет").
При

K > 2многоклассовая. Также существует multi-label классификация, когда одному объекту соответствуют несколько меток.

Модель выдает либо вероятности по классам (soft), либо сразу метку (hard). Часто оптимизируют logloss или используют surrogate-функции.

Примеры:

  • Распознавание рукописных цифр (0–9)

  • Классификация e-mail как "спам / не спам"

💻 Отрисовываем предсказания линейной и логистической регресии

Заглянем чуть дальше и покажем, пример решения задачи регресии (линейной регрессией) и классификации (логистической регрессией)

from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression, LogisticRegression
from sklearn.datasets import make_regression, make_classification

# --- Регрессия ---
X_reg, y_reg = make_regression(n_samples=100, n_features=2, noise=0.1, random_state=43) # [100, 2], [100]
reg = LinearRegression().fit(X_reg, y_reg)

# --- Классификация ---
X_clf, y_clf = make_classification(n_samples=100, n_features=2, n_classes=2, n_redundant=0, random_state=43) # [100, 2], [100]
clf = LogisticRegression().fit(X_clf, y_clf)


# --- Отрисовка ---
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

# Создаем фигуру с двумя подграфиками
fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(15, 5))

# --- Регрессия ---
# Создаем сетку точек для линии регрессии
x_grid = np.linspace(X_reg[:, 0].min(), X_reg[:, 0].max(), 100).reshape(-1, 1)
# Добавляем второй признак (среднее значение) # отрисовать только 1 признак можем => по второму усредним! 
# так делать очень плохо! но для игрушечного примера - ок!
x_grid_full = np.column_stack([x_grid, np.full_like(x_grid, X_reg[:, 1].mean())])
y_pred = reg.predict(x_grid_full)

# Визуализация регрессии
ax1.scatter(X_reg[:, 0], y_reg, alpha=0.5, label='Данные')
ax1.plot(x_grid, y_pred, 'r-', label='Линия регрессии')
ax1.set_title('Регрессия')
ax1.set_xlabel('Признак 1')
ax1.set_ylabel('Целевая переменная')
ax1.legend()

# --- Классификация ---
# Создаем сетку точек для границы принятия решений
x_min, x_max = X_clf[:, 0].min() - 0.5, X_clf[:, 0].max() + 0.5
y_min, y_max = X_clf[:, 1].min() - 0.5, X_clf[:, 1].max() + 0.5
xx, yy = np.meshgrid(np.arange(x_min, x_max, 0.02),
                     np.arange(y_min, y_max, 0.02))

# Предсказываем классы для всех точек сетки
Z = clf.predict(np.c_[xx.ravel(), yy.ravel()])
Z = Z.reshape(xx.shape)

# Визуализация классификации
ax2.contourf(xx, yy, Z, alpha=0.3, cmap='viridis')
ax2.contour(xx, yy, Z, [0.5], colors='red', linewidths=2)

scatter = ax2.scatter(X_clf[:, 0], X_clf[:, 1], c=y_clf, cmap='viridis', alpha=0.5)
ax2.set_title('Классификация')
ax2.set_xlabel('Признак 1')
ax2.set_ylabel('Признак 2')
ax2.legend(*scatter.legend_elements(), title="Классы")

plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()
l-rkjbjdhmpgbg8mqw51vn4_zx4.png

1. Метрики классификации: accuracy, balanced accuracy, precision, recall, f1-score, ROC-AUC, расширения для многоклассовой классификации

📌 Краткий ответ

Для задачи бинарной классификации (y \in {0, 1}) можно построить матрицу ошибок и по ним посчитать метрики:

ymoplahkjrjy9zbbnqh74avxkgo.png

Метрика

Формула

Смысл

Accuracy

Accuracy = (TP + TN) / (TP + TN + FP + FN)

Общая доля правильных предсказаний

Balanced Accuracy

0.5 * (TPR + TNR) = 0.5 * (TP / (TP + FN) + TN / (TN + FP))

Усреднённая точность по классам при дисбалансе

Precision

TP / (TP + FP)

Доля верных положительных предсказаний

Recall

TP / (TP + FN)

Доля найденных положительных среди всех реальных

F1(b)-score

2 * P * R / (P + R) = 2 / (1/P + 1/R) = [b=1] = (b^2 + 1) / (b^2 r^-1 + r^-1)

Баланс между precision и recall

AUC

Доля правильно упорядоченных пар среди (Negative, Positive)

Площадь под ROC-кривой (TPR (y) vs FPR (x) при разных порогах)

-pthtx5b7dqdq1kfnbxab0fmymi.png

Легче запомнить, как TPR = recall позитивного класса, а FPR = 1 - recall негативного класса !

Как по мне самое простое и полезное переформулировка - это доля правильно упорядоченных пар среди (Negative, Positive)

ld5ju-0yxdvvddim7twzbpr-nis.png
  • Самый плохой случай - AUC=0.5 иначе можно реверснуть!

  • Лучшая метрика AUC=1


Для многоклассовой классификации - считаем для каждого класса one-vs-rest матрицу ошибок. Далее либо микро-усредняем (суммируем компоненты и считаем метрку) или макро-усреднение (по классам считаем и усредняем)

🔬 Подробный разбор

Очень подробно расписано здесь!

Обратите внимание так же на:

  • Recall@k, Precision@k

  • Average Precision

В следующих статьях будем отвечать на вопросы из практике - там и разгуляемся (иначе можно закапаться)!

💻 Визуализируем AUC ROC

from sklearn.datasets import make_classification
from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
from sklearn.dummy import DummyClassifier
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.metrics import roc_curve, roc_auc_score
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# --- 1. Синтетические, "грязные" данные ---
X, y = make_classification(
    n_samples=1000,
    n_features=20,
    n_informative=5,
    n_redundant=4,
    n_classes=2,
    weights=[0.75, 0.25],  # дисбаланс классов
    flip_y=0.1,            # 10% меток шумные
    class_sep=0.8,         # классы частично пересекаются
    random_state=42
)

# --- 2. Деление на train/test ---
X_tr, X_te, y_tr, y_te = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.3, random_state=42)

# --- 3. Логистическая регрессия ---
model = LogisticRegression(max_iter=1000).fit(X_tr, y_tr)
y_prob = model.predict_proba(X_te)[:, 1]
fpr_model, tpr_model, _ = roc_curve(y_te, y_prob)
auc_model = roc_auc_score(y_te, y_prob)

# --- 4. Dummy-классификатор (стратегия stratified) ---
dummy = DummyClassifier(strategy='stratified', random_state=42).fit(X_tr, y_tr)
y_dummy_prob = dummy.predict_proba(X_te)[:, 1]
fpr_dummy, tpr_dummy, _ = roc_curve(y_te, y_dummy_prob)
auc_dummy = roc_auc_score(y_te, y_dummy_prob)

# --- 5. Визуализация ROC-кривых ---
plt.figure(figsize=(8, 6))
plt.plot(fpr_model, tpr_model, label=f"Logistic Regression (AUC = {auc_model:.2f})")
plt.plot(fpr_dummy, tpr_dummy, linestyle='--', label=f"Dummy Stratified (AUC = {auc_dummy:.2f})")
plt.plot([0, 1], [0, 1], 'k:', label="Random Guess (AUC = 0.50)")

plt.xlabel("False Positive Rate (FPR)")
plt.ylabel("True Positive Rate (TPR)")
plt.title("ROC-кривая: логистическая регрессия vs случайный классификатор")
plt.legend()
plt.grid(True)
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()
x2mzfblet_xeei8fize344lki4w.png

2. Метрики регрессии: MSE, MAE, R²

📌 Краткий ответ

Метрика

Формула

Смысл

MSE

mean((y_true - y_pred) ** 2)

Среднеквадратичная ошибка. Наказывает большие ошибки сильнее.

MAE

mean(abs(y_true - y_pred))

Средняя абсолютная ошибка. Интерпретируется в исходных единицах.

R² score

1 - MSE_model / MSE_const

На сколько лучше константного предсказания(=среднее при минимизации MSE) . От 0 до 1 (может быть < 0 при плохой модели).

odabtfuydodxhboo2geeg3lb5nw.png
🔬 Подробный разбор

MSE (Mean Squared Error)
Наиболее распространённая функция потерь. Ошибки возводятся в квадрат, что делает метрику чувствительной к выбросам.
MSE = mean((y - ŷ) ** 2)

MAE (Mean Absolute Error)
Абсолютное отклонение между предсказаниями и истиной. Менее чувствительна к выбросам(=робастнее), хорошо интерпретируется (в тех же единицах, что и целевая переменная).
MAE = mean(|y - ŷ|)

Huber Loss — гибрид между MSE и MAE: локально квадратичный штраф, дальше линейный.

R² (коэффициент детерминации)
Показывает, какую часть дисперсии целевой переменной объясняет модель.
R² = 1 - (MSE_model / MSE_const)
Где MSE_const — ошибка наивной модели, предсказывающей среднее.

💻 Сравниваем функции ошибок
from sklearn.metrics import mean_squared_error, mean_absolute_error, r2_score
from sklearn.datasets import make_regression
from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression, HuberRegressor
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split

# Данные
X, y = make_regression(n_samples=500, noise=15, random_state=42)
X_tr, X_te, y_tr, y_te = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.3, random_state=42)

# --- Линейная регрессия ---
model_lr = LinearRegression().fit(X_tr, y_tr)
y_pred_lr = model_lr.predict(X_te)

print("=== Linear Regression ===")
print("MSE:", mean_squared_error(y_te, y_pred_lr))
print("MAE:", mean_absolute_error(y_te, y_pred_lr))
print("R²:", r2_score(y_te, y_pred_lr))

# --- Huber-регрессия ---
model_huber = HuberRegressor().fit(X_tr, y_tr)
y_pred_huber = model_huber.predict(X_te)

print("\n=== Huber Regressor ===")
print("MSE:", mean_squared_error(y_te, y_pred_huber))
print("MAE:", mean_absolute_error(y_te, y_pred_huber))
print("R²:", r2_score(y_te, y_pred_huber))
=== Linear Regression ===
MSE: 334.45719591398216
MAE: 14.30958669001259
R²: 0.988668164971938

=== Huber Regressor ===
MSE: 367.2515287731075
MAE: 15.169297076822216
R²: 0.9875570512797974

Эти метрики - они могут быть как лосс функциями, так и бизнесс метриками! Какой лосс минимизировать, нужно понять какая целевая бизнес метрика!

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Ошибки (residuals)
errors = np.linspace(-2, 2, 400)

# MSE: квадратичные потери
mse_loss = errors ** 2

# MAE: абсолютные потери
mae_loss = np.abs(errors)

# Huber loss
delta = 1.0
huber_loss = np.where(
    np.abs(errors) <= delta,
    0.5 * errors ** 2,
    delta * (np.abs(errors) - 0.5 * delta)
)

# Визуализация
plt.figure(figsize=(8, 6))
plt.plot(errors, mse_loss, label='MSE Loss', color='red')
plt.plot(errors, mae_loss, label='MAE Loss', color='blue')
plt.plot(errors, huber_loss, label='Huber Loss (δ = 1.0)', color='green')
plt.xlabel("Ошибка (residual)")
plt.ylabel("Значение функции потерь")
plt.title("Сравнение MSE, MAE и Huber Loss")
plt.legend()
plt.grid(True)
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()
odabtfuydodxhboo2geeg3lb5nw.png

3. Оценка максимального правдоподобия (MLE), связь с регрессией и классификацией

📌 Краткий ответ

MLE (Maximum Likelihood Estimation) — метод оценки параметров, при котором максимизируется вероятность наблюдаемых данных.

Целевая переменная (и параметры модели) рассматриваются как слуайные величины.

Фиксируем класс моделей (например линейные) и ищем максимально правдоподобную модель среди них (=> нужно определить вероятность наблюдаемого семпла и при выводк воспользоваться независимостью семплов)!

  • В линейной регрессии (при нормальном шуме) MLE ⇔ минимизация MSE

  • В логистической регрессии MLE ⇔ минимизация логлосса

  • Регуляризация вносит априорные предположения (MAP) на веса. При нормальном, получаем L_2 регуляризацию, при лаплассе L_1.

🔬 Формальные выводы

Детальнее можно узнать в конце тетрадке.

✍ MLE и линейная регрессия

Предполагаем, что целевая переменная yᵢ имеет нормальное распределение с центром в xᵢᵀw и дисперсией σ²:

y_i \sim \mathcal{N}(x_i^\top w, \sigma^2)

Тогда правдоподобие всей выборки:

p(y | X, \theta) = \prod_i \mathcal{N}(y_i | x_i^\top w, \sigma^2)

Берём логарифм:

\log p(y | X, \theta) = \sum_i \log \left( \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi} \sigma} \exp\left( -\frac{(y_i - x_i^\top w)^2}{2\sigma^2} \right) \right)

Раскрываем сумму:

= \sum_i \left( -\frac{1}{2} \log(2\pi) - \log \sigma - \frac{(y_i - x_i^\top w)^2}{2\sigma^2} \right)

→ максимизация логарифма правдоподобия эквивалентна минимизации:

\sum_i (y_i - x_i^\top w)^2

✅ Вывод:

Метод максимального правдоподобия (MLE) для линейной регрессии приводит к функции потерь MSE — среднеквадратичной ошибке.

Регуляризация (например, Ridge(=L_2)) возникает при добавлении априорного распределения на веса — это уже MAP, не MLE.


✍ MLE и логистическая регрессия

В бинарной классификации целевая переменная yᵢ ∈ {0, 1} - для отклонения используем распределние Бернули.

Предполагаем:

P(y_i = 1 | x_i, w) = \sigma(x_i^\top w) = \frac{1}{1 + e^{-x_i^\top w}}

Правдоподобие всей выборки:

L(w) = \prod_i \left[ \sigma(x_i^\top w) \right]^{y_i} \cdot \left[ 1 - \sigma(x_i^\top w) \right]^{1 - y_i}

Логарифм правдоподобия:

\log L(w) = \sum_i \left[ y_i \log \sigma(x_i^\top w) + (1 - y_i) \log (1 - \sigma(x_i^\top w)) \right]

✅ Вывод:

Максимизация логарифма правдоподобия ⇔ минимизация log-loss (логистической функции потерь)


✍ Что меняется с регуляризацией: MAP (Maximum A Posteriori)

Добавим априорное распределение на параметры:

  • L2-регуляризация ⇔ априорное w ∼ 𝒩(0, λ⁻¹I)

  • L1-регуляризация ⇔ априорное w ∼ Laplace(0, b)

MAP-оценка:

\log P(w | X, y) ∝ \log L(w) + \log P(w)

→ Это и есть MLE + регуляризация:

  • MLE ⇔ логлосс

  • MAP ⇔ логлосс + регуляризация

💻 Баесовский вывод двух нормальных распределений

Задача

Пусть параметр w неизвестен и:

  • Prior: w \sim \mathcal{N}(\mu_0, \sigma_0^2)

  • Likelihood: y \sim \mathcal{N}(\mu_1, \sigma_1^2) — наблюдение, связанное с w

Найти posterior P(w \mid y)

📐 Шаг 1: формула Байеса

По определению:

P(w | y) \propto P(y | w) \cdot P(w)

Логарифмируем обе части:

\log P(w | y) = \log P(y | w) + \log P(w) + \text{const}

🧮 Шаг 2: подставляем нормальные распределения

  1. Prior:

\log P(w) = -\frac{1}{2\sigma_0^2} (w - \mu_0)^2 + \text{const}
  1. Likelihood (в терминах w, фиксируя y = \mu_1):

\log P(y | w) = -\frac{1}{2\sigma_1^2} (w - \mu_1)^2 + \text{const}

📉 Шаг 3: складываем логарифмы

\log P(w | y) = -\frac{1}{2\sigma_0^2} (w - \mu_0)^2 - \frac{1}{2\sigma_1^2} (w - \mu_1)^2 + \text{const}

Это — квадратичная функция по w, то есть логарифм нормального распределения. Следовательно, сам posterior — тоже нормальный:

P(w | y) = \mathcal{N}(\mu_{\text{post}}, \sigma_{\text{post}}^2)

✅ Вывод: параметры апостериорного распределения

\sigma_{\text{post}}^2 = \left( \frac{1}{\sigma_0^2} + \frac{1}{\sigma_1^2} \right)^{-1}\mu_{\text{post}} = \sigma_{\text{post}}^2 \left( \frac{\mu_0}{\sigma_0^2} + \frac{\mu_1}{\sigma_1^2} \right)

Отрисуем!

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from scipy.stats import norm

# Ось параметра w
w = np.linspace(-5, 5, 500)

# Заданные параметры
mu0, sigma0 = 0, 1     # prior: N(0, 1)
mu1, sigma1 = 2, 1     # likelihood: N(2, 1)

# Распределения
prior = norm.pdf(w, loc=mu0, scale=sigma0)
likelihood = norm.pdf(w, loc=mu1, scale=sigma1)

# Постериорное распределение — аналитически
sigma_post_sq = 1 / (1/sigma0**2 + 1/sigma1**2)
mu_post = sigma_post_sq * (mu0/sigma0**2 + mu1/sigma1**2)
posterior = norm.pdf(w, loc=mu_post, scale=np.sqrt(sigma_post_sq))

# Визуализация
plt.figure(figsize=(10, 6))
plt.plot(w, prior, label=f"Prior N({mu0}, {sigma0**2})", color='green')
plt.plot(w, likelihood, label=f"Likelihood N({mu1}, {sigma1**2})", color='blue')
plt.plot(w, posterior, label=f"Posterior N({mu_post:.2f}, {sigma_post_sq:.2f})", color='red')

plt.axvline(mu0, color='green', linestyle=':')
plt.axvline(mu1, color='blue', linestyle=':')
plt.axvline(mu_post, color='red', linestyle='--', label=f"MAP = {mu_post:.2f}")

plt.title("Байесовский вывод: Posterior = Prior × Likelihood")
plt.xlabel("w")
plt.ylabel("Плотность")
plt.legend()
plt.grid(True)
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()
-xtraghhvtbnp8vgezj0pave35c.png

На самом деле, даже для двух многмерных нормальных распределений с разными дисперсиями - верно следующее, их апостериальное распределение тоже нормальное!

4. Наивный байесовский классификатор

📌 Краткий ответ

Наивный байесовский классификатор предполагает, что все признаки условно независимы при фиксированном классе:

P(y | x_1, ..., x_d) ∝ P(y) \cdot \prod_{i=1}^d P(x_i | y)

Обучение: оцениваем P(y) и P(xᵢ | y) по каждому признаку.
Работает быстро, устойчив к малым выборкам, можно задавать разные распределения.

🔬 Подробный разбор

В логарифмической форме:

\log P(y | x) ∝ \log P(y) + \sum_i \log P(x_i | y)

Можно использовать:

  • Гауссовское распределениеGaussianNB

  • Ядерную оценку плотности (KDE) — сглаженные вероятности

  • Экспоненциальное, Лапласовское и др.

Преимущество подхода: можно подставлять разные распределения под разные признаки.

💻 Наивный Баейс на практике с разными распределениями признаков (KDE)

Полная тетрадка тут.

Для простоты будем работать не со всеми 4 признаками, а с двумя!

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.neighbors import KernelDensity
from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score
from sklearn.naive_bayes import GaussianNB
from scipy.special import logsumexp

# --- 1. Загрузка и подготовка данных
iris = load_iris()
X = iris.data[:, [2, 3]]  # два признака: длина и ширина лепестка
y = iris.target
feature_names = np.array(iris.feature_names)[[2, 3]]
class_names = iris.target_names

X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.3, random_state=42)
# --- 2. Обёртка KDE
class KDEWrapper:
    def __init__(self, data):
        self.kde = KernelDensity(kernel='gaussian', bandwidth=0.2).fit(data[:, None])

    def logpdf(self, x):
        return self.kde.score_samples(x[:, None])
    

#  --- 3. NaiveBayes из тетрадки
class NaiveBayes:
    def fit(self, X, y, sample_weight=None, distributions=None):
        self.unique_labels = np.unique(y)
        if distributions is None:
            distributions = [KDEWrapper] * X.shape[1]
        assert len(distributions) == X.shape[1]
        self.conditional_feature_distributions = {}
        for label in self.unique_labels:
            dists = []
            for i in range(X.shape[1]):
                dists.append(distributions[i](X[y == label, i]))
            self.conditional_feature_distributions[label] = dists
        self.prior_label_distibution = {l: np.mean(y == l) for l in self.unique_labels}

    def predict_log_proba(self, X):
        log_proba = np.zeros((X.shape[0], len(self.unique_labels)))
        for i, label in enumerate(self.unique_labels):
            for j in range(X.shape[1]):
                log_proba[:, i] += self.conditional_feature_distributions[label][j].logpdf(X[:, j])
            log_proba[:, i] += np.log(self.prior_label_distibution[label])
        log_proba -= logsumexp(log_proba, axis=1)[:, None]
        return log_proba

    def predict(self, X):
        return self.unique_labels[np.argmax(self.predict_log_proba(X), axis=1)]
# --- 4. Обучение моделей
model_kde = NaiveBayes()
model_kde.fit(X_train, y_train, distributions=[KDEWrapper, KDEWrapper])
y_pred_kde = model_kde.predict(X_test)

model_gnb = GaussianNB()
model_gnb.fit(X_train, y_train)
y_pred_gnb = model_gnb.predict(X_test)

print("KDE NB Accuracy:", accuracy_score(y_test, y_pred_kde))
print("GaussianNB Accuracy:", accuracy_score(y_test, y_pred_gnb))

# KDE NB Accuracy: 1.0
# GaussianNB Accuracy: 1.0
# --- 5. Визуализация KDE-плотностей
def plot_kde_and_gaussian_densities(X_data, y_data):
    fig, axes = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(12, 4))
    
    # Обучим GaussianNB — он сам оценит параметры
    gnb = GaussianNB()
    gnb.fit(X_data, y_data)

    for i in range(X_data.shape[1]):
        ax = axes[i]
        for label in np.unique(y_data):
            x_vals = X_data[y_data == label, i]
            grid = np.linspace(x_vals.min() * 0.9, x_vals.max() * 1.1, 500)

            # --- KDE
            kde = KernelDensity(kernel='gaussian', bandwidth=0.2).fit(x_vals[:, None])
            ax.plot(grid, np.exp(kde.score_samples(grid[:, None])), label=f'{class_names[label]} (KDE)', linestyle='-')

            # --- Gauss via GaussianNB
            mu = gnb.theta_[label, i]
            sigma = np.sqrt(gnb.var_[label, i])
            ax.plot(grid, norm.pdf(grid, mu, sigma), label=f'{class_names[label]} (Gauss)', linestyle='--')


        ax.set_title(f'Плотности для {feature_names[i]}')
        ax.set_xlabel('Значение признака')
        ax.set_ylabel('Плотность')
        ax.legend()
        ax.grid()

    plt.tight_layout()
    plt.show()

# --- 6. Визуализация границ решений
def plot_decision_boundary(X_data, y_data, model, title):
    x_min, x_max = X[:, 0].min() - 0.5, X[:, 0].max() + 0.5
    y_min, y_max = X[:, 1].min() - 0.5, X[:, 1].max() + 0.5
    xx, yy = np.meshgrid(np.linspace(x_min, x_max, 300),
                         np.linspace(y_min, y_max, 300))
    grid = np.c_[xx.ravel(), yy.ravel()]
    Z = model.predict(grid).reshape(xx.shape)

    plt.figure(figsize=(8, 6))
    plt.contourf(xx, yy, Z, alpha=0.3, cmap='Accent')
    plt.contour(xx, yy, Z, levels=np.arange(0, 4), colors='k', linewidths=0.5)
    for label in np.unique(y_train):
        plt.scatter(X_data[y_data == label, 0], X_data[y_data == label, 1],label=class_names[label], s=40)
    plt.xlabel(feature_names[0])
    plt.ylabel(feature_names[1])
    plt.title(title)
    plt.legend()
    plt.grid(True)
    plt.tight_layout()
    plt.show()

# train
plot_kde_and_gaussian_densities(X_train, y_train)
plot_decision_boundary(X_train, y_train, model_kde, "Наивный Байес с KDE")
plot_decision_boundary(X_train, y_train, model_gnb, "GaussianNB (Гауссовский Наивный Байес)")
# test
plot_kde_and_gaussian_densities(X_test, y_test)
plot_decision_boundary(X_test, y_test, model_kde, "Наивный Байес с KDE")
plot_decision_boundary(X_test, y_test, model_gnb, "GaussianNB (Гауссовский Наивный Байес)")
noy7rjpv0aqz7yndqbpnuqv_glc.pngbqft4mkkjaknivd-tuutsnoyxyk.pngm0ahrm1osk28jaymbzkciijnlw0.png8pzdzvxqx7ix5y1tssouvhh_9xy.pngghbamgqyamlb-ehyxgblzjjxqxk.pngbjeybevarucatufitsjix-jy77k.png

5. Метод ближайших соседей

📌 Краткий ответ

Метод k ближайших соседей (k-NN) — это ленивый классификатор, который:

  • не обучается явно

  • при предсказании ищет k ближайших объектов в обучающей выборке

  • голосует за класс большинства (или усредняет — в регрессии).

Работает по метрике (например, евклидовой), чувствителен к масштабу и шуму.

🔬 Подробный разбор

При классификации:

ŷ(x) = argmax_c ∑ I(yᵢ = c) для xᵢ ∈ N_k(x)

Плюсы:

  • не требует обучения,

  • хорошо работает на небольших данных.

Минусы:

  • не масштабируется (хранит всё),

  • чувствителен к размерности и шуму,

  • требует нормализации признаков.

Гиперпараметры:

  • k — число соседей (подбирается на валидации),

  • metric — метрика расстояния (евклидово, косинусное и т.д.)

💻 Пишем свой KNN и сравниваемся с библиотечным на MNIST
import numpy as np
from sklearn.datasets import load_digits
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
from sklearn.neighbors import KNeighborsClassifier
from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score
from scipy.stats import mode

# --- 1. Загружаем данные
digits = load_digits()
X = digits.data
y = digits.target

# Масштабирование
X = StandardScaler().fit_transform(X)

# Разделение
X_tr, X_te, y_tr, y_te = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.3, random_state=42)

# --- 2. Своя реализация k-NN (евклидовая метрика)
class MyKNN:
    def __init__(self, n_neighbors=5):
        self.k = n_neighbors

    def fit(self, X, y):
        self.X_train = X
        self.y_train = y

    def predict(self, X):
        predictions = []
        for x in X:
            dists = np.linalg.norm(self.X_train - x, axis=1)
            nearest = np.argsort(dists)[:self.k]
            labels = self.y_train[nearest]
            pred = mode(labels, keepdims=False).mode 
            predictions.append(pred)
        return np.array(predictions)

# --- 3. Обучение и сравнение
# sklearn
sk_knn = KNeighborsClassifier(n_neighbors=5)
sk_knn.fit(X_tr, y_tr)
y_pred_sk = sk_knn.predict(X_te)
acc_sk = accuracy_score(y_te, y_pred_sk)

# наш
my_knn = MyKNN(n_neighbors=5)
my_knn.fit(X_tr, y_tr)
y_pred_my = my_knn.predict(X_te)
acc_my = accuracy_score(y_te, y_pred_my)

assert np.isclose(acc_sk, acc_my, rtol=1e-6), 'Точности не совпдают!'
print(f"{acc_sk=} {acc_my=}")
# acc_sk=0.9777777777777777 acc_my=0.9777777777777777

📊 Глава 2: Почему линейная модель — это не просто прямая

6. Линейная регрессия. Формулировка задачи для случая функции потерь MSE. Аналитическое решение. Теорема Гаусса-Маркова. Градиентный подход в линейной регрессии.

📌 Краткий ответ

Линейная регрессия минимизирует MSE:

L(w) = \|Xw - y\|^2
  • Аналитически: \hat{w} = (X^\top X)^{-1} X^\top y

  • Теорема Гаусса-Маркова: это наилучшая линейная несмещённая оценка при стандартных предположениях (BLUE)

  • При больших данных: используется градиентный спуск

🔬 Подробный разбор

📌 Постановка задачи

У нас есть:

  • X \in \mathbb{R}^{n \times d} — матрица признаков;

  • y \in \mathbb{R}^n — целевая переменная;

  • w \in \mathbb{R}^d — веса модели.

Цель: минимизировать среднеквадратичную ошибку:

L(w) = \|Xw - y\|^2 = (Xw - y)^\top (Xw - y)

📌 Вывод аналитического решения

Выпишем градиент по w:

\nabla_w L(w) = 2 X^\top (Xw - y)

Приравниваем к нулю:

X^\top (Xw - y) = 0

Раскрываем скобки:

X^\top X w = X^\top y

Предполагая, что X^\top X обратима:

\hat{w} = (X^\top X)^{-1} X^\top y

📌 Теорема Гаусса-Маркова (формулировка)

Если:

  1. модель линейна по параметрам: y = Xw + \varepsilon;

  2. ошибки \varepsilon имеют нулевое среднее;

  3. одинаковую дисперсию \text{Var}(\varepsilon) = \sigma^2 I;

  4. некоррелированы между собой;

→ тогда \hat{w} (из нормального уравнения) — наилучшая линейная несмещённая оценка (BLUE).

Термин BLUE (Best Linear Unbiased Estimator) — это сокращение:

  1. Linear (линейная):
    Оценка \hat{w} — это линейная функция от y:

    \hat{w} = A y

    где A = (X^\top X)^{-1} X^\top

  2. Unbiased (несмещённая):
    Среднее значение оценки совпадает с истинным параметром:

    \mathbb{E}[\hat{w}] = w
  3. Best (наилучшая):
    Из всех линейных и несмещённых оценок, \hat{w} имеет наименьшую дисперсию:

    \text{Var}(\hat{w}) \text{ минимальна среди всех линейных несмещённых оценок}
💻 Аналитическое и градиентное решение поиска весов линейной модели + график
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sklearn.datasets import make_regression
from sklearn.metrics import mean_squared_error

# --- Данные
X_raw, y = make_regression(n_samples=300, n_features=1, noise=15, random_state=42)
X = np.hstack([X_raw, np.ones((X_raw.shape[0], 1))])  # добавим bias

# --- Аналитическое решение
w_analytic = np.linalg.inv(X.T @ X) @ X.T @ y
y_pred_analytic = X @ w_analytic

# --- Градиентный спуск
w = np.zeros(X.shape[1])
lr = 0.01
losses = []

for _ in range(1000):
    grad = 2 * X.T @ (X @ w - y) / len(y)
    w -= lr * grad
    losses.append(mean_squared_error(y, X @ w))

y_pred_gd = X @ w

# --- Сравнение
print("MSE (аналитика):", mean_squared_error(y, y_pred_analytic))
print("MSE (градиент):", mean_squared_error(y, y_pred_gd))

# --- Визуализация
plt.figure(figsize=(10, 5))

# 1. Предсказания
plt.subplot(1, 2, 1)
plt.scatter(X_raw, y, s=20, alpha=0.6, label='Данные')
plt.plot(X_raw, y_pred_analytic, label='Аналитическое решение', color='green')
plt.plot(X_raw, y_pred_gd, label='Градиентный спуск', color='red', linestyle='--')
plt.title("Сравнение решений")
plt.xlabel("X")
plt.ylabel("y")
plt.legend()
plt.grid()

# 2. Потери во времени
plt.subplot(1, 2, 2)
plt.plot(losses, label="MSE (градиент)")
plt.title("Сходимость градиента")
plt.xlabel("Итерации")
plt.ylabel("MSE")
plt.grid()
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()
# MSE (аналитика): 230.84267462302407
# MSE (градиент): 230.84267462302407
np_lzndevu1uekzsd-4lkclz8k4.png

7. Регуляризация в линейных моделях: L_1 ,L_2 их свойства. Вероятностная интерпретация.

📌 Краткий ответ

Регуляризация — это добавка к функции потерь, которая ограничивает рост весов и борется с переобучением.

  • L2-регуляризация (Ridge):

    \text{Loss}(w) = \text{MSE}(w) + \lambda \|w\|_2^2
  • L1-регуляризация (Lasso):

    \text{Loss}(w) = \text{MSE}(w) + \lambda \|w\|_1
  • L2 сглаживает и уменьшает веса

  • L1 приводит к разреженным решениям (обнуляет ненужные признаки)

🔬 Подробный разбор

L_2 - Ridge, L_1 - Lasso, Elastic Net - комбинация.

📌 Вероятностная интерпретация

Добавление регуляризатора эквивалентно введению априорного распределения на параметры (подробнее в 3 вопросе о MLE):

  • L2 = Gaussian prior:

    P(w) \sim \mathcal{N}(0, \sigma^2 I)\Rightarrow \text{MAP} \propto \log L(w) - \lambda \|w\|_2^2
  • L1 = Laplace prior:

    P(w) \sim \text{Laplace}(0, b)\Rightarrow \text{MAP} \propto \log L(w) - \lambda \|w\|_1

→ То есть регуляризация = байесовская MAP-оценка, если мы знаем prior на веса.


Почему при зануляются веса?

Очень популярный и важный вопрос! Изобразим уровни потерь по отдельности двух частей лосса!

Предпложим противное. Пусть t^* опитимум пересечения и он не на осях координат. Из-за выпуклости двух фигур, найдется пересечения внутри, а по нему можно уже подняться вверх, сохранив ошибку по L_1 и уменьшить MSE ! Второй заумный аргумент .

n3s1zdjbh-h-2f_4iaatoxihckg.png

Упрощение 2-аргумента: две фигуры выпуклые и имеют единственную касательную (помимо L_1 в точках на осях!), тогда в точке касания можно провести разделяющую прямую!

А это значит, что оси у элипса у MSE параллельны фиксированному направлению, а вероятность таких направлений (на одну размерность меньше=) равна нулю!

kujemhp6yrlrxcf7anrnomkhyoo.png
💻 Сравниваем веса моделей с L1 и L2

Обучим две модельки с разными регулизаторами на данных с 8 из 10 шумных признаками. В идеали избавиться(иметь вес ноль) от всех неинформативных признаков!

# Генерируем данные: 2 полезных признака + 8 шумовых

from sklearn.linear_model import Ridge, Lasso
from sklearn.metrics import mean_squared_error
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# --- Параметры
n_samples = 100
n_features = 10
n_informative = 2  # только два признака "полезные"

# --- Генерация данных
np.random.seed(42)
X = np.random.randn(n_samples, n_features)
true_coefs = np.zeros(n_features)
true_coefs[:n_informative] = [3, -2]  # только первые 2 признака значимы

# Целевая переменная с шумом
y = X @ true_coefs + np.random.normal(0, 1.0, size=n_samples)

# --- Обучение моделей
ridge = Ridge(alpha=1.0)
lasso = Lasso(alpha=0.1)

ridge.fit(X, y)
lasso.fit(X, y)

# --- Сравнение весов
x_idx = np.arange(n_features)
plt.figure(figsize=(10, 4))
plt.stem(x_idx, true_coefs, linefmt="gray", markerfmt="go", basefmt=" ", label="True")
plt.stem(x_idx, ridge.coef_, linefmt="b-", markerfmt="bo", basefmt=" ", label="Ridge")
plt.stem(x_idx, lasso.coef_, linefmt="r-", markerfmt="ro", basefmt=" ", label="Lasso")
plt.xticks(ticks=x_idx)
plt.title("L1 vs L2: 2 информативных признака, остальные шум")
plt.xlabel("Индекс признака")
plt.ylabel("Вес")
plt.legend()
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

# --- Подсчёт зануленных весов
ridge_zeros = np.sum(np.abs(ridge.coef_) < 1e-4)
lasso_zeros = np.sum(np.abs(lasso.coef_) < 1e-4)
print(f"{ridge_zeros=}, f{lasso_zeros=}")
# ridge_zeros=np.int64(0), flasso_zeros=np.int64(5)
63xjz_rqarrjlkl79nsmpp2_mzi.png

8. Логистическая регрессия. Эквивалентность подходов MLE и минимизации логистических потерь.

📌 Краткий ответ

Логистическая регрессия — это модель предсказывающая вероятность класса y = 1:

P(y = 1 | x) = \sigma(x^\top w), \quad \sigma(z) = \frac{1}{1 + e^{-z}}

MLE: максимизация логарифма правдоподобия ⇔ минимизация log-loss (обычно для бинарной классификации) = cross-entropy-loss (обычно для мультиклассовой классификации)

\log L(w) = \sum_i y_i \log p_i + (1 - y_i) \log(1 - p_i)

или

\mathcal{L}(W) = - \sum_{i=1}^{n} \sum_{k=1}^{K} p_{i, k} \cdot \log \hat{p}_{i,k} | обычно, p_{i_{fix}, k} - ровно одна 1 и остальные нули.

🔬 Подробный разбор

📌 Вывод: MLE для логистической регрессии

Обозначим:

  • y_i \in \{0, 1\}

  • p_i = \sigma(x_i^\top w)

Правдоподобие:

L(w) = \prod_i p_i^{y_i} (1 - p_i)^{1 - y_i}

Логарифмируем:

\log L(w) = \sum_i y_i \log p_i + (1 - y_i) \log(1 - p_i)

Подставляем p_i = \sigma(x_i^\top w):

И получаем логистическую функцию потерь:

\mathcal{L}(w) = - \sum_i \left[
  y_i \log \sigma(x_i^\top w) + (1 - y_i) \log(1 - \sigma(x_i^\top w))
\right]
💻 Почему сырая линейка плоха в классификации? А лог-рег хорош?

Предлагаю разобрать пример, в котором лог-рег прекрасно абсолютно предсказывает вероятности, чем линейка не может похвастаться. Иногда нужно не просто факт класса сказать, а и вероятность!

Но дальше мы узнаем о SVM, и увидим что не обязательно приводить выход модели в диапозон [0, 1] !

# Пример: класс 0 сконцентрирован в одном месте, класс 1 — сильно растянут вправо

# Класс 0 — 50 точек около x = 0
X0 = np.random.normal(loc=0, scale=0.5, size=(50, 1))
y0 = np.zeros(50)

# Класс 1 — 50 точек с растущим x (от 10 до 500)
# X1 = np.linspace(5, 25, 10).reshape(-1, 1)
X1 = np.linspace(10, 500, 10).reshape(-1, 1)
y1 = np.ones(10)

# Объединяем
X_all = np.vstack([X0, X1])
y_all = np.concatenate([y0, y1])

# Обучаем модели
linreg = LinearRegression().fit(X_all, y_all)
logreg = LogisticRegression().fit(X_all, y_all)

# Предсказания на сетке
x_grid = np.linspace(-2, 30, 500).reshape(-1, 1)
lin_preds = linreg.predict(x_grid)
log_probs = logreg.predict_proba(x_grid)[:, 1]

# Визуализация
plt.figure(figsize=(10, 5))
plt.scatter(X0, y0, color='blue', label='Класс 0 (скученный)', alpha=0.7)
plt.scatter(X1, y1, color='orange', label='Класс 1 (удалённый)', alpha=0.9)
plt.plot(x_grid, lin_preds, color='green', linestyle='--', label='Linear Regression')
plt.plot(x_grid, log_probs, color='black', label='Logistic Regression')
plt.xlabel("x")
plt.ylabel("Предсказание / Вероятность")
plt.title("Линейная vs логистическая регрессия при удалённых объектах класса 1")
plt.ylim(-0.1, 1.1)
plt.legend()
plt.grid(True)
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()
hlg8gewlhlh9hwovugalwmgkuma.png

9. Многоклассовая классификация. Один-против-одного, один-против-всех, их свойства.

📌 Краткий ответ
  • One-vs-Rest (OvR): обучаем K бинарных моделей «класс vs остальные», выбираем класс с макс. откликом.

  • One-vs-One (OvO): обучаем \frac{K(K-1)}{2} моделей по парам классов, предсказание — по большинству голосов.

  1. При предсказании инферяться все модели!

  2. В One-vs-One не учитываются вероятности лишь факт победы.

🔬 Подробный разбор

📌 One-vs-Rest (OvR)

Обучение:

  • K бинарных моделей f_k(x), каждая отличает класс k от остальных

Предсказание:

  • Вычисляем отклики f_0(x), f_1(x), \dots, f_{K-1}(x)

  • Выбираем класс с максимальным значением:

    \hat{y} = \arg\max_k f_k(x)

Если модель выдаёт вероятности P(y = k \mid x), выбираем по ним.

📌 One-vs-One (OvO)

Обучение:

  • Строим классификаторы для всех пар классов:

    f_{i,j}(x) \text{ обучается на классах } i \text{ и } j

    Всего \frac{K(K-1)}{2} моделей.

Предсказание:

  • Каждый классификатор голосует: f_{i,j}(x) \in \{i, j\}

  • Считаем число голосов за каждый класс

  • Итог:

    \hat{y} = \arg\max_k \text{(кол-во голосов за } k)

Голоса — дискретные, уверенность моделей не используется.

💻 Сравнение One-vs-Rest и One-vs-One на Iris
from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
from sklearn.multiclass import OneVsRestClassifier, OneVsOneClassifier
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score, confusion_matrix
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
from IPython.display import display

# --- 1. Данные
X, y = load_iris(return_X_y=True)
X_tr, X_te, y_tr, y_te = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.3, random_state=0)

# --- 2. Модель
base_model = LogisticRegression(max_iter=1000)

# --- 3. One-vs-Rest (OvR)
clf_ovr = OneVsRestClassifier(base_model).fit(X_tr, y_tr)
y_pred_ovr = clf_ovr.predict(X_te)

# --- 4. One-vs-One (OvO)
clf_ovo = OneVsOneClassifier(base_model).fit(X_tr, y_tr)
y_pred_ovo = clf_ovo.predict(X_te)

# --- 5. Confusion matrices
cm_ovr = confusion_matrix(y_te, y_pred_ovr)
cm_ovo = confusion_matrix(y_te, y_pred_ovo)

print("Confusion Matrix (OvR):")
print(cm_ovr)

print("\nConfusion Matrix (OvO):")
print(cm_ovo)

# --- 6. Разбиения для OvR
ovr_split = pd.DataFrame({
    'Класс': list(range(len(clf_ovr.estimators_))),
    'Положительных': [(y_tr == k).sum() for k in range(len(clf_ovr.estimators_))],
    'Отрицательных': [(y_tr != k).sum() for k in range(len(clf_ovr.estimators_))],
    'Всего': [len(y_tr)] * len(clf_ovr.estimators_)
})

print("\nOvR — разбивка по классам:")
display(ovr_split)

# --- 7. Разбиения для OvO
ovo_pairs = [(est.classes_[0], est.classes_[1]) for est in clf_ovo.estimators_]

ovo_data = []
for a, b in ovo_pairs:
    count_a = np.sum(y_tr == a)
    count_b = np.sum(y_tr == b)
    total = count_a + count_b
    ovo_data.append({
        'Пара классов': f"{a} vs {b}",
        f"#{a}": count_a,
        f"#{b}": count_b,
        'Суммарно': total
    })

ovo_split = pd.DataFrame(ovo_data)

print("\nOvO — разбивка по парам классов:")
display(ovo_split)

# --- 8. Accuracy summary
print(f"\nOvR Accuracy: {accuracy_score(y_te, y_pred_ovr):.3f}")
print(f"OvO Accuracy: {accuracy_score(y_te, y_pred_ovo):.3f}")

cwmkgpphwymeeokdk1hdorades0.png

Видно что датасет достаточно хороший игрушечный, тут и данные разделены хорошо и по классам все сбалансированно (и классов немного).

10. Метод опорных векторов. Задача оптимизации для SVM. Трюк с ядром. Свойства ядра.

📌 Краткий ответ

SVM (support vector machine) — это алгоритм решает задачу классификации ("линейная классификация"), который ищет гиперплоскость, максимально разделяющую классы с зазором (margin).

Он решает задачу максимизации отступа, то есть делает так, чтобы:

  • все объекты лежали как можно дальше от границы (реализуется ядром, скалярным произведением сонаправленностью <y, \hat{y}>)

  • и при этом допускались ошибки для равномерного отступа (через мягкие штрафы) (реализуется добавлением зазора=константы 1 - M).

  • ядра можно брать разные - не обязательно линейное

Функция потерь (hinge-loss) устроена так, чтобы:

  • не штрафовать объекты с отступом \ge 1,

  • и наказывать только те, которые «лезут» в буферную зону или ошибаются (=либо неверные, либо неуверенно правильные!):

\mathcal{L}(w) = \frac{1}{n} \sum \max(0, 1 - y_i (w^\top x_i + b)) + \frac{\lambda}{2} \|w\|^2

Чем, же это лучше чем просто линейная регрессия в классификации? А тем, что SVM решает задачу разделить данные, а линейная регресия старается провести через них!

🔬 Подробный разбор

📌 Модель

Классификатор:

\hat{y}(x) = \text{sign}(w^\top x + b)

Отступ (margin):

M_i = y_i (w^\top x_i + b)

Чем больше M_i, тем выше уверенность в классификации.


📌 Целевая функция (hinge loss)

SVM минимизирует:

\mathcal{L}(w) = \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^n \max(0, 1 - y_i(w^\top x_i + b)) + \frac{\lambda}{2} \|w\|^2
  • Первый член — штраф за малый отступ (ошибки или «почти ошибки»)

  • Второй — регуляризация (контроль за нормой w)


📌 Ядровой трюк (kernel trick)

Вместо линейного x \cdot x', используем:

K(x, x') = \langle \phi(x), \phi(x') \rangle

→ Не нужно явно строить \phi(x), а граница может быть нелинейной.


📌 Примеры ядер

Ядро

Формула

Линейное

K(x, x') = x^\top x'

Полиномиальное

K(x, x') = (x^\top x' + c)^d

RBF (Гаусс)

K(x, x') = \exp(-\gamma |x - x'|^2)

✅ Свойства допустимого ядра (ядровой функции)

Функция K(x, x') — допустимое ядро, если оно:

  1. Симметрична:

    K(x, x') = K(x', x)
  2. Положительно полуопределённая (PSD):
    Для любых x_1, \dots, x_n \in \mathbb{R}^d и любых весов \alpha_1, \dots, \alpha_n \in \mathbb{R} выполняется:

    \sum_{i=1}^n \sum_{j=1}^n \alpha_i \alpha_j K(x_i, x_j) \ge 0

    Это значит: матрица Грама K на любом наборе точек — положительно полуопределённая.

Почему это важно?

Если K — валидное ядро, то по теореме Мерсера:

K(x, x') = \langle \phi(x), \phi(x') \rangle

для некоторого отображения \phi(\cdot) в (возможно бесконечномерное) пространство признаков.

→ Это делает метод SVM с ядром линейным в этом скрытом пространстве, без явного вычисления \phi(x).

💻 Сравнения разных SVM ядер: linear vs poly vs RBF
from sklearn.datasets import make_classification
from sklearn.svm import SVC
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

# --- 1. Данные
X, y = make_classification(n_samples=300, n_features=2, n_redundant=0,
                           n_clusters_per_class=1, class_sep=1.0, random_state=42)
X_tr, X_te, y_tr, y_te = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.3, random_state=0)

# --- 2. Модели
clf_linear = SVC(kernel='linear', C=1).fit(X_tr, y_tr)
clf_rbf = SVC(kernel='rbf', gamma=1, C=1).fit(X_tr, y_tr)
clf_poly = SVC(kernel='poly', degree=3, C=1).fit(X_tr, y_tr)


# --- 3. Визуализация
def plot_decision_boundary(model, X, y, ax, title):
    h = 0.02
    x_min, x_max = X[:, 0].min() - 1, X[:, 0].max() + 1
    y_min, y_max = X[:, 1].min() - 1, X[:, 1].max() + 1
    xx, yy = np.meshgrid(np.arange(x_min, x_max, h),
                         np.arange(y_min, y_max, h))
    Z = model.predict(np.c_[xx.ravel(), yy.ravel()])
    Z = Z.reshape(xx.shape)

    ax.contourf(xx, yy, Z, alpha=0.3, cmap=plt.cm.coolwarm)
    ax.scatter(X[:, 0], X[:, 1], c=y, cmap=plt.cm.coolwarm, edgecolors='k')
    ax.set_title(title)
    ax.set_xlabel("x₁")
    ax.set_ylabel("x₂")
    ax.grid(True)

# --- 4. Графики
fig, axes = plt.subplots(1, 3, figsize=(12, 5))
plot_decision_boundary(clf_linear, X_te, y_te, axes[0], "Линейный SVM")
plot_decision_boundary(clf_poly, X_te, y_te, axes[1], "Полиномиальный 3-й степени SVM")
plot_decision_boundary(clf_rbf, X_te, y_te, axes[2], "RBF SVM")
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()


y_pred_linear = clf_linear.predict(X_te)
y_pred_poly = clf_poly.predict(X_te)
y_pred_rbf = clf_rbf.predict(X_te)

# Accuracy
acc_linear = accuracy_score(y_te, y_pred_linear)
acc_poly = accuracy_score(y_te, y_pred_poly)
acc_rbf = accuracy_score(y_te, y_pred_rbf)
print(f"Linear SVM Accuracy: {acc_linear:.3f}")
print(f"Polynomial SVM Accuracy: {acc_poly:.3f}")
print(f"RBF SVM Accuracy: {acc_rbf:.3f}")
# Linear SVM Accuracy: 0.944
# Polynomial SVM Accuracy: 0.911
# RBF SVM Accuracy: 0.967
3wajnrxv5cgzd8pkhj9ax7ifike.png

Что дальше?

obp5u9lxvi00vlu2-sa_-ntdxaw.png

Учимся быстро и понятно рассказывать. Для этого проговариваем много раз. Рассказываем друзьям, либо записываем себе и слушаем.

Пока готовимся, сохраняем каверзные вопросы, на которые непросто дать верные/легкии ответы. Сначала основное, потом остальное!

Материалы


В следующей части продолжим — будут PCA, Bias–variance tradeoff, деревья, ансамбли, бустинг, и глубокое обучение. Пока подписывайтесь и делитесь своими находками!

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    CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: 📧 Email: [email protected] 📱 Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] 📞 Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 🌐 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 14.09.25 00:54 robertalfred175

    CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: 📧 Email: [email protected] 📱 Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] 📞 Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 🌐 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 14.09.25 02:37 luciajessy3

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  • 14.09.25 12:44 robertalfred175

    CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: 📧 Email: [email protected] 📱 Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] 📞 Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 🌐 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 14.09.25 12:44 robertalfred175

    CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: 📧 Email: [email protected] 📱 Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] 📞 Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 🌐 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 14.09.25 15:13 estherfords

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  • 14.09.25 15:13 estherfords

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  • 14.09.25 17:48 robertalfred175

    CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: 📧 Email: [email protected] 📱 Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] 📞 Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 🌐 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 14.09.25 17:48 robertalfred175

    CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: 📧 Email: [email protected] 📱 Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] 📞 Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 🌐 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 14.09.25 20:49 Clinton

    I know firsthand how devastating it feels to lose money to a scam. When it happened to me, I was left frustrated, hopeless, and unsure where to turn. Complaining to apps about being scammed on their platforms didn’t change anything it felt like no one cared. But through a friend’s advice, I connected with a recovery professional who gave me real hope. With their help, I was able to get my funds back, something I thought was impossible. I’m sharing this because I don’t want anyone else to feel as lost as I once did. Whether you’ve been scammed through crypto platforms, dating scams, real-estate or mortgage fraud, or even fake ICOs, please know there’s still a way forward. If you’ve lost money, reach out to ([email protected]) or (WhatsApp) at (+)44 7366445035 for consultation and recovery services.

  • 14.09.25 22:16 Berrysmith

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  • 15.09.25 12:49 robertalfred175

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  • 15.09.25 12:49 robertalfred175

    CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: 📧 Email: [email protected] 📱 Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] 📞 Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 🌐 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 15.09.25 12:49 robertalfred175

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  • 16.09.25 12:25 aliceforemanlaw

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  • 18.09.25 11:55 Mundo

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  • 18.09.25 11:55 Mundo

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  • 18.09.25 12:22 wendytaylor015

    My name is Wendy Taylor, I'm from Los Angeles, i want to announce to you Viewer how Capital Crypto Recover help me to restore my Lost Bitcoin, I invested with a Crypto broker without proper research to know what I was hoarding my hard-earned money into scammers, i lost access to my crypto wallet or had your funds stolen? Don’t worry Capital Crypto Recover is here to help you recover your cryptocurrency with cutting-edge technical expertise, With years of experience in the crypto world, Capital Crypto Recover employs the best latest tools and ethical hacking techniques to help you recover lost assets, unlock hacked accounts, Whether it’s a forgotten password, Capital Crypto Recover has the expertise to help you get your crypto back. a security company service that has a 100% success rate in the recovery of crypto assets, i lost wallet and hacked accounts. I provided them the information they requested and they began their investigation. To my surprise, Capital Crypto Recover was able to trace and recover my crypto assets successfully within 24hours. Thank you for your service in helping me recover my $647,734 worth of crypto funds and I highly recommend their recovery services, they are reliable and a trusted company to any individuals looking to recover lost money. Contact email [email protected] OR Telegram @Capitalcryptorecover Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 18.09.25 13:04 Mundo

    Sylvester Bryant recovered £400,000 in Ethereum for me. I strongly advise using his services. He focuses on retrieving money lost to fraudulent schemes. Scams cause immense worry. Mr. Bryant's expert knowledge and calm approach in getting funds back reassured me. If you have lost money to scams, contact him via email at [email protected]. You can also reach him on WhatsApp at +1 512 577 7957. He is committed to helping people recover their stolen assets. His support was invaluable in my situation.

  • 18.09.25 16:46 carolinehudso83

    I noticed a lot of online recommendations, and it’s clear that some of them are bad eggs that will just make уour mуsterу worse. I can onlу suggest one, and if уou need assistance getting back the moneу уou lost to scammers, уou can contact them bу email at: [email protected] Whats app or text +1 518 468 2985 Website https://bestrecoveryagent.com/

  • 19.09.25 00:54 frank2025

    Anthony davies played a crucial role in successfully recovering my stolen USDT, which was valued at more than $300,000. His expertise and dedication made the recovery process smooth and efficient. Throughout the entire time, he demonstrated himself to be a reliable recovery agent. His professionalism and commitment to his clients are evident in the results he achieves. If you find yourself in a similar situation or need assistance, he is available for contact. You can reach anthony through email at (anthonydaviestech AT gmail dot com). Alternatively, he is also accessible via telegram at anthonydavies01. Reaching out to him could be the first step toward recovering your lost assets

  • 19.09.25 10:02 faithlawrence

    Sylvester Bryant recovered £400,000 in Ethereum for me. I strongly advise using his services. He focuses on retrieving money lost to fraudulent schemes. Scams cause immense worry. Mr. Bryant's expert knowledge and calm approach in getting funds back reassured me. If you have lost money to scams, contact him via email at [email protected]. You can also reach him on WhatsApp at +1 512 577 7957. He is committed to helping people recover their stolen assets. His support was invaluable in my situation.

  • 19.09.25 10:02 faithlawrence

    Sylvester Bryant recovered £400,000 in Ethereum for me. I strongly advise using his services. He focuses on retrieving money lost to fraudulent schemes. Scams cause immense worry. Mr. Bryant's expert knowledge and calm approach in getting funds back reassured me. If you have lost money to scams, contact him via email at [email protected]. You can also reach him on WhatsApp at +1 512 577 7957. He is committed to helping people recover their stolen assets. His support was invaluable in my situation.

  • 19.09.25 15:27 tonykith01477

    There are not many reviews about free crypto recovery fixed but the ones that exist are mostly positive. I have no idea how that is possible, but it is clear that they are fabricated. However, there are also negative reviews – and I highly recommend paying attention to them. These are real people describing their unfortunate experiences with this scam. It’s the same story as always – fraudsters create a fake website to con people out of money. Nothing new but look no more and contact FASTRECOVERYAGENT These types of scams are everywhere. If you have already lost money to scammers i mean any type be it sending to scammers account , or if you have a case about stolen bitcoin , usdt, or any type of cryptocurrency whatsoever just reach out to www.fastrecoveryagent.com, i really owe this group of recovery expert because they saved me after bad investment with a fake broker, i literally owe them my life as they saved me from some bunch of scammers, but see how life is , i got every cent of my investment back with the profit , reach out to to them today and tell them from Mary because i promise them i will tell the whole world when the recovery is complete, and here i go after i got my recovered assets thats why im doing what i promised. do not fall for another scam. contact the,m today!!!!

  • 19.09.25 17:12 wendytaylor015

    My name is Wendy Taylor, I'm from Los Angeles, i want to announce to you Viewer how Capital Crypto Recover help me to restore my Lost Bitcoin, I invested with a Crypto broker without proper research to know what I was hoarding my hard-earned money into scammers, i lost access to my crypto wallet or had your funds stolen? Don’t worry Capital Crypto Recover is here to help you recover your cryptocurrency with cutting-edge technical expertise, With years of experience in the crypto world, Capital Crypto Recover employs the best latest tools and ethical hacking techniques to help you recover lost assets, unlock hacked accounts, Whether it’s a forgotten password, Capital Crypto Recover has the expertise to help you get your crypto back. a security company service that has a 100% success rate in the recovery of crypto assets, i lost wallet and hacked accounts. I provided them the information they requested and they began their investigation. To my surprise, Capital Crypto Recover was able to trace and recover my crypto assets successfully within 24hours. Thank you for your service in helping me recover my $647,734 worth of crypto funds and I highly recommend their recovery services, they are reliable and a trusted company to any individuals looking to recover lost money. Contact email [email protected] OR Telegram @Capitalcryptorecover Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 19.09.25 17:12 wendytaylor015

    My name is Wendy Taylor, I'm from Los Angeles, i want to announce to you Viewer how Capital Crypto Recover help me to restore my Lost Bitcoin, I invested with a Crypto broker without proper research to know what I was hoarding my hard-earned money into scammers, i lost access to my crypto wallet or had your funds stolen? Don’t worry Capital Crypto Recover is here to help you recover your cryptocurrency with cutting-edge technical expertise, With years of experience in the crypto world, Capital Crypto Recover employs the best latest tools and ethical hacking techniques to help you recover lost assets, unlock hacked accounts, Whether it’s a forgotten password, Capital Crypto Recover has the expertise to help you get your crypto back. a security company service that has a 100% success rate in the recovery of crypto assets, i lost wallet and hacked accounts. I provided them the information they requested and they began their investigation. To my surprise, Capital Crypto Recover was able to trace and recover my crypto assets successfully within 24hours. Thank you for your service in helping me recover my $647,734 worth of crypto funds and I highly recommend their recovery services, they are reliable and a trusted company to any individuals looking to recover lost money. Contact email [email protected] OR Telegram @Capitalcryptorecover Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 20.09.25 15:05 faithlawrence

    I can’t recommend Sylvester Bryant enough. He successfully recovered €210,000 in Ethereum for me after I had lost hope. His expertise in tracing and reclaiming funds from scams is truly remarkable. What stood out most was his calm, professional approach and deep technical knowledge, which gave me complete confidence throughout the process. If you’ve lost money to a scam, I strongly encourage you to reach out to him. You can contact him via email at [[email protected] ] or on WhatsApp at +1 512 577 7957. He is genuinely dedicated to helping people recover what they’ve lost, and his support has been invaluable to me.

  • 20.09.25 15:53 blessing1198

    It is distressing to lose USDT due to a bitcoin wallet hack. Although it is challenging, stolen USDT can be recovered. Taking prompt, wise action increases your chances. Marie can help you with reporting the theft, what to do right away, and USDT recovery. Contact her on WhatsApp at +1 7127594675, or email [email protected].

  • 21.09.25 12:05 star1121

    Consider this: In cryptocurrency, you see what appears to be a fantastic opportunity. After investing your hard-earned money, you see it disappear into the wallet of a con artist. Your bank account seems empty as rage and regret merge in this stomach punch. These days, cryptocurrency frauds are very common, however recovering your cryptocurrency from scammers is still possible. You can track down and possibly recover what you lost with shrewd actions. Marie can help; contact her at [email protected] and on WhatsApp at +1 7127594675.

  • 23.09.25 03:23 robertalfred175

    CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: 📧 Email: [email protected] 📱 Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] 📞 Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 🌐 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 23.09.25 03:23 robertalfred175

    CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: 📧 Email: [email protected] 📱 Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] 📞 Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 🌐 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 23.09.25 03:23 robertalfred175

    CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: 📧 Email: [email protected] 📱 Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] 📞 Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 🌐 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 23.09.25 03:54 robertalfred175

    CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: 📧 Email: [email protected] 📱 Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] 📞 Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 🌐 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 23.09.25 14:45 Raymondkrisitina

    Sylvester Bryant gets my full recommendation. He helped me get back €230,000 in Ethereum when I thought it was gone forever. His skills in tracking and retrieving scam-lost funds amaze me. I appreciated his steady, expert manner and strong tech know-how. That built my trust every step of the way. If a scam has taken your money, get in touch with him right away. Email him at yt7cracker@gmail. com or message on WhatsApp at +1 512 577 7957. He truly commits to aiding folks in regaining their assets. His help meant everything to me.

  • 23.09.25 19:27 beverlyalex010

    In 2022, I lost 1.5 ETH in what I thought was a promising Twitter investment. I reached out to the so-called brokers behind it, but they vanished and stopped replying. For years, I carried the heavy belief that my crypto was gone forever. Then, by chance, I discovered RecoveryFundProvider [email protected] WhatsApp at +44 736-644-5035 through a finance podcast. That moment changed everything. Their team didn’t lure me in with false promises or flashy guarantees. Instead, they explained their process clearly specializing in advanced blockchain tracing, smart contract forensics, and even transaction reversal in certain cases. Skeptical but hopeful, I allowed them to review my case. What followed was beyond my expectations. They dug deep into the blockchain ledger, followed the coin’s complex movements across multiple addresses, and even collaborated with global nodes to trace every trail. Two weeks later, I received an alert I never thought I’d see again: my crypto had been fully recovered and safely transferred back to me. I cried tears of relief. What sets RecoveryFundProvider apart isn’t just their cutting-edge expertise, but their unwavering ethics and dedication. They treat every client like more than just another case number even years after a loss. Today, I can confidently say they live up to their name, and I’m endlessly grateful.

  • 23.09.25 22:38 Raymondkrisitina

    Sylvester Bryant gets my full recommendation. He helped me get back €230,000 in Ethereum when I thought it was gone forever. His skills in tracking and retrieving scam-lost funds amaze me. I appreciated his steady, expert manner and strong tech know-how. That built my trust every step of the way. If a scam has taken your money, get in touch with him right away. Email him at yt7cracker@gmail. com or message on WhatsApp at +1 512 577 7957. He truly commits to aiding folks in regaining their assets. His help meant everything to me.

  • 24.09.25 12:22 beverlyalex010

    In 2022, I lost 1.5 ETH in what I thought was a promising Twitter investment. I reached out to the so-called brokers behind it, but they vanished and stopped replying. For years, I carried the heavy belief that my crypto was gone forever. Then, by chance, I discovered RecoveryFundProvider [email protected] WhatsApp at +44 736-644-5035 through a finance podcast. That moment changed everything. Their team didn’t lure me in with false promises or flashy guarantees. Instead, they explained their process clearly specializing in advanced blockchain tracing, smart contract forensics, and even transaction reversal in certain cases. Skeptical but hopeful, I allowed them to review my case. What followed was beyond my expectations. They dug deep into the blockchain ledger, followed the coin’s complex movements across multiple addresses, and even collaborated with global nodes to trace every trail. Two weeks later, I received an alert I never thought I’d see again: my crypto had been fully recovered and safely transferred back to me. I cried tears of relief. What sets RecoveryFundProvider apart isn’t just their cutting-edge expertise, but their unwavering ethics and dedication. They treat every client like more than just another case number even years after a loss. Today, I can confidently say they live up to their name, and I’m endlessly grateful.

  • 24.09.25 15:50 michaeldavenport218

    I was recently scammed out of $53,000 by a fraudulent Bitcoin investment scheme, which added significant stress to my already difficult health issues, as I was also facing cancer surgery expenses. Desperate to recover my funds, I spent hours researching and consulting other victims, which led me to discover the excellent reputation of Capital Crypto Recover, I came across a Google post It was only after spending many hours researching and asking other victims for advice that I discovered Capital Crypto Recovery’s stellar reputation. I decided to contact them because of their successful recovery record and encouraging client testimonials. I had no idea that this would be the pivotal moment in my fight against cryptocurrency theft. Thanks to their expert team, I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency back. The process was intricate, but Capital Crypto Recovery's commitment to utilizing the latest technology ensured a successful outcome. I highly recommend their services to anyone who has fallen victim to cryptocurrency fraud. For assistance contact [email protected] and on Telegram OR Call Number +1 (336)390-6684 via email: [email protected] you can visit his website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 24.09.25 15:50 michaeldavenport218

    I was recently scammed out of $53,000 by a fraudulent Bitcoin investment scheme, which added significant stress to my already difficult health issues, as I was also facing cancer surgery expenses. Desperate to recover my funds, I spent hours researching and consulting other victims, which led me to discover the excellent reputation of Capital Crypto Recover, I came across a Google post It was only after spending many hours researching and asking other victims for advice that I discovered Capital Crypto Recovery’s stellar reputation. I decided to contact them because of their successful recovery record and encouraging client testimonials. I had no idea that this would be the pivotal moment in my fight against cryptocurrency theft. Thanks to their expert team, I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency back. The process was intricate, but Capital Crypto Recovery's commitment to utilizing the latest technology ensured a successful outcome. I highly recommend their services to anyone who has fallen victim to cryptocurrency fraud. For assistance contact [email protected] and on Telegram OR Call Number +1 (336)390-6684 via email: [email protected] you can visit his website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 24.09.25 15:50 michaeldavenport218

    I was recently scammed out of $53,000 by a fraudulent Bitcoin investment scheme, which added significant stress to my already difficult health issues, as I was also facing cancer surgery expenses. Desperate to recover my funds, I spent hours researching and consulting other victims, which led me to discover the excellent reputation of Capital Crypto Recover, I came across a Google post It was only after spending many hours researching and asking other victims for advice that I discovered Capital Crypto Recovery’s stellar reputation. I decided to contact them because of their successful recovery record and encouraging client testimonials. I had no idea that this would be the pivotal moment in my fight against cryptocurrency theft. Thanks to their expert team, I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency back. The process was intricate, but Capital Crypto Recovery's commitment to utilizing the latest technology ensured a successful outcome. I highly recommend their services to anyone who has fallen victim to cryptocurrency fraud. For assistance contact [email protected] and on Telegram OR Call Number +1 (336)390-6684 via email: [email protected] you can visit his website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 24.09.25 19:08 Raymondkrisitina

    Sylvester Bryant gets my full recommendation. He helped me get back €230,000 in Ethereum when I thought it was gone forever. His skills in tracking and retrieving scam-lost funds amaze me. I appreciated his steady, expert manner and strong tech know-how. That built my trust every step of the way. If a scam has taken your money, get in touch with him right away. Email him at yt7cracker@gmail. com or message on WhatsApp at +1 512 577 7957. He truly commits to aiding folks in regaining their assets. His help meant everything to me.

  • 24.09.25 19:50 Raymondkrisitina

    Sylvester Bryant gets my full recommendation. He helped me get back €230,000 in Ethereum when I thought it was gone forever. His skills in tracking and retrieving scam-lost funds amaze me. I appreciated his steady, expert manner and strong tech know-how. That built my trust every step of the way. If a scam has taken your money, get in touch with him right away. Email him at yt7cracker@gmail. com or message on WhatsApp at +1 512 577 7957. He truly commits to aiding folks in regaining their assets. His help meant everything to me.

  • 24.09.25 19:55 Athea5130

    ETHICAL BITCOIN HACKER/ BEST WAY RECOVERY BITCOIN I believed I was completely lost. I was unable to withdraw money from my investment wallet after making a dubious investment, and until I discovered Best Way Hacker Company, no one could assist me in unfreezing it. This group handled my matter with attention and urgency. In a matter of days, they were able to retrieve my frozen investment and transfer it to a new wallet that I owned. They restored my hope in a big way. Best Way Hacker restored my money and my peace of mind, and for that I will always be grateful. Email.. [email protected] WhatsApp..+39-(350)-967-(1925)

  • 24.09.25 19:56 Athea5130

    ETHICAL BITCOIN HACKER/ BEST WAY RECOVERY BITCOIN I believed I was completely lost. I was unable to withdraw money from my investment wallet after making a dubious investment, and until I discovered Best Way Hacker Company, no one could assist me in unfreezing it. This group handled my matter with attention and urgency. In a matter of days, they were able to retrieve my frozen investment and transfer it to a new wallet that I owned. They restored my hope in a big way. Best Way Hacker restored my money and my peace of mind, and for that I will always be grateful. Email.. [email protected] WhatsApp..+39-(350)-967-(1925)

  • 24.09.25 19:56 Athea5130

    ETHICAL BITCOIN HACKER/ BEST WAY RECOVERY BITCOIN I believed I was completely lost. I was unable to withdraw money from my investment wallet after making a dubious investment, and until I discovered Best Way Hacker Company, no one could assist me in unfreezing it. This group handled my matter with attention and urgency. In a matter of days, they were able to retrieve my frozen investment and transfer it to a new wallet that I owned. They restored my hope in a big way. Best Way Hacker restored my money and my peace of mind, and for that I will always be grateful. Email.. [email protected] WhatsApp..+39-(350)-967-(1925)

  • 24.09.25 19:56 Athea5130

    ETHICAL BITCOIN HACKER/ BEST WAY RECOVERY BITCOIN I believed I was completely lost. I was unable to withdraw money from my investment wallet after making a dubious investment, and until I discovered Best Way Hacker Company, no one could assist me in unfreezing it. This group handled my matter with attention and urgency. In a matter of days, they were able to retrieve my frozen investment and transfer it to a new wallet that I owned. They restored my hope in a big way. Best Way Hacker restored my money and my peace of mind, and for that I will always be grateful. Email.. [email protected] WhatsApp..+39-(350)-967-(1925)

  • 24.09.25 20:52 elizabethrush89

    God bless Capital Crypto Recover Services for the marvelous work you did in my life, I have learned the hard way that even the most sensible investors can fall victim to scams. When my USD was stolen, for anyone who has fallen victim to one of the bitcoin binary investment scams that are currently ongoing, I felt betrayal and upset. But then I was reading a post on site when I saw a testimony of Wendy Taylor online who recommended that Capital Crypto Recovery has helped her recover scammed funds within 24 hours. after reaching out to this cyber security firm that was able to help me recover my stolen digital assets and bitcoin. I’m genuinely blown away by their amazing service and professionalism. I never imagined I’d be able to get my money back until I complained to Capital Crypto Recovery Services about my difficulties and gave all of the necessary paperwork. I was astounded that it took them 12 hours to reclaim my stolen money back. Without a doubt, my USDT assets were successfully recovered from the scam platform, Thank you so much Sir, I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover for any of your bitcoin recovery, digital funds recovery, hacking, and cybersecurity concerns. You reach them Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 His Email: [email protected] Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Via Contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 24.09.25 20:52 elizabethrush89

    God bless Capital Crypto Recover Services for the marvelous work you did in my life, I have learned the hard way that even the most sensible investors can fall victim to scams. When my USD was stolen, for anyone who has fallen victim to one of the bitcoin binary investment scams that are currently ongoing, I felt betrayal and upset. But then I was reading a post on site when I saw a testimony of Wendy Taylor online who recommended that Capital Crypto Recovery has helped her recover scammed funds within 24 hours. after reaching out to this cyber security firm that was able to help me recover my stolen digital assets and bitcoin. I’m genuinely blown away by their amazing service and professionalism. I never imagined I’d be able to get my money back until I complained to Capital Crypto Recovery Services about my difficulties and gave all of the necessary paperwork. I was astounded that it took them 12 hours to reclaim my stolen money back. Without a doubt, my USDT assets were successfully recovered from the scam platform, Thank you so much Sir, I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover for any of your bitcoin recovery, digital funds recovery, hacking, and cybersecurity concerns. You reach them Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 His Email: [email protected] Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Via Contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 26.09.25 12:29 beverlyalex010

    In 2022, I lost 1.5 ETH in what I thought was a promising Twitter investment. I reached out to the so-called brokers behind it, but they vanished and stopped replying. For years, I carried the heavy belief that my crypto was gone forever. Then, by chance, I discovered RecoveryFundProvider (recoveryfundprovider @ gmail. com WhatsApp +44 736-644-5035) through a finance podcast. That moment changed everything. Their team didn’t lure me in with false promises or flashy guarantees. Instead, they explained their process clearly specializing in advanced blockchain tracing, smart contract forensics, and even transaction reversal in certain cases. Skeptical but hopeful, I allowed them to review my case. What followed was beyond my expectations. They dug deep into the blockchain ledger, followed the coin’s complex movements across multiple addresses, and even collaborated with global nodes to trace every trail. Two weeks later, I received an alert I never thought I’d see again: my crypto had been fully recovered and safely transferred back to me. I cried tears of relief. What sets RecoveryFundProvider apart isn’t just their cutting-edge expertise, but their unwavering ethics and dedication. They treat every client like more than just another case number even years after a loss. Today, I can confidently say they live up to their name, and i am endlessly grateful.

  • 26.09.25 15:42 elizabethrush89

    God bless Capital Crypto Recover Services for the marvelous work you did in my life, I have learned the hard way that even the most sensible investors can fall victim to scams. When my USD was stolen, for anyone who has fallen victim to one of the bitcoin binary investment scams that are currently ongoing, I felt betrayal and upset. But then I was reading a post on site when I saw a testimony of Wendy Taylor online who recommended that Capital Crypto Recovery has helped her recover scammed funds within 24 hours. after reaching out to this cyber security firm that was able to help me recover my stolen digital assets and bitcoin. I’m genuinely blown away by their amazing service and professionalism. I never imagined I’d be able to get my money back until I complained to Capital Crypto Recovery Services about my difficulties and gave all of the necessary paperwork. I was astounded that it took them 12 hours to reclaim my stolen money back. Without a doubt, my USDT assets were successfully recovered from the scam platform, Thank you so much Sir, I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover for any of your bitcoin recovery, digital funds recovery, hacking, and cybersecurity concerns. You reach them Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 His Email: [email protected] Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Via Contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 26.09.25 15:42 elizabethrush89

    God bless Capital Crypto Recover Services for the marvelous work you did in my life, I have learned the hard way that even the most sensible investors can fall victim to scams. When my USD was stolen, for anyone who has fallen victim to one of the bitcoin binary investment scams that are currently ongoing, I felt betrayal and upset. But then I was reading a post on site when I saw a testimony of Wendy Taylor online who recommended that Capital Crypto Recovery has helped her recover scammed funds within 24 hours. after reaching out to this cyber security firm that was able to help me recover my stolen digital assets and bitcoin. I’m genuinely blown away by their amazing service and professionalism. I never imagined I’d be able to get my money back until I complained to Capital Crypto Recovery Services about my difficulties and gave all of the necessary paperwork. I was astounded that it took them 12 hours to reclaim my stolen money back. Without a doubt, my USDT assets were successfully recovered from the scam platform, Thank you so much Sir, I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover for any of your bitcoin recovery, digital funds recovery, hacking, and cybersecurity concerns. You reach them Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 His Email: [email protected] Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Via Contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 26.09.25 16:40 Slimbella

    I fully recommend Sylvester Bryant. He recovered €230,000 in Ethereum for me after I believed it was lost for good. His talent for tracing and reclaiming funds stolen by scammers impresses me deeply. I valued his calm, skilled approach and solid grasp of technology. This gained my confidence at every turn. If scammers have stolen your cash, contact him now. Reach out by email at yt7cracker@gmail. com or via WhatsApp at +1 512 577 7957. He dedicates himself to helping people recover their belongings. His support changed everything for me.

  • 26.09.25 16:40 Slimbella

    I fully recommend Sylvester Bryant. He recovered €230,000 in Ethereum for me after I believed it was lost for good. His talent for tracing and reclaiming funds stolen by scammers impresses me deeply. I valued his calm, skilled approach and solid grasp of technology. This gained my confidence at every turn. If scammers have stolen your cash, contact him now. Reach out by email at yt7cracker@gmail. com or via WhatsApp at +1 512 577 7957. He dedicates himself to helping people recover their belongings. His support changed everything for me.

  • 26.09.25 19:08 beverlyalex010

    In 2022, I lost 1.5 ETH in what I thought was a promising Twitter investment. I reached out to the so-called brokers behind it, but they vanished and stopped replying. For years, I carried the heavy belief that my crypto was gone forever. Then, by chance, I discovered RecoveryFundProvider ( [email protected]. WhatsApp +44 736-644-5035) through a finance podcast. That moment changed everything. Their team didn’t lure me in with false promises or flashy guarantees. Instead, they explained their process clearly specializing in advanced blockchain tracing, smart contract forensics, and even transaction reversal in certain cases. Skeptical but hopeful, I allowed them to review my case. What followed was beyond my expectations. They dug deep into the blockchain ledger, followed the coin’s complex movements across multiple addresses, and even collaborated with global nodes to trace every trail. Two weeks later, I received an alert I never thought I’d see again: my crypto had been fully recovered and safely transferred back to me. I cried tears of relief. What sets RecoveryFundProvider apart isn’t just their cutting-edge expertise, but their unwavering ethics and dedication. They treat every client like more than just another case number even years after a loss. Today, I can confidently say they live up to their name, and i am endlessly grateful.

  • 26.09.25 19:53 carolinehudso83

    You are one step away from recovering your lost crypto funds. CAPITAL REDEMPTION WIZARD is the solution. Without them, I would have lost everything. I was scammed through a compromised email, lured by a fake Elon Musk Bitcoin investment. After applying and completing KYC, I was credited with 2.5 Bitcoin. When I tried to withdraw, I was hit with fees, and my wallet was emptied of $103,000.00. Their support team was hostile. I researched and found CAPITAL REDEMPTION WIZARD. They recovered my hacked Bitcoin. I learned the Bitcoin offer was a scam. CAPITAL REDEMPTION WIZARD guided me through this. Email: ( [email protected] ) Whats app or text +1 518 468 2985 Website https://bestrecoveryagent.com/

  • 26.09.25 22:25 Slimbella

    I fully recommend Sylvester Bryant. He recovered €230,000 in Ethereum for me after I believed it was lost for good. His talent for tracing and reclaiming funds stolen by scammers impresses me deeply. I valued his calm, skilled approach and solid grasp of technology. This gained my confidence at every turn. If scammers have stolen your cash, contact him now. Reach out by email at yt7cracker@gmail. com or via WhatsApp at +1 512 577 7957. He dedicates himself to helping people recover their belongings. His support changed everything for me.

  • 26.09.25 22:59 elizabethrush89

    God bless Capital Crypto Recover Services for the marvelous work you did in my life, I have learned the hard way that even the most sensible investors can fall victim to scams. When my USD was stolen, for anyone who has fallen victim to one of the bitcoin binary investment scams that are currently ongoing, I felt betrayal and upset. But then I was reading a post on site when I saw a testimony of Wendy Taylor online who recommended that Capital Crypto Recovery has helped her recover scammed funds within 24 hours. after reaching out to this cyber security firm that was able to help me recover my stolen digital assets and bitcoin. I’m genuinely blown away by their amazing service and professionalism. I never imagined I’d be able to get my money back until I complained to Capital Crypto Recovery Services about my difficulties and gave all of the necessary paperwork. I was astounded that it took them 12 hours to reclaim my stolen money back. Without a doubt, my USDT assets were successfully recovered from the scam platform, Thank you so much Sir, I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover for any of your bitcoin recovery, digital funds recovery, hacking, and cybersecurity concerns. You reach them Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 His Email: [email protected] Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Via Contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 26.09.25 22:59 elizabethrush89

    God bless Capital Crypto Recover Services for the marvelous work you did in my life, I have learned the hard way that even the most sensible investors can fall victim to scams. When my USD was stolen, for anyone who has fallen victim to one of the bitcoin binary investment scams that are currently ongoing, I felt betrayal and upset. But then I was reading a post on site when I saw a testimony of Wendy Taylor online who recommended that Capital Crypto Recovery has helped her recover scammed funds within 24 hours. after reaching out to this cyber security firm that was able to help me recover my stolen digital assets and bitcoin. I’m genuinely blown away by their amazing service and professionalism. I never imagined I’d be able to get my money back until I complained to Capital Crypto Recovery Services about my difficulties and gave all of the necessary paperwork. I was astounded that it took them 12 hours to reclaim my stolen money back. Without a doubt, my USDT assets were successfully recovered from the scam platform, Thank you so much Sir, I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover for any of your bitcoin recovery, digital funds recovery, hacking, and cybersecurity concerns. You reach them Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 His Email: [email protected] Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Via Contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 27.09.25 03:07 Angela_Moore

    I thought my money was lost forever. Then Mr. Sylvester stepped in. He tracked down and recovered $107,000 in stablecoins , plus all my earnings. His talent for finding scam-stolen funds left me stunned. I loved how he handled everything with real expertise and solid tech skills. It got my scammed cash back safe. I trusted him completely. If you've lost funds to a scam, reach out to him now. Email [email protected] or text on WhatsApp at +1 512 577 7957. His support saved me.

  • 28.09.25 00:42 Anitastar

    Wizard Hilton Cyber Tech's strategic approach to Bitcoin recovery represents a mutually beneficial collaboration that offers valuable advantages for all involved. At the core of this innovative partnership is a shared commitment to leveraging cutting-edge technology and expertise to tackle the increasingly complex challenges of cryptocurrency theft and loss. By combining Wizard Hilton's world-class cybersecurity capabilities with the deep industry insights and recovery methodologies of Cyber Tech, this alliance is poised to revolutionize the way individuals and organizations safeguard their digital assets. Through a meticulous, multi-layered process, the team meticulously analyzes each case, employing advanced forensic techniques to trace the flow of stolen funds and identify potential recovery avenues. This rigorous approach not only maximizes the chances of successful Bitcoin retrieval, but also provides invaluable intelligence to enhance future security measures and prevention strategies. Importantly, the collaboration is built on a foundation of trust, transparency, and a genuine concern for the well-being of clients, ensuring that the recovery process is handled with the utmost care and discretion. As the cryptocurrency landscape continues to evolve, this strategic alliance between Wizard Hilton Cyber Tech stands as a shining example of how industry leaders can come together to safeguard digital assets, protect victims of cybercrime, and pave the way for a more secure and resilient cryptocurrency ecosystem. Email : wizardhiltoncybertech ( @ ) gmail (. ) com     OR support ( @ ) wizardhiltoncybertech (.) com WhatsApp number  +18737715701 Thanks.

  • 28.09.25 01:48 marcushenderson624

    Bitcoin Recovery Testimonial After falling victim to a cryptocurrency scam group, I lost $354,000 worth of USDT. I thought all hope was lost from the experience of losing my hard-earned money to scammers. I was devastated and believed there was no way to recover my funds. Fortunately, I started searching for help to recover my stolen funds and I came across a lot of testimonials online about Capital Crypto Recovery, an agent who helps in recovery of lost bitcoin funds, I contacted Capital Crypto Recover Service, and with their expertise, they successfully traced and recovered my stolen assets. Their team was professional, kept me updated throughout the process, and demonstrated a deep understanding of blockchain transactions and recovery protocols. They are trusted and very reliable with a 100% successful rate record Recovery bitcoin, I’m grateful for their help and highly recommend their services to anyone seeking assistance with lost crypto. Contact: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Email: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 28.09.25 01:48 marcushenderson624

    Bitcoin Recovery Testimonial After falling victim to a cryptocurrency scam group, I lost $354,000 worth of USDT. I thought all hope was lost from the experience of losing my hard-earned money to scammers. I was devastated and believed there was no way to recover my funds. Fortunately, I started searching for help to recover my stolen funds and I came across a lot of testimonials online about Capital Crypto Recovery, an agent who helps in recovery of lost bitcoin funds, I contacted Capital Crypto Recover Service, and with their expertise, they successfully traced and recovered my stolen assets. Their team was professional, kept me updated throughout the process, and demonstrated a deep understanding of blockchain transactions and recovery protocols. They are trusted and very reliable with a 100% successful rate record Recovery bitcoin, I’m grateful for their help and highly recommend their services to anyone seeking assistance with lost crypto. Contact: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Email: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 28.09.25 01:49 marcushenderson624

    Bitcoin Recovery Testimonial After falling victim to a cryptocurrency scam group, I lost $354,000 worth of USDT. I thought all hope was lost from the experience of losing my hard-earned money to scammers. I was devastated and believed there was no way to recover my funds. Fortunately, I started searching for help to recover my stolen funds and I came across a lot of testimonials online about Capital Crypto Recovery, an agent who helps in recovery of lost bitcoin funds, I contacted Capital Crypto Recover Service, and with their expertise, they successfully traced and recovered my stolen assets. Their team was professional, kept me updated throughout the process, and demonstrated a deep understanding of blockchain transactions and recovery protocols. They are trusted and very reliable with a 100% successful rate record Recovery bitcoin, I’m grateful for their help and highly recommend their services to anyone seeking assistance with lost crypto. Contact: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Email: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 13:47 thomassankara

    USDT recovery expert / company I thought my money was lost forever. Then Mr. Sylvester stepped in. He tracked down and recovered $107,000 in stablecoins , plus all my earnings. His talent for finding scam-stolen funds left me stunned. I loved how he handled everything with real expertise and solid tech skills. It got my scammed cash back safe. I trusted him completely. If you've lost funds to a scam, reach out to him now. Email [email protected] or text on WhatsApp at +1 512 577 7957. His support saved me.

  • 16:32 elizabethrush89

    God bless Capital Crypto Recover Services for the marvelous work you did in my life, I have learned the hard way that even the most sensible investors can fall victim to scams. When my USD was stolen, for anyone who has fallen victim to one of the bitcoin binary investment scams that are currently ongoing, I felt betrayal and upset. But then I was reading a post on site when I saw a testimony of Wendy Taylor online who recommended that Capital Crypto Recovery has helped her recover scammed funds within 24 hours. after reaching out to this cyber security firm that was able to help me recover my stolen digital assets and bitcoin. I’m genuinely blown away by their amazing service and professionalism. I never imagined I’d be able to get my money back until I complained to Capital Crypto Recovery Services about my difficulties and gave all of the necessary paperwork. I was astounded that it took them 12 hours to reclaim my stolen money back. Without a doubt, my USDT assets were successfully recovered from the scam platform, Thank you so much Sir, I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover for any of your bitcoin recovery, digital funds recovery, hacking, and cybersecurity concerns. You reach them Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 His Email: [email protected] Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Via Contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 16:32 elizabethrush89

    God bless Capital Crypto Recover Services for the marvelous work you did in my life, I have learned the hard way that even the most sensible investors can fall victim to scams. When my USD was stolen, for anyone who has fallen victim to one of the bitcoin binary investment scams that are currently ongoing, I felt betrayal and upset. But then I was reading a post on site when I saw a testimony of Wendy Taylor online who recommended that Capital Crypto Recovery has helped her recover scammed funds within 24 hours. after reaching out to this cyber security firm that was able to help me recover my stolen digital assets and bitcoin. I’m genuinely blown away by their amazing service and professionalism. I never imagined I’d be able to get my money back until I complained to Capital Crypto Recovery Services about my difficulties and gave all of the necessary paperwork. I was astounded that it took them 12 hours to reclaim my stolen money back. Without a doubt, my USDT assets were successfully recovered from the scam platform, Thank you so much Sir, I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover for any of your bitcoin recovery, digital funds recovery, hacking, and cybersecurity concerns. You reach them Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 His Email: [email protected] Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Via Contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 19:46 beverlyalex010

    In 2022, I lost 1.5 ETH in what I thought was a promising Twitter investment. I reached out to the so-called brokers behind it, but they vanished and stopped replying. For years, I carried the heavy belief that my crypto was gone forever. Then, by chance, I discovered RecoveryFundProvider ( recoveryfundprovider@gmail. com WhatsApp +44 736-644-5035) through a finance podcast. That moment changed everything. Their team didn’t lure me in with false promises or flashy guarantees. Instead, they explained their process clearly specializing in advanced blockchain tracing, smart contract forensics, and even transaction reversal in certain cases. Skeptical but hopeful, I allowed them to review my case. What followed was beyond my expectations. They dug deep into the blockchain ledger, followed the coin’s complex movements across multiple addresses, and even collaborated with global nodes to trace every trail. Two weeks later, I received an alert I never thought I’d see again: my crypto had been fully recovered and safely transferred back to me. I cried tears of relief. What sets RecoveryFundProvider apart isn’t just their cutting-edge expertise, but their unwavering ethics and dedication. They treat every client like more than just another case number even years after a loss. Today, I can confidently say they live up to their name, and i am endlessly grateful.

  • 21:06 beverlyalex010

    I ended my marriage. My spouse was unfaithful. I found clear proof of her cheating. She hid her phone activity. Many secrets were on her phone. She used different apps. I hired a private investigator. I needed solid evidence first. I did not want to accuse her without proof. That could lead to legal trouble. They helped me access her phone. They linked her phone use to mine. I could then watch her phone without her knowing. This is how I learned about her affair. I also found out she planned to take my money. She intended to leave with her new partner. If you are in a similar situation, reach out to [email protected] WhatsApp at +44 736-644-5035. Get ahead of things.

  • 21:07 beverlyalex010

    I ended my marriage. My spouse was unfaithful. I found clear proof of her cheating. She hid her phone activity. Many secrets were on her phone. She used different apps. I hired a private investigator. I needed solid evidence first. I did not want to accuse her without proof. That could lead to legal trouble. They helped me access her phone. They linked her phone use to mine. I could then watch her phone without her knowing. This is how I learned about her affair. I also found out she planned to take my money. She intended to leave with her new partner. If you are in a similar situation, reach out to [email protected] WhatsApp at +44 736-644-5035. Get ahead of things.

  • 21:07 beverlyalex010

    I ended my marriage. My spouse was unfaithful. I found clear proof of her cheating. She hid her phone activity. Many secrets were on her phone. She used different apps. I hired a private investigator. I needed solid evidence first. I did not want to accuse her without proof. That could lead to legal trouble. They helped me access her phone. They linked her phone use to mine. I could then watch her phone without her knowing. This is how I learned about her affair. I also found out she planned to take my money. She intended to leave with her new partner. If you are in a similar situation, reach out to [email protected] WhatsApp at +44 736-644-5035. Get ahead of things.

  • 21:07 beverlyalex010

    I ended my marriage. My spouse was unfaithful. I found clear proof of her cheating. She hid her phone activity. Many secrets were on her phone. She used different apps. I hired a private investigator. I needed solid evidence first. I did not want to accuse her without proof. That could lead to legal trouble. They helped me access her phone. They linked her phone use to mine. I could then watch her phone without her knowing. This is how I learned about her affair. I also found out she planned to take my money. She intended to leave with her new partner. If you are in a similar situation, reach out to [email protected] WhatsApp at +44 736-644-5035. Get ahead of things.

  • 21:07 beverlyalex010

    I ended my marriage. My spouse was unfaithful. I found clear proof of her cheating. She hid her phone activity. Many secrets were on her phone. She used different apps. I hired a private investigator. I needed solid evidence first. I did not want to accuse her without proof. That could lead to legal trouble. They helped me access her phone. They linked her phone use to mine. I could then watch her phone without her knowing. This is how I learned about her affair. I also found out she planned to take my money. She intended to leave with her new partner. If you are in a similar situation, reach out to [email protected] WhatsApp at +44 736-644-5035. Get ahead of things.

  • 21:07 beverlyalex010

    I ended my marriage. My spouse was unfaithful. I found clear proof of her cheating. She hid her phone activity. Many secrets were on her phone. She used different apps. I hired a private investigator. I needed solid evidence first. I did not want to accuse her without proof. That could lead to legal trouble. They helped me access her phone. They linked her phone use to mine. I could then watch her phone without her knowing. This is how I learned about her affair. I also found out she planned to take my money. She intended to leave with her new partner. If you are in a similar situation, reach out to [email protected] WhatsApp at +44 736-644-5035. Get ahead of things.

  • 21:07 beverlyalex010

    I ended my marriage. My spouse was unfaithful. I found clear proof of her cheating. She hid her phone activity. Many secrets were on her phone. She used different apps. I hired a private investigator. I needed solid evidence first. I did not want to accuse her without proof. That could lead to legal trouble. They helped me access her phone. They linked her phone use to mine. I could then watch her phone without her knowing. This is how I learned about her affair. I also found out she planned to take my money. She intended to leave with her new partner. If you are in a similar situation, reach out to [email protected] WhatsApp at +44 736-644-5035. Get ahead of things.

  • 21:07 beverlyalex010

    I ended my marriage. My spouse was unfaithful. I found clear proof of her cheating. She hid her phone activity. Many secrets were on her phone. She used different apps. I hired a private investigator. I needed solid evidence first. I did not want to accuse her without proof. That could lead to legal trouble. They helped me access her phone. They linked her phone use to mine. I could then watch her phone without her knowing. This is how I learned about her affair. I also found out she planned to take my money. She intended to leave with her new partner. If you are in a similar situation, reach out to [email protected] WhatsApp at +44 736-644-5035. Get ahead of things.

  • 21:07 beverlyalex010

    I ended my marriage. My spouse was unfaithful. I found clear proof of her cheating. She hid her phone activity. Many secrets were on her phone. She used different apps. I hired a private investigator. I needed solid evidence first. I did not want to accuse her without proof. That could lead to legal trouble. They helped me access her phone. They linked her phone use to mine. I could then watch her phone without her knowing. This is how I learned about her affair. I also found out she planned to take my money. She intended to leave with her new partner. If you are in a similar situation, reach out to [email protected] WhatsApp at +44 736-644-5035. Get ahead of things.

  • 21:07 beverlyalex010

    I ended my marriage. My spouse was unfaithful. I found clear proof of her cheating. She hid her phone activity. Many secrets were on her phone. She used different apps. I hired a private investigator. I needed solid evidence first. I did not want to accuse her without proof. That could lead to legal trouble. They helped me access her phone. They linked her phone use to mine. I could then watch her phone without her knowing. This is how I learned about her affair. I also found out she planned to take my money. She intended to leave with her new partner. If you are in a similar situation, reach out to [email protected] WhatsApp at +44 736-644-5035. Get ahead of things.

  • 21:07 beverlyalex010

    I ended my marriage. My spouse was unfaithful. I found clear proof of her cheating. She hid her phone activity. Many secrets were on her phone. She used different apps. I hired a private investigator. I needed solid evidence first. I did not want to accuse her without proof. That could lead to legal trouble. They helped me access her phone. They linked her phone use to mine. I could then watch her phone without her knowing. This is how I learned about her affair. I also found out she planned to take my money. She intended to leave with her new partner. If you are in a similar situation, reach out to [email protected] WhatsApp at +44 736-644-5035. Get ahead of things.

  • 21:07 beverlyalex010

    I ended my marriage. My spouse was unfaithful. I found clear proof of her cheating. She hid her phone activity. Many secrets were on her phone. She used different apps. I hired a private investigator. I needed solid evidence first. I did not want to accuse her without proof. That could lead to legal trouble. They helped me access her phone. They linked her phone use to mine. I could then watch her phone without her knowing. This is how I learned about her affair. I also found out she planned to take my money. She intended to leave with her new partner. If you are in a similar situation, reach out to [email protected] WhatsApp at +44 736-644-5035. Get ahead of things.

  • 21:07 beverlyalex010

    I ended my marriage. My spouse was unfaithful. I found clear proof of her cheating. She hid her phone activity. Many secrets were on her phone. She used different apps. I hired a private investigator. I needed solid evidence first. I did not want to accuse her without proof. That could lead to legal trouble. They helped me access her phone. They linked her phone use to mine. I could then watch her phone without her knowing. This is how I learned about her affair. I also found out she planned to take my money. She intended to leave with her new partner. If you are in a similar situation, reach out to [email protected] WhatsApp at +44 736-644-5035. Get ahead of things.

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