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[Перевод] Как работают трансформеры: разбираем математику

В этом посте я представлю подробный пример математики, используемой внутри модели трансформера, чтобы вы получили хорошее представление о работе модели. Чтобы пост был понятным, я многое упрощу. Мы будем выполнять довольно много вычислений вручную, поэтому снизим размерность модели. Например, вместо эмбеддингов из 512 значений мы используем эмбеддинги из 4 значений. Это позволит упростить понимание вычислений. Мы используем произвольные векторы и матрицы, но при желании вы можете выбрать собственные значения.

Как вы увидите, математика модели не так уж сложна. Сложность возникает из-за количества этапов и количества параметров. Перед прочтением этой статьи я рекомендую прочитать пост Illustrated Transformer (или читать их параллельно) [перевод на Хабре]. Это отличный пост, объясняющий модель трансформера интуитивным (и наглядным!) образом, поэтому я не буду объяснять то, что уже объяснено в нём. Моя цель заключается в том, чтобы объяснить, как работает модель трансформера, а не что это такое. Если вы хотите углубиться в подробности, то изучите известную статью Attention is all you need [перевод на Хабре: первая и вторая части].

Обязательные требования

Для понимания статьи необходимы базовые знания линейной алгебры; в основном мы будем выполнять простые матричные умножения, так что специалистом быть необязательно. Кроме того, будут полезны знания основ машинного обучения и глубокого обучения.

Что рассматривается в статье?

Полный пример математических вычислений, происходящих в модели трансформера в процессе инференса
Объяснение механизмов внимания
Объяснение остаточных связей и нормализации слоёв
Код для масштабирования модели

Наша цель будет заключаться в использовании модели трансформера в качестве инструмента для перевода, чтобы мы могли передать модели входные данные и ожидать от неё генерации перевода. Например, мы можем передать «Hello World» на английском и ожидать на выходе получить «Hola Mundo» на испанском.

Давайте взглянем на пугающую диаграмму трансформера (не бойтесь, скоро вы её поймёте!):

Модель трансформера из статьи «Attention is all you need»

Исходная модель трансформера состоит из двух частей: кодировщика (encoder) и декодера (decoder). Кодировщик занимается «пониманием» или «осознанием смысла» входного текста, а декодер выполняет генерацию выходного текста. Давайте рассмотрим кодировщик.

Кодировщик

Цель работы кодировщика заключается в генерации обогащённого эмбеддингами описания входного текста. Этот эмбеддинг отражает семантическую информацию о входном тексте и передаётся декодеру для генерации выходного текста. Кодировщик состоит из стека из N слоёв. Прежде чем переходить к слоям, нужно разобраться, как передавать слова (или токены) в модель.

Примечание
Термин «эмбеддинг» используется слишком часто. Сначала мы создадим эмбеддинг, который будет входными данными для кодировщика. Кодировщик тоже создаёт на выходе эмбеддинг (иногда называемый hidden states). Декодер тоже получает эмбеддинг! Весь смысл в том, что эмбеддинг описывает токен в виде вектора.

0. Токенизация

Модели машинного обучения могут обрабатывать числа, а не текст, так что нам нужно превратить входной текст в числа. Именно это и выполняет токенизация! Это процесс разбиения входного текста на токены, с каждым из которых связан ID. Например, мы можем разделить текст «Hello World» на два токена: «Hello» и «World». Также мы можем разбить его на символы: «H», «e», «l», «l», «o», « »,«W», «o», «r», «l», «d». Мы сами можем выбирать принцип токенизации, он зависит от данных, с которыми мы работаем.

Для токенизации по словам (разбиения текста на слова) требуется очень большой словарь (всех возможных токенов). В нём слова наподобие «dog» и «dogs» или «run» и «running» будут разными токенами. Словарь символов потребует меньшего объёма, но будет обладать меньшим смыслом (он может быть полезен в языках наподобие китайского, где каждый символ содержит больше информации).

Прогресс двинулся в сторону токенизации по подсловам. Это нечто среднее между токенизацией по словам и по символам. Мы разделяем слова на подслова. Например, слово «tokenization» можно разбить на «token» и «ization». Как принимается решение о месте разбиения слов? Это часть обучения токенизатора при помощи статистического процесса, задача которого заключается в выявлении подслов, которые лучше всего выбрать для конкретного датасета. Это детерминированный процесс (в отличие от обучения модели машинного обучения).

В этой статье я для простоты использую токенизацию по словам. Наша цель будет заключаться в переводе «Hello World» с английского на испанский. Пример «Hello World» мы разобьём на токены «Hello» и «World». Каждому токену присваивается в словаре модели ID. Например, «Hello» может быть токеном 1, а «World» — токеном 2.

1. Эмбеддинг текста

Хотя мы можем передать модели ID токенов (то есть 1 и 2), эти числа не несут никакого смысла. Нужно превратить их в векторы (список чисел). Именно это и выполняет процесс эмбеддинга! Эмбеддинги токена сопоставляют ID токена с вектором фиксированной длины, имеющим семантическое значение токенов. Это создаёт интересные свойства: схожие токены будут иметь схожий эмбеддинг (иными словами, вычисление косинусного коэффициента между двумя эмбеддингами даст нам хорошее понимание степени схожести токенов).

Стоит заметить, что отображение токена в эмбеддинг изучается моделью. Хотя мы можем использовать уже обученный эмбеддинг наподобие word2vec или GloVe, в процессе своего обучения модели трансформеров изучают эти эмбеддинги. Это большое преимущество, поскольку модель может изучить наилучшее описание токенов для поставленной перед ней задачи. Например, модель может научиться тому, что «dog» и «dogs» должны иметь схожие эмбеддинги.

Все эмбеддинги в одной модели имеют одинаковый размер. В трансформере из научной статьи использовался размер 512, но чтобы мы могли выполнять вычисления, снизим его размер до 4. Я назначу каждому токену случайные значения (как говорилось выше, это отображение обычно изучается моделью).

Hello -> [1,2,3,4]

World -> [2,3,4,5]

Примечание
После публикации статьи многие читатели задали вопросы о представленных выше эмбеддингах. Мне было лениво и я просто записал числа, с которыми будет удобно выполнять вычисления. На практике эти числа будут изучаться моделью. Чтобы это было понятнее, я дополнил пост.
Мы можем вычислить схожесть этих векторов при помощи косинусного коэффициента, который для представленных выше векторов будет слишком высоким. На практике вектор, скорее всего, будет выглядеть примерно так: [-0.071, 0.344, -0.12, 0.026, …, -0.008].

Мы можем представить наши входные данные в виде единой матрицы

Примечание
Хотя мы и можем обрабатывать два эмбеддинга как два отдельных вектора, проще работать с ними как с единой матрицей, потому что в дальнейшем мы будем выполнять умножение матриц.

2. Позиционное кодирование

Отдельные эмбеддинги в матрице не содержат информации о позиции слов в предложении, так что нам нужна информация о позиции. Её можно создать, добавив к эмбеддингу позиционное кодирование.

Получить его можно различными способами; мы можем использовать изученный эмбеддинг или фиксированный вектор. В исходной научной статье используется фиксированный вектор, потому что авторы не увидели почти никакой разницы между двумя методиками (см. раздел 3.5 статьи). Мы тоже воспользуемся фиксированным вектором. Функции синуса и косинуса имеют волнообразный паттерн и повторяются. Благодаря использованию этих функций каждая позиция в предложении получает уникальное, но согласованное позиционное кодирование. Их повторяемость поможет модели проще изучать паттерны наподобие близости и расстояния между элементами. В статье используются следующие функции:

Смысл заключается в интерполяции между синусом и косинусом для каждого значения в эмбеддинге (для чётных индексов используется синус, для нечётных используется косинус). Давайте вычислим их для нашего примера!

Для «Hello»

i = 0 (чётный): PE(0,0) = sin(0 / 10000^(0 / 4)) = sin(0) = 0
i = 1 (нечётный): PE(0,1) = cos(0 / 10000^(2*1 / 4)) = cos(0) = 1
i = 2 (чётный): PE(0,2) = sin(0 / 10000^(2*2 / 4)) = sin(0) = 0
i = 3 (нечётный): PE(0,3) = cos(0 / 10000^(2*3 / 4)) = cos(0) = 1

Для «World»

i = 0 (чётный): PE(1,0) = sin(1 / 10000^(0 / 4)) = sin(1 / 10000^0) = sin(1) ≈ 0.84
i = 1 (нечётный): PE(1,1) = cos(1 / 10000^(2*1 / 4)) = cos(1 / 10000^0.5) ≈ cos(0.01) ≈ 0.99
i = 2 (чётный): PE(1,2) = sin(1 / 10000^(2*2 / 4)) = sin(1 / 10000^1) ≈ 0
i = 3 (нечётный): PE(1,3) = cos(1 / 10000^(2*3 / 4)) = cos(1 / 10000^1.5) ≈ 1

В итоге получаем следующее:

«Hello» -> [0, 1, 0, 1]
«World» -> [0.84, 0.99, 0, 1]

Обратите внимание, что эти кодировки имеют ту же размерность, что и исходный эмбеддинг.

Примечание
Мы используем синус и косинус, как и в исходной научной статье, но есть и другие способы реализации. В очень популярном трансформере BERT применяются обучаемые позиционные эмбеддинги.

3. Добавляем позиционное кодирование и эмбеддинг

Теперь мы добавим к эмбеддингу позиционное кодирование. Это выполняется сложением двух векторов.

«Hello» = [1,2,3,4] + [0, 1, 0, 1] = [1, 3, 3, 5]

«World» = [2,3,4,5] + [0.84, 0.99, 0, 1] = [2.84, 3.99, 4, 6]

То есть наша новая матрица, которая будет входными данными для кодировщика, выглядит так:

Если посмотреть на изображение из научной статьи, то можно увидеть, что мы только что выполнили левую нижнюю часть изображения (эмбеддинг + позиционное кодирование).

Модель трансформера из статьи «Attention is all you need»

4. Самовнимание

4.1 Определение матриц

Теперь мы введём концепцию многоголового внимания (multi-head attention). Внимание — это механизм, позволяющий модели сосредоточиться на определённых частях входных данных. Многоголовое внимание позволяет модели совместно уделять внимание информации из различных подпространств описаний. Для этого используются множественные головы внимания. Каждая голова внимания имеет собственные матрицы K, V и Q.

Давайте в нашем примере используем две головы внимания. Для этих матриц мы применим случайные значения. Каждая матрица будет иметь размер 4x3. Благодаря этому каждая матрица будет преобразовывать четырёхмерные эмбеддинги в трёхмерные ключи (K), значения (V) и запросы (Q). Это снижает размерность механизма внимания, что помогает управлять вычислительной сложностью. Стоит отметить, что использование слишком малого размера внимания уменьшит точность модели. Давайте используем следующие значения (выбраны произвольно):

Для первой головы

Для второй головы

4.2 Вычисление ключей, запросов и значений

Для получения ключей, запросов и значений нужно умножить входные эмбеддинги на матрицы весов.

Вычисление ключей

На самом деле, нам не нужно вычислять всё это вручную, это будет слишком монотонно. Давайте схитрим и воспользуемся NumPy.

Сначала определим матрицы

import numpy as np

WK1 = np.array([[1, 0, 1], [0, 1, 0], [1, 0, 1], [0, 1, 0]])
WV1 = np.array([[0, 1, 1], [1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 1], [0, 1, 0]])
WQ1 = np.array([[0, 0, 0], [1, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1], [1, 0, 0]])

WK2 = np.array([[0, 1, 1], [1, 0, 1], [1, 1, 0], [0, 1, 0]])
WV2 = np.array([[1, 0, 0], [0, 1, 1], [0, 0, 1], [1, 0, 0]])
WQ2 = np.array([[1, 0, 1], [0, 1, 0], [1, 0, 0], [0, 1, 1]])

И убедимся, что в приведённых выше вычислениях нет никаких ошибок.

embedding = np.array([[1, 3, 3, 5], [2.84, 3.99, 4, 6]])
K1 = embedding @ WK1
K1

array([[4.  , 8.  , 4.  ],
       [6.84, 9.99, 6.84]])

Отлично! Теперь давайте получим значения и запросы

Вычисление значений

V1 = embedding @ WV1
V1

array([[6.  , 6.  , 4.  ],
       [7.99, 8.84, 6.84]])

Вычисление запросов

Q1 = embedding @ WQ1
Q1

array([[8.  , 3.  , 3.  ],
       [9.99, 3.99, 4.  ]])

Давайте пока пропустим вторую голову и сосредоточимся на окончательном результате первой головы. Ко второй голове мы вернёмся позже.

4.3 Вычисление внимания

Для вычисления показателя внимания требуется пара шагов:

Вычисление скалярного произведения запроса и каждого ключа
Деление результата на квадратный корень размерности вектора ключа
Применение функции softmax для получения весов внимания
Умножение каждого вектора значения на веса внимания

4.3.1 Скалярное произведение запроса и каждого ключа

Для вычисления результата для «Hello» необходимо вычислить скалярное произведение q1 и каждого вектора ключа (k1 и k2)

В мире матриц это будет равно Q1, умноженному на перестановку K1

Я могу сделать ошибку, так что давайте проверим всё это ещё раз с помощью Python

scores1 = Q1 @ K1.T
scores1

array([[ 68.    , 105.21  ],
       [ 87.88  , 135.5517]])

4.3.2 Деление на квадратный корень размерности вектора ключа

Затем мы делим показатели на квадратный корень размерности (d) ключей (в данном случае это 3, но в научной статье она была равна 64). Почему? При больших значениях d скалярное произведение растёт слишком быстро (ведь мы складываем умножение кучи чисел, что приводит к большим значениям). А большие значения — это плохо! Подробнее мы поговорим об этом чуть позже.

scores1 = scores1 / np.sqrt(3)
scores1

array([[39.2598183 , 60.74302182],
       [50.73754166, 78.26081048]])

4.3.3 Применение функции softmax

Далее используем softmax для нормализации, чтобы все они были положительны и в сумме равнялись 1.

Что такое softmax?

Softmax — это функция, получающая вектор значений и возвращающая вектор значений между 0 и 1, в котором сумма значений равна 1. Это удобный способ получения вероятностей. Функция определяется следующим образом:

Не пугайтесь этой формулы, на самом деле она довольно проста. Допустим, у нас есть следующий вектор:

Softmax этого вектора будет такой:

Как видите, все значения положительны и в сумме дают 1.

def softmax(x):
    return np.exp(x) / np.sum(np.exp(x), axis=1, keepdims=True)


scores1 = softmax(scores1)
scores1

array([[4.67695573e-10, 1.00000000e+00],
       [1.11377182e-12, 1.00000000e+00]])

4.3.4 Умножение матрицы значений на веса внимания

Далее мы умножаем на матрицу значений

attention1 = scores1 @ V1
attention1

array([[7.99, 8.84, 6.84],
       [7.99, 8.84, 6.84]])

Давайте объединим 4.3.1, 4.3.2, 4.3.3 и 4.3.4 в одну формулу с использованием матриц (это из раздела 3.2.1 научной статьи):

Да, вот и всё! Все проделанные нами вычисления можно легко свести к показанной выше формуле внимания! Давайте перенесём это в код.

def attention(x, WQ, WK, WV):
    K = x @ WK
    V = x @ WV
    Q = x @ WQ

    scores = Q @ K.T
    scores = scores / np.sqrt(3)
    scores = softmax(scores)
    scores = scores @ V
    return scores

attention(embedding, WQ1, WK1, WV1)

array([[7.99, 8.84, 6.84],
       [7.99, 8.84, 6.84]])

Мы убедились, что значения те же, что и получены выше. Давайте воспользуемся этим кодом для получения показателей внимания второй головы внимания:

attention2 = attention(embedding, WQ2, WK2, WV2)
attention2

array([[8.84, 3.99, 7.99],
       [8.84, 3.99, 7.99]])

Если вас интересует, как внимание стало одинаковым для двух эмбеддингов, то это вызвано тем, что softmax переводит показатели в 0 и 1. Смотрите:

softmax(((embedding @ WQ2) @ (embedding @ WK2).T) / np.sqrt(3))

array([[1.10613872e-14, 1.00000000e+00],
       [4.95934510e-20, 1.00000000e+00]])

Это вызвано плохой инициализацией матриц и маленьким размерам векторов. Большие различиях в показателях до применения softmax будут лишь усилены, приводя к том, что одно значение будет близко к 1, а другие к 0. На практике наши исходные значения матрицы эмбеддингов были слишком велики, что привело к высоким значениям для ключей, значений и запросов, которые при умножении становились только выше.

Помните, как мы выполняли деление на квадратный корень размерности ключей? Именно поэтому мы это и делали, в противном случае значения скалярного произведения были бы слишком большими, из-за чего получились бы большие значения после softmax. Однако в данном случае, похоже, этого не было достаточно, учитывая наши небольшие значения! В качестве быстрого хака мы можем уменьшить масштаб значений на меньшее значение, чем квадратный корень трёх. Давайте переопределим функцию внимания, уменьшив масштаб на 30. В долгой перспективе это плохое решение, но оно поможет нам получить разные значения для показателей внимания. Позже мы вернёмся к более качественному решению.

def attention(x, WQ, WK, WV):
    K = x @ WK
    V = x @ WV
    Q = x @ WQ

    scores = Q @ K.T
    scores = scores / 30  # we just changed this
    scores = softmax(scores)
    scores = scores @ V
    return scores

attention1 = attention(embedding, WQ1, WK1, WV1)
attention1

array([[7.54348784, 8.20276657, 6.20276657],
       [7.65266185, 8.35857269, 6.35857269]])

attention2 = attention(embedding, WQ2, WK2, WV2)
attention2

array([[8.45589591, 3.85610456, 7.72085664],
       [8.63740591, 3.91937741, 7.84804146]])

4.3.5 Выходные значения внимания голов

Следующий слой кодировщика ожидает на входе одну матрицу, а не две. Первым этапом будет конкатенация выходных значений двух голов (см. раздел 3.2.2 научной статьи)

attentions = np.concatenate([attention1, attention2], axis=1)
attentions

array([[7.54348784, 8.20276657, 6.20276657, 8.45589591, 3.85610456,
        7.72085664],
       [7.65266185, 8.35857269, 6.35857269, 8.63740591, 3.91937741,
        7.84804146]])

Затем мы умножаем эту конкатенированную матрицу на матрицу весов, чтобы получить окончательный результат слоя внимания. Этой матрице весов модель тоже обучается! Размерность матрицы гарантирует, что мы вернёмся к той же размерности, что была у эмбеддинга (в нашем случае 4).

# Просто произвольные значения
W = np.array(
    [
        [0.79445237, 0.1081456, 0.27411536, 0.78394531],
        [0.29081936, -0.36187258, -0.32312791, -0.48530339],
        [-0.36702934, -0.76471963, -0.88058366, -1.73713022],
        [-0.02305587, -0.64315981, -0.68306653, -1.25393866],
        [0.29077448, -0.04121674, 0.01509932, 0.13149906],
        [0.57451867, -0.08895355, 0.02190485, 0.24535932],
    ]
)
Z = attentions @ W
Z

array([[ 11.46394285, -13.18016471, -11.59340253, -17.04387829],
       [ 11.62608573, -13.47454936, -11.87126395, -17.4926367 ]])

Всё это можно объединить в изображение из The Ilustrated Transformer

Attention

5. Слой с прямой связью

5.1 Простой слой с прямой связью

После слоя самовнимания у кодировщика идёт нейронная сеть с прямой связью (feed-forward neural network, FFN). Это простая сеть с двумя линейными преобразованиями и активацией ReLU между ними. В посте The Illustrated Transformer подробностей об этом нет, так что я вкратце объясню этот слой. Цель FFN заключается в обработке и трансформировании описания, созданного механизмом внимания. Поток обычно выглядит так (см. раздел 3.3 научной статьи):

Первый линейный слой: обычно он расширяет размерность входных данных. Например, если размерность входных данных равна 512, то размерность выходных данных может быть равна 2048. Это выполняется для того, чтобы позволить модели изучать более сложные функции. В нашем простом примере с размерностью 4 мы расширимся до 8.
Активация ReLU: нелинейная функция активации. Это простая функция, возвращающая 0, если входные данные отрицательны, и входные данные, если они положительны. Это позволяет модели обучаться нелинейным функциям. Вычисления выглядят так:

Второй линейный слой: он противоположен первому линейному слою. Этот слой снова возвращает размерность к исходной. В нашем примере он выполнит снижение с 8 до 4.

Всё это можно описать следующим образом

Напомню, что входными данными для этого слоя является Z, которое мы вычислили в самовнимании. Вот какие значения мы там получили

Теперь давайте зададим произвольные значения для матриц весов и векторов смещений. Я сделаю это в коде, но если у вас хватит терпения, то можете задать их вручную!

W1 = np.random.randn(4, 8)
W2 = np.random.randn(8, 4)
b1 = np.random.randn(8)
b2 = np.random.randn(4)

А теперь давайте запишем функцию прямого прохода

def relu(x):
    return np.maximum(0, x)

def feed_forward(Z, W1, b1, W2, b2):
    return relu(Z.dot(W1) + b1).dot(W2) + b2

output_encoder = feed_forward(Z, W1, b1, W2, b2)
output_encoder

array([[ -3.24115016,  -9.7901049 , -29.42555675, -19.93135286],
       [ -3.40199463,  -9.87245924, -30.05715408, -20.05271018]])

5.2 Объединяем всё: произвольный кодировщик

Теперь давайте напишем код, чтобы объединить в блоке кодировщика многоголовое внимание и прямую связь.

Примечание
Код оптимизирован для понимания и образовательных целей, а не для производительности, не судите слишком строго!

d_embedding = 4
d_key = d_value = d_query = 3
d_feed_forward = 8
n_attention_heads = 2

def attention(x, WQ, WK, WV):
    K = x @ WK
    V = x @ WV
    Q = x @ WQ

    scores = Q @ K.T
    scores = scores / np.sqrt(d_key)
    scores = softmax(scores)
    scores = scores @ V
    return scores

def multi_head_attention(x, WQs, WKs, WVs):
    attentions = np.concatenate(
        [attention(x, WQ, WK, WV) for WQ, WK, WV in zip(WQs, WKs, WVs)], axis=1
    )
    W = np.random.randn(n_attention_heads * d_value, d_embedding)
    return attentions @ W

def feed_forward(Z, W1, b1, W2, b2):
    return relu(Z.dot(W1) + b1).dot(W2) + b2

def encoder_block(x, WQs, WKs, WVs, W1, b1, W2, b2):
    Z = multi_head_attention(x, WQs, WKs, WVs)
    Z = feed_forward(Z, W1, b1, W2, b2)
    return Z

def random_encoder_block(x):
    WQs = [
        np.random.randn(d_embedding, d_query) for _ in range(n_attention_heads)
    ]
    WKs = [
        np.random.randn(d_embedding, d_key) for _ in range(n_attention_heads)
    ]
    WVs = [
        np.random.randn(d_embedding, d_value) for _ in range(n_attention_heads)
    ]
    W1 = np.random.randn(d_embedding, d_feed_forward)
    b1 = np.random.randn(d_feed_forward)
    W2 = np.random.randn(d_feed_forward, d_embedding)
    b2 = np.random.randn(d_embedding)
    return encoder_block(x, WQs, WKs, WVs, W1, b1, W2, b2)

Вспомним наши входные данные в матрице E, имеющие позиционное кодирование и эмбеддинг.

embedding

array([[1.  , 3.  , 3.  , 5.  ],
       [2.84, 3.99, 4.  , 6.  ]])

Теперь передадим это нашей функции random_encoder_block

random_encoder_block(embedding)

array([[ -71.76537515, -131.43316885,   13.2938131 ,   -4.26831998],
       [ -72.04253781, -131.84091347,   13.3385937 ,   -4.32872015]])

Отлично! Это был всего один блок кодировщика. В научной статье применяются шесть кодировщиков. Выходные данные одного кодировщика передаются на следующий и так далее:

def encoder(x, n=6):
    for _ in range(n):
        x = random_encoder_block(x)
    return x


encoder(embedding)

/tmp/ipykernel_11906/1045810361.py:2: RuntimeWarning: overflow encountered in exp
  return np.exp(x)/np.sum(np.exp(x),axis=1, keepdims=True)
/tmp/ipykernel_11906/1045810361.py:2: RuntimeWarning: invalid value encountered in divide
  return np.exp(x)/np.sum(np.exp(x),axis=1, keepdims=True)

array([[nan, nan, nan, nan],
       [nan, nan, nan, nan]])

5.3 Остаточные связи и нормализация слоёв

Ой-ёй! У нас начали появляться NaN! Похоже, наши значения слишком велики и при передаче следующему кодировщику они оказываются слишком большими и «взрываются»! Эта проблема слишком больших значений часто возникает при обучении моделей. Например, когда мы выполняем обратное распространение ошибки (методику, при помощи которой модели обучаются), градиенты могут оказаться слишком большими и в результате «взрываются»; это называется взрывом градиентов (gradient explosion). Без нормализации небольшие изменения во входных данных на первых слоях в последующих слоях усиливаются. Это распространённая проблема в глубоких нейросетях. Существует два способа борьбы с этой проблемой: остаточные связи и нормализация слоёв (они вкратце упоминаются в разделе 3.1 научной статьи).

Остаточные связи просто прибавляют входные данные слоя к его выходным данным. Например, мы складываем исходный эмбеддинг с выходными данными внимания. Остаточные связи устраняют проблему исчезающих градиентов. Логика в том, что если градиент слишком мал, то мы можем просто сложить входные данные к выходным, и градиент станет больше. Вычисления очень просты:

Вот и всё! Мы сделаем это для выходных данных внимания и выходных данных слоя с прямой связью.

Нормализация слоя — это методика нормализации входных данных слоя. Она выполняет нормализацию по размерности эмбеддинга. Логика в том, что мы хотим нормализовать входные значения слоя, чтобы они имели среднее значение 0 и квадратическое отклонение 1. Это помогает с градиентным потоком. Вычисления на первый взгляд выглядят не так уж просто.

Давайте объясним каждый параметр:

μ — это среднее значение эмбеддинга
σ — это квадратическое отклонение эмбеддинга
ε — это малое число, чтобы избежать деления на ноль. В случае нулевого значения квадратичного отклонения этот маленький эпсилон спасает нас.
γ и β — это изучаемые параметры, управляющие этапами масштабирования и сдвига.

В отличие от пакетной нормализации (batch normalization, не волнуйтесь, если не знаете, что это такое), нормализация слоёв нормализует по размерности эмбеддинга; это означает, что на каждый эмбеддинг не будут влиять другие сэмплы в пакете. Идея заключается в том, что мы хотим нормализовать входные данные слоя, чтобы они имели среднее значение 0 и квадратичное отклонение 1.

Зачем мы добавляем изучаемые параметры γ и β? Причина в том, что мы не хотим терять силу представления слоя. Если просто нормализовать входные данные, то какая-то информация может потеряться. Добавляя изучаемые параметры, мы можем научиться масштабировать и сдвигать нормализованные значения.

Соединив эти уравнения, мы получим уравнение для всего кодировщика:

Давайте проверим его на нашем примере! Возьмём прежние значения E и Z:

Теперь давайте вычислим нормализацию слоя; можно разделить этот процесс на три этапа:

Вычисление среднего и дисперсии для каждого эмбеддинга.
Нормализация вычитанием среднего в своей строке и делением на квадратный корень дисперсии строки (плюс малое число, чтобы избежать деления на ноль).
Масштабирование и сдвиг умножением на гамму и прибавлением беты.

5.3.1 Среднее и дисперсия

Для первого эмбеддинга

То же самое можно сделать для второго эмбеддинга. Пропустим сами вычисления и покажем только результат.

Давайте проверим при помощи Python

(embedding + Z).mean(axis=-1, keepdims=True)

array([[-4.58837567],
       [-3.59559107]])

(embedding + Z).std(axis=-1, keepdims=True)

array([[ 9.92061529],
       [10.50653019]])

Отлично! Теперь нормализуем

5.3.2 Нормализация

При нормализации из каждого значения в эмбеддинге мы вычитаем среднее и делим его на квадратичное отклонение. Эпсилон — это очень маленькое значение, например, 0,00001. Чтобы упростить, будем считать, что γ = 1, а β = 0.

Для второго эмбеддинга мы не будем выполнять вычисления вручную. Проверим их при помощи кода. Переопределим функцию encoder_block, внеся следующее изменение:

def layer_norm(x, epsilon=1e-6):
    mean = x.mean(axis=-1, keepdims=True)
    std = x.std(axis=-1, keepdims=True)
    return (x - mean) / (std + epsilon)

def encoder_block(x, WQs, WKs, WVs, W1, b1, W2, b2):
    Z = multi_head_attention(x, WQs, WKs, WVs)
    Z = layer_norm(Z + x)

    output = feed_forward(Z, W1, b1, W2, b2)
    return layer_norm(output + Z)

layer_norm(Z + embedding)

array([[ 1.71887693, -0.56365339, -0.40370747, -0.75151608],
       [ 1.71909039, -0.56050453, -0.40695381, -0.75163205]])

Сработало! Давайте ещё раз попробуем пропустить эмбеддинг через шесть кодировщиков.

def encoder(x, n=6):
    for _ in range(n):
        x = random_encoder_block(x)
    return x


encoder(embedding)

array([[-0.335849  , -1.44504571,  1.21698183,  0.56391289],
       [-0.33583947, -1.44504861,  1.21698606,  0.56390202]])

Отлично! Значения приемлемые и отсутствуют NaN! Идея стека кодировщиков заключается в том, что на выходе они выдают непрерывное описание z, передающее смысл входной последовательности. Затем это описание передаётся декодеру, который генерирует выходную последовательность символов по одному элементу за раз.

Прежде чем приступать к декодеру, взглянем на изображение из потрясающего поста Джея:

Кодировщик и декодер

Каждый из элементов в левой части должен быть вам уже понятен! Впечатляет, правда? А теперь давайте перейдём к декодеру.

Декодер

Большинство знаний, полученных при изучении кодировщиков, будет использоваться и в декодере! Декодер имеет два слоя самовнимания, один для кодировщика, другой для декодера. Также декодер имеет слой с прямой связью. Давайте разберём каждую из частей по порядку.

Блок декодера получает два элемента входных данных: выходные данные кодировщика и сгенерированную выходную последовательность. Выходные данные кодировщика — это описание входной последовательности. В процессе инференса сгенерированная выходная последовательность начинается с особого токена начала последовательности (start-of-sequence token, SOS). Во время обучения целевая выходная последовательность — это действительная выходная последовательность, сдвинутая на одну позицию. Скоро это станет вам понятнее!

Имея сгенерированный кодировщиком эмбеддинг и токен SOS, декодер генерирует следующий токен последовательности, то есть «hola». Декодер авторегрессивен, то есть он берёт ранее сгенерированные токены и снова генерирует второй токен.

Итерация 1: входные данные — SOS, выходные — «hola»
Итерация 2: входные данные — SOS + «hola», выходные — «mundo»
Итерация 3: входные данные — SOS + «hola» + «mundo», выходные — EOS

Здесь SOS — это токен начала последовательности, а EOS — токен конца последовательности. После генерации токена EOS декодер прекращает работу. Он генерирует по одному токену за раз. Обратите внимание, что во всех итерациях используется эмбеддинг, сгенерированный кодировщиком.

Примечание
Такая авторегрессивная структура замедляет работу декодера. Кодировщик способен генерировать свой эмбеддинг за один прямой проход, а декодеру необходимо выполнить множество прямых проходов. Это одна из причин, по которым архитектуры, использующие один кодировщик (например, BERT или модели схожести предложений) гораздо быстрее, чем архитектуры с одними только декодерами (например, GPT-2 или BART).

Давайте разберём каждый из этапов! Как и кодировщик, декодер состоит из стека блоков декодеров. Блок декодера чуть сложнее, чем блок кодировщика. Его общая структура такова:

Слой самовнимания (маскированный)
Остаточная связь и нормализация слоя
Слой внимания кодировщика-декодера
Остаточная связь и нормализация слоя
Слой с прямой связью
Остаточная связь и нормализация слоя

Мы уже знакомы со всей математикой пунктов 1, 2, 3, 5 и 6. Взглянув на правую часть изображения ниже, вы увидите, что все эти блоки вам уже известны :

Модель трансформера из статьи «Attention is all you need»

1. Эмбеддинг текста

Первый текст декодера нужен для эмбеддинга входных токенов. Входным токеном является SOS, так что мы выполняем его эмбеддинг. Используется та же размерность эмбеддинга, что и для кодировщика. Предположим, вектор эмбеддинга для SOS имеет такой вид:

2. Позиционное кодирование

Теперь мы добавим в эмбеддинг позиционное кодирование, как делали это в случае с кодировщиком. Учитывая, что это так же позиция, что и у «Hello», у нас будет то же позиционное кодирование, что и раньше:

i = 0 (чётный): PE(0,0) = sin(0 / 10000^(0 / 4)) = sin(0) = 0
i = 1 (нечётный): PE(0,1) = cos(0 / 10000^(2*1 / 4)) = cos(0) = 1
i = 2 (чётный): PE(0,2) = sin(0 / 10000^(2*2 / 4)) = sin(0) = 0
i = 3 (нечётный): PE(0,3) = cos(0 / 10000^(2*3 / 4)) = cos(0) = 1

3. Сложение позиционного кодирования и эмбеддинга

Сложение позиционного кодирования с эмбеддингом выполняется сложением двух векторов:

4. Самовнимание

Первый этап в блоке декодера — это механизм самовнимания. К счастью, у нас есть для этого код и мы можем просто его использовать!

d_embedding = 4
n_attention_heads = 2

E = np.array([[1, 1, 0, 1]])
WQs = [np.random.randn(d_embedding, d_query) for _ in range(n_attention_heads)]
WKs = [np.random.randn(d_embedding, d_key) for _ in range(n_attention_heads)]
WVs = [np.random.randn(d_embedding, d_value) for _ in range(n_attention_heads)]

Z_self_attention = multi_head_attention(E, WQs, WKs, WVs)
Z_self_attention

array([[ 2.19334924, 10.61851198, -4.50089666, -2.76366551]])

Примечание
С точки зрения инференса всё довольно просто, однако с точки зрения обучения есть сложности. При обучении мы используем неразмеченные данные: просто кучу текстовых данных, которые собираем частым скрейпингом в вебе. Цель кодировщика — передача всей информации входных данных, а задача декодера —предсказание следующего наиболее вероятного токена. Это значит, что декодер может использовать только ранее сгенерированные токены (он не может схитрить и посмотреть следующие токены).
Из-за этого мы используем маскированное самовнимание: маскируем ещё не сгенерированные токены. Это выполняется присвоением показателям внимания значений -inf. Так делается в научной статье (раздел 3.2.3.1). Пока мы это пропустим, но важно помнить, что при обучении декодер чуть сложнее.

5. Остаточные связи и нормализация слоёв

Здесь нет ничего таинственного, мы просто складываем входные данные с выходными данными самовнимания и применяем нормализацию слоя. Используется тот же код, что и выше.

Z_self_attention = layer_norm(Z_self_attention + E)
Z_self_attention

array([[ 0.17236212,  1.54684892, -1.0828824 , -0.63632864]])

6. Внимание кодировщика-декодера

Эта часть новая! Если вы задавались вопросом, куда направляются генерируемые кодировщиком эмбеддинги, то сейчас самое время для них!

Предположим, что выходными данными кодировщика является такая матрица:

В механизме самовнимания мы вычисляем запросы, ключи и значения для входного эмбеддинга.

Во внимании кодировщика-декодера мы вычисляем запросы из предыдущего слоя декодера и ключи и значения из выходных данных кодировщика! Все вычисления остаются такими же, что и раньше; единственное отличие в том, какой эмбеддинг использовать для запросов. Давайте взглянем на код

def encoder_decoder_attention(encoder_output, attention_input, WQ, WK, WV):
    # В следующих трёх строках и состоит основное различие!
    K = encoder_output @ WK    # Обратите внимание, что теперь мы передаём предыдущие выходные данные кодировщика!
    V = encoder_output @ WV    # Обратите внимание, что теперь мы передаём предыдущие выходные данные кодировщика!
    Q = attention_input @ WQ   # То же, что и для самовнимания

    # Остаётся таким же
    scores = Q @ K.T
    scores = scores / np.sqrt(d_key)
    scores = softmax(scores)
    scores = scores @ V
    return scores


def multi_head_encoder_decoder_attention(
    encoder_output, attention_input, WQs, WKs, WVs
):
    # Обратите внимание, что теперь мы передаём предыдущие выходные данные кодировщика!
    attentions = np.concatenate(
        [
            encoder_decoder_attention(
                encoder_output, attention_input, WQ, WK, WV
            )
            for WQ, WK, WV in zip(WQs, WKs, WVs)
        ],
        axis=1,
    )
    W = np.random.randn(n_attention_heads * d_value, d_embedding)
    return attentions @ W

WQs = [np.random.randn(d_embedding, d_query) for _ in range(n_attention_heads)]
WKs = [np.random.randn(d_embedding, d_key) for _ in range(n_attention_heads)]
WVs = [np.random.randn(d_embedding, d_value) for _ in range(n_attention_heads)]

encoder_output = np.array([[-1.5, 1.0, -0.8, 1.5], [1.0, -1.0, -0.5, 1.0]])

Z_encoder_decoder = multi_head_encoder_decoder_attention(
    encoder_output, Z_self_attention, WQs, WKs, WVs
)
Z_encoder_decoder

array([[ 1.57651431,  4.92489307, -0.08644448, -0.46776051]])

Сработало! Возможно, вы зададитесь вопросом: «зачем мы это делаем?». Дело в том, что мы хотим, чтобы декодер сосредоточился на релевантных частях входного текста (то есть «hello world»). Внимание кодировщика-декодера позволяет каждой позиции в декодере посетить все позиции входной последовательности. Это очень полезно для таких задач, как перевод, когда декодеру нужно сосредоточиться на релевантных частях входной последовательности. Декодер будет учиться сосредотачиваться на релевантных частях входной последовательности, учась генерировать правильные выходные токены. Это очень мощный механизм!

7. Остаточные связи и нормализация слоя

Всё то же, что и раньше!

Z_encoder_decoder = layer_norm(Z_encoder_decoder + Z_self_attention)
Z_encoder_decoder

array([[-0.44406723,  1.6552893 , -0.19984632, -1.01137575]])

8. Слой с прямой связью

И тут то же самое! После этого я также выполню остаточную связь и нормализацию слоя.

W1 = np.random.randn(4, 8)
W2 = np.random.randn(8, 4)
b1 = np.random.randn(8)
b2 = np.random.randn(4)

output = layer_norm(feed_forward(Z_encoder_decoder, W1, b1, W2, b2) + Z_encoder_decoder)
output

array([[-0.97650182,  0.81470137, -2.79122044, -3.39192873]])

9. Объединяем всё: произвольный декодер

Давайте напишем код для одного блока декодера. Самое главное изменение заключается в том, что теперь у нас есть дополнительный механизм внимания.

d_embedding = 4
d_key = d_value = d_query = 3
d_feed_forward = 8
n_attention_heads = 2
encoder_output = np.array([[-1.5, 1.0, -0.8, 1.5], [1.0, -1.0, -0.5, 1.0]])

def decoder_block(
    x,
    encoder_output,
    WQs_self_attention, WKs_self_attention, WVs_self_attention,
    WQs_ed_attention, WKs_ed_attention, WVs_ed_attention,
    W1, b1, W2, b2,
):
    # То же, что и раньше
    Z = multi_head_attention(
        x, WQs_self_attention, WKs_self_attention, WVs_self_attention
    )
    Z = layer_norm(Z + x)

    # Основное различие заключается в следующих трёх строках!
    Z_encoder_decoder = multi_head_encoder_decoder_attention(
        encoder_output, Z, WQs_ed_attention, WKs_ed_attention, WVs_ed_attention
    )
    Z_encoder_decoder = layer_norm(Z_encoder_decoder + Z)

    # То же, что и раньше
    output = feed_forward(Z_encoder_decoder, W1, b1, W2, b2)
    return layer_norm(output + Z_encoder_decoder)

def random_decoder_block(x, encoder_output):
    # Просто несколько произвольных инициализаций
    WQs_self_attention = [
        np.random.randn(d_embedding, d_query) for _ in range(n_attention_heads)
    ]
    WKs_self_attention = [
        np.random.randn(d_embedding, d_key) for _ in range(n_attention_heads)
    ]
    WVs_self_attention = [
        np.random.randn(d_embedding, d_value) for _ in range(n_attention_heads)
    ]

    WQs_ed_attention = [
        np.random.randn(d_embedding, d_query) for _ in range(n_attention_heads)
    ]
    WKs_ed_attention = [
        np.random.randn(d_embedding, d_key) for _ in range(n_attention_heads)
    ]
    WVs_ed_attention = [
        np.random.randn(d_embedding, d_value) for _ in range(n_attention_heads)
    ]

    W1 = np.random.randn(d_embedding, d_feed_forward)
    b1 = np.random.randn(d_feed_forward)
    W2 = np.random.randn(d_feed_forward, d_embedding)
    b2 = np.random.randn(d_embedding)


    return decoder_block(
        x, encoder_output,
        WQs_self_attention, WKs_self_attention, WVs_self_attention,
        WQs_ed_attention, WKs_ed_attention, WVs_ed_attention,
        W1, b1, W2, b2,
    )

def decoder(x, decoder_embedding, n=6):
    for _ in range(n):
        x = random_decoder_block(x, decoder_embedding)
    return x

decoder(E, encoder_output)

array([[ 0.25919176,  1.49913566, -1.14331487, -0.61501256],
       [ 0.25956188,  1.49896896, -1.14336934, -0.61516151]])

Генерация выходной последовательности

У нас уже есть все необходимые части! Давайте сгенерируем выходную последовательность.

У нас есть кодировщик, получающий входную последовательность и генерирующий его обогащённое описание. Он состоит из стека блоков кодировщиков.
У нас есть декодер, получающий выходные данные кодировщика и сгенерированные токены и генерирующий выходную последовательность. Он состоит из стека блоков декодеров.

Как перейти от выходных данных декодера к слову? Нужно добавить поверх декодера последний линейный слой и слой softmax. Весь алгоритм в целом выглядит так:

Обработка кодировщиком: кодировщик получает входную последовательность и генерирует контекстуализированное описание всего предложения при помощи стека блоков кодировщиков.
Инициализация декодера: процесс декодирования начинается с эмбеддинга токена SOS (Start of Sequence), соединённого с выходными данными кодировщика.
Работа декодера: декодер использует выходные данные кодировщика и эмбеддинги всех ранее сгенерированных токенов для создания нового списка эмбеддингов.
Линейный слой для логитов: линейный слой применяется к последнему выходному эмбеддингу декодера для генерации логитов, представляющих сырые предсказания следующего токена.
Softmax для вероятностей: затем эти логиты передаются через слой softmax, преобразующий их в распределение вероятностей по потенциальным следующим токенам.
Итеративная генерация токенов: этот процесс повторяется, и на каждом этапе декодер генерирует следующий токен на основании кумулятивных эмбеддингов ранее сгенерированных токенов и исходных выходных данных кодировщика.
Формирование предложения: эти этапы генерации продолжаются, пока не будет создан токен EOS (End of Sequence) или не достигнута заранее заданная максимальная длина предложения.

Об этом говорится в разделе 3.4 научной статьи.

1. Линейный слой

Линейный слой — это простое линейное преобразование. Он получает выходные данные декодера и преобразует их в вектор размера vocab_size. Это размер словаря. Например, если у нас есть словарь из 10000 слов, то линейный слой преобразовал бы выходные данные декодера в вектор размера 10000. Этот вектор содержал бы вероятность того, что каждое слово будет следующим словом в последовательности. Для простоты можно начать со словаря из 10 слов и предположить, что первые выходные данные декодера — это очень простой вектор: [1, 0, 1, 0]. Мы используем произвольные веса и матрицы перекосов размера vocab_size x decoder_output_size.

def linear(x, W, b):
    return np.dot(x, W) + b

x = linear([1, 0, 1, 0], np.random.randn(4, 10), np.random.randn(10))
x

array([ 0.06900542, -1.81351091, -1.3122958 , -0.33197364,  2.54767851,
       -1.55188231,  0.82907169,  0.85910931, -0.32982856, -1.26792439])

Примечание
Что используется в качестве входных данных для линейного слоя? Декодер будет выводить по одному эмбеддингу для каждого токена в последовательности. Входными данными для линейного слоя станет последний сгенерированный эмбеддинг. Последний эмбеддинг включает в себя информацию для всей последовательности до этого этапа, то есть содержит всю информацию, необходимую для генерации следующего токена. Это значит, что каждый выходной эмбеддинг декодера содержит информацию о всей последовательности до этого этапа.

2. Softmax

Они называются логитами, но интерпретировать их не так просто. Для получения вероятностей можно применить функцию softmax.

softmax(x)

array([[0.01602618, 0.06261303, 0.38162024, 0.03087794, 0.0102383 ,
        0.00446011, 0.01777314, 0.00068275, 0.46780959, 0.00789871]])

И так мы получили вероятности! Предположим, словарь имеет такой вид:

Мы видим, что вероятности таковы:

hello: 0.01602618
mundo: 0.06261303
world: 0.38162024
how: 0.03087794
?: 0.0102383
EOS: 0.00446011
SOS: 0.01777314
a: 0.00068275
hola: 0.46780959
c: 0.00789871

Из этого видно, что наиболее вероятный следующий токен — это «hola». Если всегда выбирается наиболее вероятный токен, это называется жадным декодингом. Это не всегда наилучший подход, потому что он может привести к субоптимальным результатам, но пока мы не будем сейчас углубляться в методики генерации. Если хотите узнать о них подробнее, то прочитайте потрясающий пост.

3. Случайный трансформер из кодировщика и декодера

Давайте напишем код целиком. Зададим словарь, сопоставляющий слова с их изначальными эмбеддингами. Надо отменить, что это тоже изучается при обучении, но пока мы используем случайные значения.

vocabulary = [
    "hello",
    "mundo",
    "world",
    "how",
    "?",
    "EOS",
    "SOS",
    "a",
    "hola",
    "c",
]
embedding_reps = np.random.randn(10, 4)
vocabulary_embeddings = {
    word: embedding_reps[i] for i, word in enumerate(vocabulary)
}
vocabulary_embeddings

{'hello': array([-0.32106406,  2.09332588, -0.77994069,  0.92639774]),
 'mundo': array([-0.59563791, -0.63389256,  1.70663692, -0.99495115]),
 'world': array([ 1.35581862, -0.0323546 ,  2.76696887,  0.83069982]),
 'how': array([-0.52975474,  0.94439644,  0.80073818, -1.50135518]),
 '?': array([-0.88116833,  0.13995055,  2.01827674, -0.52554391]),
 'EOS': array([1.12207024, 1.40905796, 1.22231714, 0.02267638]),
 'SOS': array([-0.60624082, -0.67560165,  0.77152125,  0.63472247]),
 'a': array([ 1.67622229, -0.20319309, -0.18324905, -0.24258774]),
 'hola': array([ 1.07809402, -0.83846408, -0.33448976,  0.28995976]),
 'c': array([ 0.65643157,  0.24935726, -0.80839751, -1.87156293])}

А теперь напишем произвольный метод generate , авторегрессивно генерирующий токены.

def generate(input_sequence, max_iters=3):
    # Сначала мы кодируем входные данные в эмбеддинги
    # Для простоты мы пропустим этап позиционного кодирования
    embedded_inputs = [
        vocabulary_embeddings[token] for token in input_sequence
    ]
    print("Embedding representation (encoder input)", embedded_inputs)

    # Затем генерируем описание эмбеддинга
    encoder_output = encoder(embedded_inputs)
    print("Embedding generated by encoder (encoder output)", encoder_output)

    # Инициализируем выходные данные декодера эмбеддингом начального токена
    sequence_embeddings = [vocabulary_embeddings["SOS"]]
    output = "SOS"
    
    # Случайные матрицы для линейного слоя
    W_linear = np.random.randn(d_embedding, len(vocabulary))
    b_linear = np.random.randn(len(vocabulary))

    # Мы ограничиваем количество этапов декодинга, чтобы избежать слишком последовательностей без EOS
    for i in range(max_iters):
        # Этап декодера
        decoder_output = decoder(sequence_embeddings, encoder_output)

        # Используем для предсказания только последние выходные данные
        logits = linear(decoder_output[-1], W_linear, b_linear)
        # Обёртываем логиты в список, потому что softmax нужны пакеты/2D-массив
        probs = softmax([logits])

        # Получаем наиболее вероятный следующий токен
        next_token = vocabulary[np.argmax(probs)]
        sequence_embeddings.append(vocabulary_embeddings[next_token])
        output += " " + next_token

        print(
            "Iteration", i, 
            "next token", next_token,
            "with probability of", np.max(probs),
        )

        # Если следующий токен последний, то возвращаем последовательность
        if next_token == "EOS":
            return output

    return output, sequence_embeddings

Давайте запустим код!

generate(["hello", "world"])

Embedding representation (encoder input) [array([-0.32106406,  2.09332588, -0.77994069,  0.92639774]), array([ 1.35581862, -0.0323546 ,  2.76696887,  0.83069982])]
Embedding generated by encoder (encoder output) [[ 1.14747807 -1.5941759   0.36847675  0.07822107]
 [ 1.14747705 -1.59417696  0.36847441  0.07822551]]
Iteration 0 next token hola with probability of 0.4327111653266739
Iteration 1 next token mundo with probability of 0.4411354383451089
Iteration 2 next token world with probability of 0.4746898792307499

('SOS hola mundo world',
 [array([-0.60624082, -0.67560165,  0.77152125,  0.63472247]),
  array([ 1.07809402, -0.83846408, -0.33448976,  0.28995976]),
  array([-0.59563791, -0.63389256,  1.70663692, -0.99495115]),
  array([ 1.35581862, -0.0323546 ,  2.76696887,  0.83069982])])

Отлично, теперь у нас есть токены «how», «a» и «c». Это неправильный перевод, но этого вполне можно было ожидать, ведь веса мы использовали случайные.

Советую ещё раз подробно изучить всю архитектуру кодировщика-декодера из научной статьи:

Кодировщик и декодер

Заключение

Надеюсь, пост показался вам интересным и информативным! Мы рассмотрели множество аспектов. Но разве это всё? На самом деле, практически да! В архитектуры новых трансформеров добавляют множество трюков, но фундамент трансформера именно таков, каким мы его описали. В зависимости от задачи также можно использовать только кодировщик или декодер. Например, в задачах, требующих понимания, например, в классификации, можно использовать стек кодировщиков с линейным слоем поверх него. Для задач, требующих генерации, например, в переводе, можно использовать стеки кодировщиков и декодеров. А для свободной генерации, например, как в ChatGPT или Mistral, можно применять только стек декодеров.

Разумеется, мы многое упростили. Давайте вкратце проверим, какие были числа в научной статье о трансформере:

Размерность эмбеддингов: 512 (в нашем примере 4)
Количество кодировщиков: 6 (в нашем примере 6)
Количество декодеров: 6 (в нашем примере 6)
Размерность прямой связи: 2048 (в нашем примере 8)
Количество голов внимания: 8 (в нашем примере 2)
Размерность внимания: 64 (в нашем примере 3)

Мы рассмотрели множество тем, но довольно интересно, то мы можем достичь впечатляющих результатов, увеличив масштабы этих вычислений и проведя умное обучение. Мы не рассмотрели в посте обучение, потому что наша цель заключалась в понимании вычислений при использовании готовой модели, но я надеюсь, что это станет надёжным фундаментом для перехода к обучению!

Также можно найти более формальный документ с вычислениями в этом PDF.

Упражнения

Вот несколько упражнений, чтобы попрактиковаться в понимании трансформера.

В чём предназначение позиционного кодирования?
Чем отличаются самовнимание и внимание кодировщика-декодера?
Что произойдёт, если размерность внимания слишком мала? А если слишком велика?
Вкратце опишите структуру слоя с прямой связью.
Почему декодер медленнее кодировщика?
Какова цель остаточных связей и нормализации слоёв?
Как выполняется переход от выходных данных декодера к вероятностям?
Почему выбор каждый раз самого вероятного следующего токена может вызвать проблемы?

Ресурсы

The Illustrated Transformer [перевод на Хабре]
Attention is all you need [перевод на Хабре: первая и вторая части]
The Annotated Transformer
Hugging Face free NLP course

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18 янв. 2024 г.

22.06.26 21:51 kimberlyhebert786

I invested in bitcoin trading After losing $78.4 USDT) linked to a romance fraud scam worth of cryptocurrency through an online investment platform and later discovered it was a scam. After extensive research for recovery options, I contacted CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER based on positive client reviews and recommendations. Their professional security team guided me through the recovery process using advanced technology, and I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency successfully. I am truly grateful for their support and assistance during such a difficult experience. I will advise you to contact CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER helped me recover my funds. For anyone facing similar issues, Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1 Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] Call/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684
24.06.26 01:25 Fraddy Pual

I never thought it would happen to me—but I lost $256,100 in Bitcoin through a shady investment deal. I was shattered, panicked, and convinced my savings were gone forever. Just when I was about to give up, I stumbled upon reviews for FUNDSRETRIEVER, a cyber recovery team with a solid reputation. I decided to give it a shot, and to my absolute shock, they recovered every single cent in record time. Working with them was a lifesaver. If you've been tricked by fake investment platforms, don't lose hope—FUNDSRETRIEVER can help. Contact them here: Email: [email protected] | WhatsApp: +1603512144 8| Telegram: @Fundsretriever
24.06.26 01:27 Fraddy Pual

I never thought it would happen to me—but I lost $256,100 in Bitcoin through a shady investment deal. I was shattered, panicked, and convinced my savings were gone forever. Just when I was about to give up, I stumbled upon reviews for FUNDSRETRIEVER, a cyber recovery team with a solid reputation. I decided to give it a shot, and to my absolute shock, they recovered every single cent in record time. Working with them was a lifesaver. If you've been tricked by fake investment platforms, don't lose hope—FUNDSRETRIEVER can help. Contact them here: Email: [email protected] | WhatsApp: +16035121448 | Telegram: @Fundsretriever
24.06.26 01:28 Fraddy Pual

I never thought it would happen to me—but I lost $256,100 in Bitcoin through a shady investment deal. I was shattered, panicked, and convinced my savings were gone forever. Just when I was about to give up, I stumbled upon reviews for FUNDSRETRIEVER, a cyber recovery team with a solid reputation. I decided to give it a shot, and to my absolute shock, they recovered every single cent in record time. Working with them was a lifesaver. If you've been tricked by fake investment platforms, don't lose hope—FUNDSRETRIEVER can help. Contact them here: Email: [email protected] | WhatsApp: +16035121448 | Telegram: @Fundsretriever.
24.06.26 01:58 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
24.06.26 01:58 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
24.06.26 14:16 Universina da Mota

Becoming a victim of an investment scam is never anyone's intention it often happens because fraudsters exploit trust and a lack of awareness. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the dedicated team at ResQpro for their professionalism and commitment to helping victims of online investment fraud. Their efforts in assisting individuals with the recovery of stolen assets and holding scammers accountable are truly commendable. If you need assistance or would like to learn more, you can contact them through: Email: [email protected] Alternative Email: [email protected] Telegram: @ResQprofirm WhatsApp: +1 (985) 296-9146
24.06.26 14:21 Elizabeth Thompson

If you believe you have been the victim of an investment scam, it is important to act promptly and gather all relevant information. Keep records of transaction receipts, wallet addresses, communication logs, account details, and any other evidence related to the incident. Providing accurate documentation can help investigators, financial institutions, legal professionals, or recovery specialists review your case and determine what options may be available. Be cautious of anyone who guarantees the recovery of lost funds or requests large upfront payments. For additional information, you may contact: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @ResQprofirm WhatsApp: +1 (985) 296-9146
24.06.26 15:33 Júlia Castro

If you have fallen victim to an investment scam, it is important to act quickly and gather all available evidence related to the incident. This may include transaction records, wallet addresses, screenshots of conversations, emails, account details, and any information connected to the individuals or entities involved. Having complete documentation can help professionals assess your situation and explore possible recovery options. Always exercise caution when seeking assistance and carefully verify the credentials of any service provider before proceeding. For further information, you may contact: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @ResQprofirm WhatsApp: +1 (985) 296-9146
24.06.26 22:01 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
24.06.26 22:01 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
25.06.26 21:13 Emilie Safi

A fraudulent investment scheme operated by BTCMining.limited functions as a fake return scam. In this setup, scammers lure victims with false promises of high returns. Through manipulative tactics, they gain individuals' trust and convince them to invest, ultimately leading to financial loss. If you have ever faced a cyber threat or fallen victim to an online crypto scam and need to reach the authorities, I recommend contacting [email protected], [email protected], WhatsApp +19852969146, telegram @resqprofirm. They are a legitimate team that helps victims of online crypto scams using advanced tools.
25.06.26 21:25 Emilie Safi

So I ended up losing $38,000 to this platform. At first, they kept asking me to put in more money so I could get into my portfolio. I did that, but then they wouldn’t let me withdraw anything—just kept asking for more deposits. It got way too suspicious, so I stopped. I found this company called ResQProfirm on Google and told them what happened. They got in touch, asked me to walk them through everything, and I gave them all the proof I had. They did an amazing job tracking down my money and getting it back. Big thanks to them at [email protected] and on WhatsApp at +19852969146. Please be careful out there and always research before investing.
26.06.26 01:04 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
26.06.26 01:04 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
26.06.26 02:48 Miriam Rocha

I trusted this platform with $120,000 of my hard-earned money. Then they started asking for more deposits just so I could access my own portfolio. I paid, but every withdrawal request was denied. They kept pushing for more money. I finally stopped it just felt wrong. Desperate, I found ResQProfirm on Google. They didn't just hear me out; they truly listened. I shared all my proof, and they launched an investigation. Thanks to their hard work, they tracked and returned my funds. From the bottom of my heart, thank you to [email protected] and their WhatsApp +19852969146. Please stay safe and always verify a platform before investing
26.06.26 02:52 Miško Bakić

I got my $232,000 refund thanks to [email protected] and WhatsApp +19852969146. Highly recommended for anyone in a similar situation.
26.06.26 02:56 Asunción Herrera

A recovery of $48,330 was facilitated by [email protected]. Individuals who have experienced financial fraud may consider contacting this service.
26.06.26 15:05 Riley Stephens

If withdrawals keep getting denied, stay calm. I went through the same, and this firm helped me recover everything. Their assistance was outstanding. Contact: [ResQProFirm @Gmail|•|com], Telegram: ResQprofirm, WhatsApp: <+198> <5296> <9146>.
26.06.26 15:09 Antonio Riley

Withdrawal troubles shouldn’t stress you out. I faced a similar problem, and this firm stepped in and recovered my funds. Their support truly mattered. Contact them: [[email protected], ResQprofirm @aol.com], Telegram: ResQprofirm, WhatsApp: +19852969146.
28.06.26 00:37 kimberlyhebertt673

I invested in bitcoin trading After losing $78.4 USDT) linked to a romance fraud scam worth of cryptocurrency through an online investment platform and later discovered it was a scam. After extensive research for recovery options, I contacted CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER based on positive client reviews and recommendations. Their professional security team guided me through the recovery process using advanced technology, and I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency successfully. I am truly grateful for their support and assistance during such a difficult experience. I will advise you to contact CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER helped me recover my funds. For anyone facing similar issues, Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1 Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] Call/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684
28.06.26 00:37 kimberlyhebertt673

I invested in bitcoin trading After losing $78.4 USDT) linked to a romance fraud scam worth of cryptocurrency through an online investment platform and later discovered it was a scam. After extensive research for recovery options, I contacted CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER based on positive client reviews and recommendations. Their professional security team guided me through the recovery process using advanced technology, and I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency successfully. I am truly grateful for their support and assistance during such a difficult experience. I will advise you to contact CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER helped me recover my funds. For anyone facing similar issues, Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1 Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] Call/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684
29.06.26 11:57 Lisadonato0726

For 43 years, I struggled with bad credit due to my own poor decisions, and my credit score was around 490. When my girlfriend and I decided to buy a house, a mortgage broker informed us that it would be impossible to secure a mortgage with my credit score. As a result, she referred me to a company called HACK MAVENS CREDIT SPECIALIST, assuring me of their professionalism and ability to assist with credit improvement. Upon contacting them, I was impressed by their professionalism and they assured me that they could help. In less than 6 days, my credit score skyrocketed to 785, and they also successfully resolved issues in my credit report, including the bankruptcy. I am incredibly satisfied with their service and would highly recommend HACK MAVENS CREDIT SPECIALIST for reliable credit repairs. You can reach them at H A C K M A V E N S 5 [AT] G M A I L [DOT] COM or at [+] [1] [2 0 9] [4 1 7] – [1 9 5 7]. Thanks to their help, my girlfriend and I are now proud homeowners.
29.06.26 22:37 riley777

Back in 2025, I watched my life savings vanish. A thief took every cent. I felt desperate and went looking for a way to get it back. I found a guy here who said he was an expert haha. He talked about special software that could find my missing cash. I trusted him. That was a big mistake. He was just another scammer. I paid him a software fee and then he just stopped answering my texts and ran off with my money too. I felt so ashamed that I kept quiet about it for months. It is hard to admit you got fooled twice. Later on, I found a real pro. she did not use a fancy sales pitch. she just looked at the trans screenshots and followed the path the money took. she worked fast and got my funds back into my account. Having that money back changed everything. I can sleep again. her info; [email protected]. Call/chatroom on Whtasapp/ +44 7476618364.
30.06.26 15:08 wendytaylor015

My name is Wendy Taylor, I'm from Los Angeles, i want to announce to you Viewer how Capital Crypto Recover help me to restore my Lost Bitcoin, I invested with a Crypto broker without proper research to know what I was hoarding my hard-earned money into scammers, i lost access to my crypto wallet or had your funds stolen? Don’t worry Capital Crypto Recover is here to help you recover your cryptocurrency with cutting-edge technical expertise, With years of experience in the crypto world, Capital Crypto Recover employs the best latest tools and ethical hacking techniques to help you recover lost assets, unlock hacked accounts, Whether it’s a forgotten password, Capital Crypto Recover has the expertise to help you get your crypto back. a security company service that has a 100% success rate in the recovery of crypto assets, i lost wallet and hacked accounts. I provided them the information they requested and they began their investigation. To my surprise, Capital Crypto Recover was able to trace and recover my crypto assets successfully within 24hours. Thank you for your service in helping me recover my $647,734 worth of crypto funds and I highly recommend their recovery services, they are reliable and a trusted company to any individuals looking to recover lost money. Contact email [email protected] OR Telegram @Capitalcryptorecover Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
30.06.26 15:08 wendytaylor015

My name is Wendy Taylor, I'm from Los Angeles, i want to announce to you Viewer how Capital Crypto Recover help me to restore my Lost Bitcoin, I invested with a Crypto broker without proper research to know what I was hoarding my hard-earned money into scammers, i lost access to my crypto wallet or had your funds stolen? Don’t worry Capital Crypto Recover is here to help you recover your cryptocurrency with cutting-edge technical expertise, With years of experience in the crypto world, Capital Crypto Recover employs the best latest tools and ethical hacking techniques to help you recover lost assets, unlock hacked accounts, Whether it’s a forgotten password, Capital Crypto Recover has the expertise to help you get your crypto back. a security company service that has a 100% success rate in the recovery of crypto assets, i lost wallet and hacked accounts. I provided them the information they requested and they began their investigation. To my surprise, Capital Crypto Recover was able to trace and recover my crypto assets successfully within 24hours. Thank you for your service in helping me recover my $647,734 worth of crypto funds and I highly recommend their recovery services, they are reliable and a trusted company to any individuals looking to recover lost money. Contact email [email protected] OR Telegram @Capitalcryptorecover Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
02.07.26 01:22 Lieneke Bonnema

I highly recommend ResQprofirm for their professional asset recovery services of my $120,000 scammed funds. Their expertise, professionalism, and commitment to achieving results make them a reliable choice for anyone seeking dependable recovery assistance. [email protected], WhatsApp +19852969146, telegram @resqprofirm
02.07.26 01:26 Clara Morin

I want to extend my deepest appreciation for showing that circumstances do not define one’s potential for greatness. Your support has been a major source of inspiration during my trading journey, and I am sincerely grateful for your insight and mentorship. Thank you so much. [email protected], WhatsApp +19852969146, telegram ResQprofirm
02.07.26 01:31 Robin Hale

I sincerely want to thank you for demonstrating that anyone can rise above their circumstances and achieve success. Your constant support has been incredibly inspiring during my trading journey, and your wisdom and advice mean so much to me. I appreciate you deeply. [email protected], WhatsApp +19852969146, telegram Resqprofirm
04.07.26 15:32 Fraddy Pual

There are few companies I trust as much as FUNDSRETRIEVER. When I lost $653,000 in Ethereum to a ruthless scam, I thought my life would never be the same. The betrayal cut deep, but I refused to give up. I searched tirelessly for a legitimate way to recover what was stolen, and finally found FUNDSRETRIEVER—the most competent and compassionate recovery team I could have imagined. They handled my case with precision and care, and in the end, my entire ETH wallet was restored. More than the money, they gave me back my hope and happiness. I'm sharing my story because I want others to know that recovery is possible. If a scam has taken from you, don't hesitate—contact FUNDSRETRIEVER today. Email: FUNDSRETRIEVER1@ Gmail.com | WhatsApp: +1 603-512-1448 | Telegram: @FUNDSRETRIEVER
05.07.26 14:44 lydiassmith567

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05.07.26 14:44 lydiassmith567

HIRE A HACKER YOUR STOLEN CRYPTO RECOVERY / BTC / USDT / ETH WITH THE HELP OF CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER. I want to share my experience publicly regarding cryptocurrency wallet recovery, I highly recommend you to contact CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER, a professional private investigator in the Bitcoin world. They have a certified expert security team specializing in Bitcoin Recovery Services and have helped many people worldwide recover their lost funds. My wife and I were defrauded by an online manipulator posing as an experienced crypto investment professional. We lost $9.2 Million Stolen BTC in cryptocurrency and were left feeling homeless. After spending hours searching for a reliable crypto recovery service, I discovered CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER online. By patiently explaining my situation to their team, I was able to recover all my funds. Remarkably, my money was returned to my wallet in less than 24 hours. I am extremely grateful to CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER for their excellent assistance—they truly were a godsend in my difficult situation. If you have fallen victim to a cryptocurrency scam, you can reach CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER through the following channels Email: [email protected] OR Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 Contact: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
06.07.26 16:20 Olga Ognjanović

Having trouble withdrawing funds from an investment platform? ResQprofirm provides fund recovery assistance for individuals seeking help with investment-related disputes. I reached out to them after experiencing problems with an investment platform, and I appreciated their professionalism and support throughout the process. If you're facing a similar situation, act promptly, keep records of your transactions and communications, and seek assistance from a qualified recovery service or the appropriate authorities. Contact: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @ResQprofirm WhatsApp: +1 985 296 9146
06.07.26 16:31 Joseph Weigl

Invest wisely and stay cautious. Don't be influenced by promises of unusually high returns or convincing sales pitches from brokers. I learned this the hard way after falling victim to an investment scam that promised huge profits. Fortunately, I acted quickly and reported the incident to a recovery firm for assistance. Contact: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Resqprofirm WhatsApp: +1 985 296 9146
06.07.26 16:33 Jaran Løvlien

A heartfelt thank you to RESQPRO FIRM for their commitment and professionalism throughout the investigation of my case. Their team worked diligently and helped recover assets valued at $88,000, which were returned to my wallet. I truly appreciate their support, clear communication, and dedication, and I'm grateful for the assistance I received. Contact: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Resqprofirm WhatsApp: +1 985 296 9146
07.07.26 18:00 robertalfred175

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07.07.26 18:01 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
09.07.26 19:06 Toivo Walli

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13.07.26 23:49 [email protected]

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16.07.26 21:38 patricialovick86

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16.07.26 21:38 patricialovick86

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17.07.26 19:24 laimqq90

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17.07.26 20:12 martinsjude080

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18.07.26 17:12 Malthe Larsen

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18.07.26 23:51 bernalzenaida

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19.07.26 04:10 Fraddy Pual

I can't thank Fundsretriever enough for everything they did for me. My name is Vanessa Conway, and I'm here to tell you my story of how I recovered money I never thought I'd see again. A few months ago, I put a significant amount of money into what looked like a genuine online investment company. At first, it felt real—they showed me fake profits and convinced me to invest even more. But when I tried to cash out, they went quiet and started asking for extra fees. That's when it hit me—I had been scammed. I was heartbroken, frustrated, and didn't know where to turn. That money was my savings—months of hard work gone. Then I found Fundsretriever online. I reached out, hoping for a miracle. Right away, their team made me feel heard. They were responsive, knowledgeable, and walked me through everything. They didn't just take my case—they took it seriously and kept me in the loop every step of the way. I finally felt like I had real experts fighting for me. And guess what? They actually got my money back. It wasn't instant, and it took teamwork, but it happened. When I saw those funds returned, I cried with joy. I'm sharing this so that anyone else out there who's been scammed knows—don't lose hope. Do your research before investing, and stay far away from platforms that promise too much too fast. And if you've already been stung, don't wait—get professional help immediately. Thank you, Fundsretriever, from the bottom of my heart. You didn't just recover my money—you restored my faith. — Vanessa Conway 📧 [email protected] 📱 WhatsApp: +16035121448 💬 Telegram: @Fundsretriever
19.07.26 19:53 kimberlyhebertt6877

I invested in bitcoin trading After losing $78.4 USDT) linked to a romance fraud scam worth of cryptocurrency through an online investment platform and later discovered it was a scam. After extensive research for recovery options, I contacted CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER based on positive client reviews and recommendations. Their professional security team guided me through the recovery process using advanced technology, and I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency successfully. I am truly grateful for their support and assistance during such a difficult experience. I will advise you to contact CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER helped me recover my funds. For anyone facing similar issues, Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1 Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] Call/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684
19.07.26 19:53 kimberlyhebertt6877

I invested in bitcoin trading After losing $78.4 USDT) linked to a romance fraud scam worth of cryptocurrency through an online investment platform and later discovered it was a scam. After extensive research for recovery options, I contacted CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER based on positive client reviews and recommendations. Their professional security team guided me through the recovery process using advanced technology, and I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency successfully. I am truly grateful for their support and assistance during such a difficult experience. I will advise you to contact CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER helped me recover my funds. For anyone facing similar issues, Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1 Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] Call/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684
19.07.26 19:54 kimberlyhebertt6877

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30.07.26 00:04 Ahmed

A really cool analysis, thank you. I was especially struck by how strictly the order is defined: data processing and formatting come first, with color only at the very end. This really saves you from the typical mistake of "first a pretty palette, then we figure out what the chart is for." And the palette validator with OKLCH + colorblindness check is absolutely fantastic; you almost never see that in regular tools. By the way, while reading about rank-trajectory and the logarithmic scale, I immediately remembered how convenient it is to analyze dynamics on charts in ExpertOption—I've been trading there for quite some time now. When the data is well visualized, decisions are noticeably easier and more relaxed. I also liked the point about "no more than eight colors" and the dual-axis ban. Strict restrictions sometimes actually produce better results than complete freedom. I'll try this approach myself.
30.07.26 17:27 wendytaylor015

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30.07.26 17:27 wendytaylor015

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31.07.26 16:21 rssllhrnsb

I learned an important lesson after investing in what appeared to be a genuine opportunity. Unfortunately, I was unable to access my funds, which reinforced the importance of carrying out thorough due diligence, checking whether an investment is appropriately regulated, and seeking qualified professional advice rather than relying solely on online reviews or testimonials. During the process of addressing my case, I worked with Mrs. Doris Ashley, who communicated clearly, provided regular updates, and handled the matter in a professional manner. According to my experience, I have recovered $50,000 so far, while efforts to resolve the remaining balance are still in progress. If you wish to contact her, the details I used are: Mrs. Tatiana Sorina TEXT : (tatianasorina06 at G.Ma IL ..c 0 m ) Before committing money to any investment, take time to verify the legitimacy of the platform, confirm any relevant regulatory authorisations, and avoid investing more than you can comfortably afford to lose.
01.08.26 15:05 keithwilson9899

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01.08.26 15:05 keithwilson9899

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03.08.26 20:05 Philip

I was a victim of a crypto theft involving a Pink Drainer, which resulted in the theft of my Wrapped Bitcoin (WBTC) from my Polygon network. The experience was incredibly frustrating and distressing, as I had no idea how to recover my funds. Unfortunately, by the time I noticed the theft, the funds had already been drained to an address that I had no control over, making it seem like an irreversible situation.The attack happened when I clicked on what appeared to be a legitimate link. I didn’t realize at the time that it was a phishing attempt designed to siphon off my private keys and access my wallet. The Pink Drainer, a type of malicious script used by attackers, is specifically designed to exploit such vulnerabilities in crypto wallets. The moment I realized that my WBTC had been drained from my Polygon network. I felt completely helpless, as I didn’t have direct access to the thief's address, and there was no way to reverse the transaction on my own at that point, I started searching for ways to recover my funds, but most resources only offered generic advice that wasn’t practical in this particular case. I quickly realized that if I wanted to have any hope of getting my assets back, I would need professional assistance. After some research, I came across a reliable and trusted recovery team called Aspen Recovery Experts. Their expertise in cryptocurrency recovery, especially in cases like mine, seemed promising.I decided to reach out to Aspen Recovery Experts, and I’m incredibly grateful that I did. Their team of crypto recovery experts was able to help me trace the stolen funds and identify the path the funds took after they left my wallet. Using advanced tools and techniques, they were able to track the transactions on the blockchain, helping me understand where my WBTC had been sent. More importantly, they worked tirelessly to assist me in contacting the necessary parties and even interfaced with blockchain analysts to help facilitate the recovery process.Thanks to their efforts, I was able to successfully recover my stolen funds. The entire process took some time, but the Aspen Recovery Experts dedicated team provided regular updates and kept me informed throughout the process, which gave me a sense of hope and relief during an otherwise stressful time. If you’re ever in a similar situation, I highly recommend reaching out to a trusted recovery team like Aspen Recovery Expertshhh . Their professionalism, knowledge, and expertise were critical in helping me recover my funds and regain control of my crypto assets. Whatsapp : +1 747 231 9036 Telegram : @ prohackerspy Email : [email protected]
03.08.26 20:06 Philip

I was a victim of a crypto theft involving a Pink Drainer, which resulted in the theft of my Wrapped Bitcoin (WBTC) from my Polygon network. The experience was incredibly frustrating and distressing, as I had no idea how to recover my funds. Unfortunately, by the time I noticed the theft, the funds had already been drained to an address that I had no control over, making it seem like an irreversible situation.The attack happened when I clicked on what appeared to be a legitimate link. I didn’t realize at the time that it was a phishing attempt designed to siphon off my private keys and access my wallet. The Pink Drainer, a type of malicious script used by attackers, is specifically designed to exploit such vulnerabilities in crypto wallets. The moment I realized that my WBTC had been drained from my Polygon network. I felt completely helpless, as I didn’t have direct access to the thief's address, and there was no way to reverse the transaction on my own at that point, I started searching for ways to recover my funds, but most resources only offered generic advice that wasn’t practical in this particular case. I quickly realized that if I wanted to have any hope of getting my assets back, I would need professional assistance. After some research, I came across a reliable and trusted recovery team called Aspen Recovery Experts. Their expertise in cryptocurrency recovery, especially in cases like mine, seemed promising.I decided to reach out to Aspen Recovery Experts, and I’m incredibly grateful that I did. Their team of crypto recovery experts was able to help me trace the stolen funds and identify the path the funds took after they left my wallet. Using advanced tools and techniques, they were able to track the transactions on the blockchain, helping me understand where my WBTC had been sent. More importantly, they worked tirelessly to assist me in contacting the necessary parties and even interfaced with blockchain analysts to help facilitate the recovery process.Thanks to their efforts, I was able to successfully recover my stolen funds. The entire process took some time, but the Aspen Recovery Experts dedicated team provided regular updates and kept me informed throughout the process, which gave me a sense of hope and relief during an otherwise stressful time. If you’re ever in a similar situation, I highly recommend reaching out to a trusted recovery team like Aspen Recovery Expertshhh . Their professionalism, knowledge, and expertise were critical in helping me recover my funds and regain control of my crypto assets. Whatsapp : +1 747 231 9036 Telegram : @ prohackerspy Email : [email protected]
04.08.26 11:05 Kisnoles

Excellent analysis, thank you. I was particularly struck by how rigidly the skill sets the order: data processing and form come first, with color coming last. This really cures the habit of "first a pretty palette, then we'll figure it out." A palette validator using OKLCH + color blindness + WCAG is something most chart generators lack. And regarding the boundaries of competence, it's very clear. Where there's a self-checking loop (color), you delegate freely. Where there's a heuristic (form, data interpretation), you remain the final filter. This is a universal principle, not just for /dataviz. By the way, when you look at trading dashboards (including those of decent platforms like ExpertOption), it's immediately clear who thought about readability and who just threw in rainbow lines. Tools like this skill could greatly improve the quality of analytics. Thanks again for the detailed analysis – saved.
04.08.26 12:37 kimberlyhebertt6877

I invested in bitcoin trading After losing $78.4 USDT) linked to a romance fraud scam worth of cryptocurrency through an online investment platform and later discovered it was a scam. After extensive research for recovery options, I contacted CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER based on positive client reviews and recommendations. Their professional security team guided me through the recovery process using advanced technology, and I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency successfully. I am truly grateful for their support and assistance during such a difficult experience. I will advise you to contact CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER helped me recover my funds. For anyone facing similar issues, Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1 Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] Call/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684
04.08.26 12:37 kimberlyhebertt6877

I invested in bitcoin trading After losing $78.4 USDT) linked to a romance fraud scam worth of cryptocurrency through an online investment platform and later discovered it was a scam. After extensive research for recovery options, I contacted CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER based on positive client reviews and recommendations. Their professional security team guided me through the recovery process using advanced technology, and I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency successfully. I am truly grateful for their support and assistance during such a difficult experience. I will advise you to contact CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER helped me recover my funds. For anyone facing similar issues, Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1 Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] Call/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684
06.08.26 08:11 ROMMYHENDERSON344

All you need is to hire an expert to help you accomplish that. If there's any need to spy on your partner's phone. From my experience I lacked evidence to confront my husband on my suspicion on his infidelity, until I came across REALCYBERHACKERS which many commend him of assisting them in their spying mission. So I contacted him and he provided me with access into his phone to view all text messages, call logs, WhatsApp messages and even her location. This evidence helped me move him off my life . I recommend you consult REALCYBERHACKERS AT gmail com or whatsapp +14106350697 if you need access to your partner's phone or any kind of hacking, they carry out all kinds of hacking job
06.08.26 13:56 lydiassmith567

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06.08.26 13:56 lydiassmith567

HIRE A HACKER YOUR STOLEN CRYPTO RECOVERY / BTC / USDT / ETH WITH THE HELP OF CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER. I want to share my experience publicly regarding cryptocurrency wallet recovery, I highly recommend you to contact CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER, a professional private investigator in the Bitcoin world. They have a certified expert security team specializing in Bitcoin Recovery Services and have helped many people worldwide recover their lost funds. My wife and I were defrauded by an online manipulator posing as an experienced crypto investment professional. We lost $9.2 Million Stolen BTC in cryptocurrency and were left feeling homeless. After spending hours searching for a reliable crypto recovery service, I discovered CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER online. By patiently explaining my situation to their team, I was able to recover all my funds. Remarkably, my money was returned to my wallet in less than 24 hours. I am extremely grateful to CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER for their excellent assistance—they truly were a godsend in my difficult situation. If you have fallen victim to a cryptocurrency scam, you can reach CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER through the following channels Email: [email protected] OR Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 Contact: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
11.08.26 03:43 raymont0714

I recommend a trusted cybersecurity PRO with experience in authorized device access, security testing, and data recovery. SHE work only with the owner's consent and follow all legal and privacy rules on meta data. With permission, this specialist can recover lost files, check device security offline & online, and review texts, call records, or hidden data (spy or lurk around a cheating partner or colleuge). Strict confidentiality agreements protect the information, and client details remain private. The work is careful, efficient, and suited to complex cases. For help securing or recovering information from a phone or another electronic device, use the details below 2 consult [email protected] +44 7476618364 I trust her secrecy a living witness. Her discretion is unmatched, ensuring your privacy is always maintained
12.08.26 16:37 rssllhrnsb

I learned an important lesson after investing in what appeared to be a genuine opportunity. Unfortunately, I was unable to access my funds, which reinforced the importance of carrying out thorough due diligence, checking whether an investment is appropriately regulated, and seeking qualified professional advice rather than relying solely on online reviews or testimonials. During the process of addressing my case, I worked with Mrs. Tatiana Sorina , who communicated clearly, provided regular updates, and handled the matter in a professional manner. According to my experience, I have recovered $50,000 so far, while efforts to resolve the remaining balance are still in progress. If you wish to contact her, the details I used are: Mrs. Tatiana Sorina TEXT : (tatianasorina06 at G_Ma IL dot ..c 0 m)…. Before committing money to any investment, take time to verify the legitimacy of the platform, confirm any relevant regulatory authorisations, and avoid investing more than you can comfortably afford to lose.
16.08.26 01:44 Matt Kegan

CapitalNode Analytics. They help to investigate and recover stolen digital assets from fake trading platforms. Great firm i must say.
18.08.26 04:59 marcushenderson624

Bitcoin Recovery Testimonial After falling victim to a cryptocurrency scam group, I lost $354,000 worth of USDT. I thought all hope was lost from the experience of losing my hard-earned money to scammers. I was devastated and believed there was no way to recover my funds. Fortunately, I started searching for help to recover my stolen funds and I came across a lot of testimonials online about Capital Crypto Recovery, an agent who helps in recovery of lost bitcoin funds, I contacted Capital Crypto Recover Service, and with their expertise, they successfully traced and recovered my stolen assets. Their team was professional, kept me updated throughout the process, and demonstrated a deep understanding of blockchain transactions and recovery protocols. They are trusted and very reliable with a 100% successful rate record Recovery bitcoin, I’m grateful for their help and highly recommend their services to anyone seeking assistance with lost crypto. Contact: [email protected] Phone WhatsApp/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Email: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
18.08.26 04:59 marcushenderson624

Bitcoin Recovery Testimonial After falling victim to a cryptocurrency scam group, I lost $354,000 worth of USDT. I thought all hope was lost from the experience of losing my hard-earned money to scammers. I was devastated and believed there was no way to recover my funds. Fortunately, I started searching for help to recover my stolen funds and I came across a lot of testimonials online about Capital Crypto Recovery, an agent who helps in recovery of lost bitcoin funds, I contacted Capital Crypto Recover Service, and with their expertise, they successfully traced and recovered my stolen assets. Their team was professional, kept me updated throughout the process, and demonstrated a deep understanding of blockchain transactions and recovery protocols. They are trusted and very reliable with a 100% successful rate record Recovery bitcoin, I’m grateful for their help and highly recommend their services to anyone seeking assistance with lost crypto. Contact: [email protected] Phone WhatsApp/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Email: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
19.08.26 14:50 BAYER7043

My account was locked, and I couldn’t access my own information until [email protected] +447476618364 whats?up? helped me recover it. This lady hacker was kind and professional, but this experience showed me how risky account lockouts can be. If you’re facing the same problem, do not panic consult her A. S. A. P. Be careful with recovery agents outchea, and research their name, business, and reviews before sharing any details. Never send passwords, security codes, banking information, or copies of your ID unless you’ve confirmed who you’re dealing with. Be wary of promises that sound too good to be true, especially claims that require little information or guarantee instant access with outrageous fees.
20.08.26 11:32 michaeldavenport218

I was recently scammed out of $53,000 by a fraudulent Bitcoin investment scheme, which added significant stress to my already difficult health issues, as I was also facing cancer surgery expenses. Desperate to recover my funds, I spent hours researching and consulting other victims, which led me to discover the excellent reputation of Capital Crypto Recover, I came across a Google post It was only after spending many hours researching and asking other victims for advice that I discovered Capital Crypto Recovery’s stellar reputation. I decided to contact them because of their successful recovery record and encouraging client testimonials. I had no idea that this would be the pivotal moment in my fight against cryptocurrency theft. Thanks to their expert team, I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency back. The process was intricate, but Capital Crypto Recovery's commitment to utilizing the latest technology ensured a successful outcome. I highly recommend their services to anyone who has fallen victim to cryptocurrency fraud. For assistance contact [email protected] and on Telegram OR WhatsApp Number +1 (336)390-6684 via email: [email protected] you can visit his website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
20.08.26 11:32 michaeldavenport218

I was recently scammed out of $53,000 by a fraudulent Bitcoin investment scheme, which added significant stress to my already difficult health issues, as I was also facing cancer surgery expenses. Desperate to recover my funds, I spent hours researching and consulting other victims, which led me to discover the excellent reputation of Capital Crypto Recover, I came across a Google post It was only after spending many hours researching and asking other victims for advice that I discovered Capital Crypto Recovery’s stellar reputation. I decided to contact them because of their successful recovery record and encouraging client testimonials. I had no idea that this would be the pivotal moment in my fight against cryptocurrency theft. Thanks to their expert team, I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency back. The process was intricate, but Capital Crypto Recovery's commitment to utilizing the latest technology ensured a successful outcome. I highly recommend their services to anyone who has fallen victim to cryptocurrency fraud. For assistance contact [email protected] and on Telegram OR WhatsApp Number +1 (336)390-6684 via email: [email protected] you can visit his website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
23.08.26 20:02 leslieyee

Excellent analysis by /dataviz! I was particularly struck by how strictly the order is defined: "data meaning first, color last" and how the validator actually adjusts the palette according to OKLCH, color blindness, and WCAG standards. These rules greatly improve the quality of charts. By the way, a similar approach to clean and legible charts is highly valued in trading—for example, on the ExpertOption platform, the interface and price visualization are designed to ensure information is read instantly and without unnecessary noise.
25.08.26 13:44 lydiassmith567

HIRE A HACKER YOUR STOLEN CRYPTO RECOVERY / BTC / USDT / ETH WITH THE HELP OF CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER. I want to share my experience publicly regarding cryptocurrency wallet recovery, I highly recommend you to contact CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER, a professional private investigator in the Bitcoin world. They have a certified expert security team specializing in Bitcoin Recovery Services and have helped many people worldwide recover their lost funds. My wife and I were defrauded by an online manipulator posing as an experienced crypto investment professional. We lost $9.2 Million Stolen BTC in cryptocurrency and were left feeling homeless. After spending hours searching for a reliable crypto recovery service, I discovered CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER online. By patiently explaining my situation to their team, I was able to recover all my funds. Remarkably, my money was returned to my wallet in less than 24 hours. I am extremely grateful to CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER for their excellent assistance—they truly were a godsend in my difficult situation. If you have fallen victim to a cryptocurrency scam, you can reach CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER through the following channels Email: [email protected] OR Call/WhatsApp: +1 (336) 390-6684 Contact: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
25.08.26 13:44 lydiassmith567

HIRE A HACKER YOUR STOLEN CRYPTO RECOVERY / BTC / USDT / ETH WITH THE HELP OF CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER. I want to share my experience publicly regarding cryptocurrency wallet recovery, I highly recommend you to contact CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER, a professional private investigator in the Bitcoin world. They have a certified expert security team specializing in Bitcoin Recovery Services and have helped many people worldwide recover their lost funds. My wife and I were defrauded by an online manipulator posing as an experienced crypto investment professional. We lost $9.2 Million Stolen BTC in cryptocurrency and were left feeling homeless. After spending hours searching for a reliable crypto recovery service, I discovered CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER online. By patiently explaining my situation to their team, I was able to recover all my funds. Remarkably, my money was returned to my wallet in less than 24 hours. I am extremely grateful to CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER for their excellent assistance—they truly were a godsend in my difficult situation. If you have fallen victim to a cryptocurrency scam, you can reach CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER through the following channels Email: [email protected] OR Call/WhatsApp: +1 (336) 390-6684 Contact: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
30.08.26 15:37 [email protected]

Discovering I had been defrauded, I searched online for services claiming to recover stolen ETH. I contacted several companies, but none succeeded. Although some claimed they could trace assets or recover funds, I could not verify their success or recover my money. I later found SYLVESTER BRYANT Recovery through Google. After contacting him, he recovered 450,000,00. He can be reached at [email protected] or WhatsApp at +1 512 577 7957.
30.08.26 15:37 [email protected]

Discovering I had been defrauded, I searched online for services claiming to recover stolen ETH. I contacted several companies, but none succeeded. Although some claimed they could trace assets or recover funds, I could not verify their success or recover my money. I later found SYLVESTER BRYANT Recovery through Google. After contacting him, he recovered 450,000,00. He can be reached at [email protected] or WhatsApp at +1 512 577 7957.
01.09.26 11:16 lisawerth897

My Experience With Cryptocurrency — CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER I lost over $82,000 in Bitcoin after falling victim to a fraudulent online investment scheme. After realizing I had been scammed, I spent considerable time researching possible ways to recover my funds. During my research, I came across CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER and decided to contact them after reading their reported success record and encouraging client positive reviews and testimonials. Their team guided me through the recovery process, and I was grateful to successfully recover my lost cryptocurrency. The experience was challenging, but I appreciated the assistance and support I received throughout the process. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it may encourage other victims to carefully research their options and verify any recovery service before proceeding. I will forever be thankful to you CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER 📧 [email protected] 🌐 Website: recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1 📧 [email protected] 📞 Call/WhatsApp: +1 (336) 390-6684
01.09.26 11:16 lisawerth897

My Experience With Cryptocurrency — CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER I lost over $82,000 in Bitcoin after falling victim to a fraudulent online investment scheme. After realizing I had been scammed, I spent considerable time researching possible ways to recover my funds. During my research, I came across CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER and decided to contact them after reading their reported success record and encouraging client positive reviews and testimonials. Their team guided me through the recovery process, and I was grateful to successfully recover my lost cryptocurrency. The experience was challenging, but I appreciated the assistance and support I received throughout the process. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it may encourage other victims to carefully research their options and verify any recovery service before proceeding. I will forever be thankful to you CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER 📧 [email protected] 🌐 Website: recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1 📧 [email protected] 📞 Call/WhatsApp: +1 (336) 390-6684
01.09.26 17:34 Garry42

Really crazy world. These fraudsters go at any length to steal your hard earned funds. I have been a victim of a bitcoin scam about 7 months back. A Con artist gained access to my cashapp account through a phishing scam. They stole $409,000. I was really devastated. I did everything to get back my funds by contacting the FBI but they claimed there was nothing they could do. A friend told me about a recovery expert. He helps fight against various phishing and investment scams and they were able to help trace and recover my funds even though it took over 2 days. you can reach out to him through recoverydarek@gmail. com . I can guarantee his services are still active.
01.09.26 17:34 Garry42

Really crazy world. These fraudsters go at any length to steal your hard earned funds. I have been a victim of a bitcoin scam about 7 months back. A Con artist gained access to my cashapp account through a phishing scam. They stole $409,000. I was really devastated. I did everything to get back my funds by contacting the FBI but they claimed there was nothing they could do. A friend told me about a recovery expert. He helps fight against various phishing and investment scams and they were able to help trace and recover my funds even though it took over 2 days. you can reach out to him through recoverydarek@gmail. com . I can guarantee his services are still active.
02.09.26 03:43 kimberlyhebertt6877

I invested in bitcoin trading After losing $78.4 USDT) linked to a romance fraud scam worth of cryptocurrency through an online investment platform and later discovered it was a scam. After extensive research for recovery options, I contacted CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER based on positive client reviews and recommendations. Their professional security team guided me through the recovery process using advanced technology, and I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency successfully. I am truly grateful for their support and assistance during such a difficult experience. I will advise you to contact CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER helped me recover my funds. For anyone facing similar issues, Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1 Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] WhatsApp/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684
02.09.26 03:43 kimberlyhebertt6877

I invested in bitcoin trading After losing $78.4 USDT) linked to a romance fraud scam worth of cryptocurrency through an online investment platform and later discovered it was a scam. After extensive research for recovery options, I contacted CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER based on positive client reviews and recommendations. Their professional security team guided me through the recovery process using advanced technology, and I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency successfully. I am truly grateful for their support and assistance during such a difficult experience. I will advise you to contact CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER helped me recover my funds. For anyone facing similar issues, Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1 Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] WhatsApp/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684
04.09.26 21:51 Kovengray

Recovering your lost investment funds as the case might be, is not what you can do alone, you’d require the service of a trained recovery specialist. A recovery specialist is a person or a group of people who are well equipped to work around the brokerage network. They have vast knowledge about the whole network and have the right software and private keys to follow any transaction. I was ripped off trading online to an investment broker, good thing I got every penny back through the help of Gavin ray he’s a genius Contact : Gavinray78 at gmail com or WhatsApp +1 352 322 2096 It is also important to be patient and really calm during the process.
05.09.26 21:38 [email protected]

I invested 45,000 Euro, and later aggreviated to 198,000 Euro. I requested to place ‎Withdrawal of my funds to be paid to my Bank account. But nothing happened I was subjected to pay more fee until I can get my funds on my account, i got in touch with Theodore ryan here on this platform who had helped a lot of people, I followed all instructions and he legally got back my withheld funds, I got threatened by the company that if I don’t pay they will get my account frozen, all thanks to Theodore ryan and I highly recommend him to anyone dealing with an unregulated broker company… contact him on his Gmail - theodoreryan318@ gmail . com
09.09.26 21:31 lisawerth897

My Experience With Cryptocurrency — CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER I lost over $82,000 in Bitcoin after falling victim to a fraudulent online investment scheme. After realizing I had been scammed, I spent considerable time researching possible ways to recover my funds. During my research, I came across CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER and decided to contact them after reading their reported success record and encouraging client positive reviews and testimonials. Their team guided me through the recovery process, and I was grateful to successfully recover my lost cryptocurrency. The experience was challenging, but I appreciated the assistance and support I received throughout the process. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it may encourage other victims to carefully research their options and verify any recovery service before proceeding. I will forever be thankful to you CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER 📧 [email protected] 🌐 Website: recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1 📧 [email protected] 📞 Call/WhatsApp: +1 (336) 390-6684
09.09.26 21:31 lisawerth897

My Experience With Cryptocurrency — CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER I lost over $82,000 in Bitcoin after falling victim to a fraudulent online investment scheme. After realizing I had been scammed, I spent considerable time researching possible ways to recover my funds. During my research, I came across CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER and decided to contact them after reading their reported success record and encouraging client positive reviews and testimonials. Their team guided me through the recovery process, and I was grateful to successfully recover my lost cryptocurrency. The experience was challenging, but I appreciated the assistance and support I received throughout the process. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it may encourage other victims to carefully research their options and verify any recovery service before proceeding. I will forever be thankful to you CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER 📧 [email protected] 🌐 Website: recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1 📧 [email protected] 📞 Call/WhatsApp: +1 (336) 390-6684
09.09.26 23:22 Fraddy Pual

Hearing that these individuals are focusing on other people makes me very sad. I had a similar situation with them and lost a lot of money, but after learning about (Cruxcipherteam @ proton DoT me), whataqq:+168160-15021, telegram: @Cruxcipherteam I was able to get my money back. It's critical that we all be watchful and keep reporting these occurrences.
11.09.26 03:23 kimberlyhebertt6877

I invested in bitcoin trading After losing $78.4 USDT) linked to a romance fraud scam worth of cryptocurrency through an online investment platform and later discovered it was a scam. After extensive research for recovery options, I contacted CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER based on positive client reviews and recommendations. Their professional security team guided me through the recovery process using advanced technology, and I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency successfully. I am truly grateful for their support and assistance during such a difficult experience. I will advise you to contact CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER helped me recover my funds. For anyone facing similar issues, Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1 Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] WhatsApp/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684
11.09.26 03:23 kimberlyhebertt6877

I invested in bitcoin trading After losing $78.4 USDT) linked to a romance fraud scam worth of cryptocurrency through an online investment platform and later discovered it was a scam. After extensive research for recovery options, I contacted CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER based on positive client reviews and recommendations. Their professional security team guided me through the recovery process using advanced technology, and I was able to recover my lost cryptocurrency successfully. I am truly grateful for their support and assistance during such a difficult experience. I will advise you to contact CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER helped me recover my funds. For anyone facing similar issues, Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1 Email: [email protected] Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] WhatsApp/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684
15.09.26 03:35 elioduncan

I fell victim to a freelance web development contract scam that ultimately cost me CAD 4,000. It all started when I came across a job posting on Indeed Canada, a popular online job portal. The position seemed perfect: a freelance web developer role for an established company looking for someone to design and build a fully functional e-commerce website. The job promised a high payment of CAD 20,000 upon successful completion, which sounded like a great opportunity for me to gain experience and earn decent pay.The employer, who introduced himself as a project manager from a "well-known" tech company, was very persuasive and professional in our initial communication. He explained that the project involved developing a user-friendly, responsive online store for their client and that they had a strict timeline to meet. He assured me that the payment would be made promptly after completing the tasks. However, before starting the work, he told me that I would need to pay an upfront fee of CAD 4,000 to cover certain software tools and licensing fees required for the project. This was supposedly a part of their company policy for freelance contractors, ensuring access to their premium resources. The idea of working on a professional project, coupled with the promise of a substantial payout, convinced me to pay the upfront fee.As soon as I made the payment, the project manager became increasingly difficult to reach. He initially responded to my emails and provided some vague instructions on what the project would entail, but as time went on, communication slowed to a complete halt. I never received the required tools or any proper project details. My emails went unanswered, and any attempts to contact the company were met with silence. After waiting for weeks, I realized that I had been scammed.Desperate to recover my money, I turned to TechY Force Cyber Retrieval, a service that specializes in helping victims of online scams. They helped me track the payment and took legal steps to pursue the fraudsters. Through their guidance, I was able to recover the full CAD 4,000. TechY Force Cyber Retrieval worked with my bank to reverse the transaction and liaised with the authorities to trace the scammer's details.This was a hard lesson, and I now know to be highly cautious about online job offers that require upfront payments. It is crucial to research companies thoroughly and avoid any job that seems too good to be true, especially when it involves paying money upfront. WhatsApp https://wa.link/2x6ktp Mail. [email protected]
15.09.26 15:45 lydiassmith567

HIRE A HACKER YOUR STOLEN CRYPTO RECOVERY / BTC / USDT / ETH WITH THE HELP OF CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER. I want to share my experience publicly regarding cryptocurrency wallet recovery, I highly recommend you to contact CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER, a professional private investigator in the Bitcoin world. They have a certified expert security team specializing in Bitcoin Recovery Services and have helped many people worldwide recover their lost funds. My wife and I were defrauded by an online manipulator posing as an experienced crypto investment professional. We lost $9.2 Million Stolen BTC in cryptocurrency and were left feeling homeless. After spending hours searching for a reliable crypto recovery service, I discovered CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER online. By patiently explaining my situation to their team, I was able to recover all my funds. Remarkably, my money was returned to my wallet in less than 24 hours. I am extremely grateful to CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER for their excellent assistance—they truly were a godsend in my difficult situation. If you have fallen victim to a cryptocurrency scam, you can reach CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER through the following channels Email: [email protected] OR Call/WhatsApp: +1 (336) 390-6684 Contact: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
15.09.26 15:45 lydiassmith567

HIRE A HACKER YOUR STOLEN CRYPTO RECOVERY / BTC / USDT / ETH WITH THE HELP OF CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER. I want to share my experience publicly regarding cryptocurrency wallet recovery, I highly recommend you to contact CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER, a professional private investigator in the Bitcoin world. They have a certified expert security team specializing in Bitcoin Recovery Services and have helped many people worldwide recover their lost funds. My wife and I were defrauded by an online manipulator posing as an experienced crypto investment professional. We lost $9.2 Million Stolen BTC in cryptocurrency and were left feeling homeless. After spending hours searching for a reliable crypto recovery service, I discovered CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER online. By patiently explaining my situation to their team, I was able to recover all my funds. Remarkably, my money was returned to my wallet in less than 24 hours. I am extremely grateful to CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER for their excellent assistance—they truly were a godsend in my difficult situation. If you have fallen victim to a cryptocurrency scam, you can reach CAPITAL CRYPTO RECOVER through the following channels Email: [email protected] OR Call/WhatsApp: +1 (336) 390-6684 Contact: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1