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Н Новости

Чему может научить горилла Коко

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4 июля 1971 года в зоопарке Сан-Франциско на свет появилась 50-я горилла, которая родилась в неволе. Поскольку дата рождения этой гориллы совпадает с днём независимости США, который отмечается запуском фейерверков, её назвали Ханабико — «дитя фейерверков» по-японски. Мир знает эту удивительную гориллу под именем Коко.

В первый год жизни Коко разлучили с матерью для лечения в больнице зоопарка. Здесь на малыша впервые натолкнулась 24-летняя аспирантка Франсин Паттерсон. Во время лечения Паттерсон научила её американскому жестовому языку. Произошло удивительное, и Коко начала общаться жестами.

До Коко подобные эксперименты уже проводились. Гориллы и шимпанзе способны невероятно точно выражать свои эмоции, показывать радость, смех, разочарование, грусть, печаль. Коко пошла дальше. Несколько часов в день горилла изучала новые жесты. Вскоре в дополнение к обычным просьбам покормить солидный запас изученных жестов помог Коко рассказывать людям о себе.

Горилла не смогла завести детей. Материнская любовь Коко досталась питомцу-котёнку. Когда он попал под колёса автомобиля, горилла выдала жесты «плохо плохо плохо» и «хмуриться плакать хмуриться грустно беда».

Всего Коко освоила более тысячи жестов. Из-за своих отличных способностей горилла стала самой известной говорящей обезьяной на планете. Она умела и любила шутить.

Интеллект гориллы схож с человеческим. В тестах у Коко выявлялся высокий IQ. Если сравнивать её с людьми, то Коко умнее среднего жителя субсахарской Африки. Говорить об этом не принято. Когда этот факт повторил самый умный человек мира (IQ 210) Кристофер Ланган, Facebook¹ забанил его аккаунт.

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Коко обладала характером и умела лгать. Однажды её оставили в комнате наедине с растением в горшке. Нет ничего удивительного, что травоядная горилла съела аппетитную зелень. Паттерсон вернулась и спросила Коко, что случилось. Коко отвечала, что растение съел аспирант. Когда Франсин в ответ заметила, что люди растения не едят, а так поступают только гориллы, Коко заявила, что это была другая горилла.

Последнее записанное послание Коко — это её сообщение участникам конференции ООН по изменению климата 2015 года. В видеоролике Коко представляется и говорит: «Я горилла. Я цветы, я животные, я природа».

«Человек, Коко любить, — говорила Коко. — Земля Коко любить. Но человек глупый… Глупый! Коко сожалеет… Коко плачет. Время торопиться! Исправить Землю! Помоги Земля! Торопись! Защити Земля… Природа видеть тебя. Спасибо».

19 июня 2018 года, в возрасте 46 лет, горилла Коко умерла.

Как язык изучают дети

Так называемое «последнее послание» выпущено за три года до смерти гориллы. Вполне возможно, что есть видеозаписи новее.

Нужно ли верить, что горилла проводила замеры температуры и решила, что глобальное потепление — это важная угроза, о которой важно рассказать конференции ООН? Разумеется, нет. Видеоролик выше — это забавная ахинея, которую всерьёз представила какая-то группа французских климатических лоббистов. Выдают происходящее откровенные монтажные склейки и то, как горилла смотрит куда-то вправо (вероятно, повторяя чужие жесты).

На са́мом деле Коко никогда не умела говорить. Но обо всём по порядку.

Если человеку ввести раствор амитал-натрия в одну из сонных артерий, соответствующее полушарие мозга отключится. Если инактивировано то полушарие мозга, которое контролирует речь, человек потеряет возможность вести разговор. Как правило, проверяют это с помощью просьбы считать и читать вслух.

Подобную медицинскую процедуру называют тест Вады. Это не какой-то интересный эксперимент или сценическое развлечение, а реальная медицинская проба. Нужна она для того, чтобы до начала операции выяснить, какое полушарие мозга конкретного пациента отвечает за речь и память. Дело в том, что речевые функции собраны в левом полушарии лишь у 85–90 % людей, у правшей чаще, чем левшей — 90–95 % против 70–85 %.

Однако описания речевых центров в мозгу человека не размениваются на такие уточнения и рисуют усреднённую картину. Описываются центр Брока и область Вернике. Считается, что первый фрагмент коры головного мозга отвечает за создание (воспроизведение) речи и её моторную организацию. Вторую область связывают с усвоением речи.

Реальное число функций у этих центров выше. Поскольку эти области не изолированы от остального мозга, их функции глубже, чем такие короткие описания. К примеру, центр Брока также связан с базальными телами и различными структурами, ответственными за движения. Проследить эту связь в реальной жизни легко по тому, что люди не могут не использовать жесты и мимику там, где визуальный компоненты нет — по телефону или если оба собеседника слепы.

А вот с лимбической системой эти области связаны слабо. Именно поэтому люди часто сохраняют способность петь при афазии Брока — утере способности составлять значащие сообщения и последовательности слов из-за повреждения одноимённого центра. Также при афазии Брока при отсутствии повреждений других речевых центров человек может сохранять неплохую способность понимать чужую речь.

Соответственно, если из-за инсульта пострадает область Вернике, разовьётся глухота на слова — неспособность воспринимать речь. Но деградирует не только восприятие. Хотя при афазии Вернике речь не уйдёт, пациенты часто не осознают, что выдают бессмысленный поток жаргона.

Афазия развивается по-разному у билингвистов, которые научились воспринимать второй язык в первые 6 лет жизни, и людей, которые изучили второй язык в более взрослом возрасте. Во втором случае второй язык размещается в более периферийных частях центра и Брока и области Вернике, в то время как в первом два языка кодируются в перекрывающих друг друга регионах. Поэтому при афазии билингвы теряют способность к обоим языкам в равной степени. Изучавшие второй язык во взрослом возрасте при инсульте могут потерять лишь один из двух языков.

Физически центр Брока и область Вернике не граничат. Соединяет их дугообразный пучок — группа аксонов, которые помогают объединить воспроизведение речи с её пониманием. В теории, если эта и только эта часть мозга была повреждена, человек сохранил бы способность говорить и понимать, но не смог бы выполнить просьбу повторить какое-то слово. Но похожая на это по симптомам проводниковая афазия встречается относительно редко.

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Как дети изучают язык? Явно не в школе, где его записывают в виде правил. Уроки родного языка для школьников — относительно недавнее явление, ему несколько столетий. Дети усваивают правила языка самостоятельно на основе того, как на нём говорят окружающие. При этом язык они перенимают не от родителей, а от сверстников или детей чуть постарше. Если семья живёт в чужой стране или местности, то дети начнут говорить с локальным акцентом, а не с говором родителей.

Изучение языков универсально. В начале жизни любой человек может впитать абсолютно любой язык с любым набором звуков. Позднее эта способность теряется, и будет гораздо тяжелее понимать разницу между двумя фонемами чужого языка.

Развитие речевых центров мозга начинается ещё на стадии плода. Уже на 12–16 неделях беременности у плода в левом полушарии начинают утолщаться те области, которые станут центром Брока и областью Вернике. Эти областы выражены к 30-й неделе беременности.

После рождения, в первые 1–3 месяца жизни, ответ на все фонемы примерно одинаков.

Развитие связей между центром Брока и областью Вернике в третьем триместре и в первый месяц жизни. Научная работа «Functional connectivity for the language network in the developing brain: 30 weeks of gestation to 30 months of age» [doi:10.1093/cercor/bhab415]
Развитие связей между центром Брока и областью Вернике в третьем триместре и в первый месяц жизни. Научная работа «Functional connectivity for the language network in the developing brain: 30 weeks of gestation to 30 months of age» [doi:10.1093/cercor/bhab415]

Хотя ребёнок ещё не говорит, его мозг не лежит аморфным овощем, а выявляет структурные особенности языка. К 3 месяцу жизни ребёнок предпочитают слышать настояющую устную речь, а не беспорядочный поток слогов. В возрасте 3–6 месяцев дети уделяют больше внимания гласным.

В возрасте около 6 месяцев обнаруживается способность выявлять статистические закономерности языка. Обнаружилось это так: перед ребёнком воспроизводили статистически схожие комбинации слогов, где за одним звуком обычно следовал другой. Когда ребёнок слышал слог из необычной комбинации звуков, которые вместе до этого не встречались, его пульс учащался.

В первые два года жизни человека аксоны нейронов наиболее интенсивно покрываются миелиновой оболочкой. Образуется она не везде сразу. Область Вернике миелинизируется на девятом месяце жизни — раньше на примерно 3 месяца, чем центр Брока. Дети начинают понимать язык раньше, чем они его воспроизводят. Именно в районе 9 месяцев у детей начинается лепет: ребёнок повторяет звуки, которые где-то услышал.

Почему ребёнок в конечном итоге овладевает языком? Обсуждения этого процесса велись в 1960-х годах прошлого века.

В лагере бихевиористов и пророка их Берреса Фредерика Скиннера царила теория, которую читатель может угадать без подсказок. Считалось, что дети получают награду за воспроизведение правильных последовательностей звуков. Если упрощать до смешного, то за произнесение слова «молоко» покормят, за невнятно сказанное «бобобо» еду не дадут. Уровень глюкозы в крови упадёт, и ребёнок сделает повторную попытку правильно сказать заветную фразу. В традициях классического бихевиоризма произойдёт обусловливание.

Скиннеру оппонировал Ноам Хомский. На тот момент бихевиористы полностью доминировали в американской психологии, и борьба была неравной. Но победили именно варианты теории Хомского.

Как указывал Ноам, в период между 15 и 20 месяцами жизни ребёнка происходит ключевое событие: он произносит вслух первую комбинацию слов, которую до этого никогда не слышал от других.

Создание чего-то нового, чего ребёнок не мог получить извне, объяснить теорией бихевиоризма невозможно. Затем продолжительные периоды жизни ребёнок осваивает по десятку слов в сутки. В теорию бихевиоризма это тоже не вписывается.

Ребёнок получает разрозненные и нечёткие фрагменты эмпирических данных, а не подражает частным случаям и не усваивает всю грамматику языка путём одной индукции. В книге «Правила и репрезентации» Хомский вводит принцип бедности стимулов, согласно которому часть лингвистических способностей врождена в человека.

Именно после первой самостоятельной фразы начинается экспоненциальный взрыв освоения языка: ребёнок начинает конструировать собственные комбинации слов, а не повторять чужое. На определённом этапе развития дети на основе неидеальных примеров обобщают правила языка. Это проверили с помощью реальных экспериментов: в первые месяцы жизни ходили за детьми и записывали абсолютно всё, что они скажут.

Глухие и язык

Глухие и слабослышащие общаются на жестовом языке. Это единственное, что знает обыватель.

Единого жестового языка не существует. Страница со списком жестовых языков в «Википедии» утверждает, что суммарно в мире их в районе трёх сотен.

Важно понимать, что хотя дактилирование звуков для имён собственных присутствует, жестовый язык — это не трансляция отдельных слов звукового языка в жест, а полностью отдельное явление с собственной грамматикой и лексиконом.

Жестовые языки полноценны в культурном плане:

  • Акценты и диалекты сформировались из-за региональной удалённости и сегрегации групп населения. Один из самых ярких примеров подобного — американский язык жестов темнокожих, который происходит из обычного амслена. Среди прочего вариация отличается лексиконом, скоростью, общим стилем и использованием двух рук.

  • Рифма в жестовых языках существует. Некоторые жесты похожи на другие и перекликаются с ними, поэтому возможны (пусть и слабо развиты) песни и поэзия.

  • На похожести жестов также основаны каламбуры. К примеру, в первые несколько занятий по американскому жестовому языку новичка познакомят со следующей забавной закономерностью.

    Жест «молоко» в амслене выглядит похоже на процесс доения скота.

    При этом жест «пастеризованное молоко» явно играет на схожести английского «pasteurized» с «past your eyes» («по ту сторону твоих глаз»). Здесь жест «молоко» проводится вдоль глаз.

Нужно ли пояснять, что процесс усвоения жестовых языков с позиции нейробиологии выглядит абсолютно так же? Активируются ровно те же области коры головного мозга. Глухой от рождения ребёнок, который регулярно видит общение на жестовом языке, начинает лепетать в том же возрасте 9 месяцев, но руками.

Мозг тех, кто в качестве первого языка знает жестовый, работает так, как и у говорящего звуками. За владение жестовыми языками отвечают те же центр Брока и область Вернике. Их поражение после инсульта или травмы приведут к таким же эффектам афазии. Во время общения на языке жестов активируется слуховая кора. Знания на жестовом языке хранятся в тех же регионах мозга.

Звуковой язык — это не выдыхания и не точные движения губ и языка, а содержание передаваемого сообщения. Похожим образом жестовые языки фокусируются на значении. Если говорящего на звуковом языке попросить произносить вслух по памяти некую последовательность слов и одновременно выполнять какое-то отвлекающее движение (двигать ногами в определённом порядке), скорость и точность пострадают. Аналогичное при общении на жестовом языке случится с тем, кто владеет жестовым в качестве основного. При этом интенсивность этого эффекта будет совпадать.

Все знают, что изучать второй язык легче всего ребёнком, а если начать после 12 лет, то у человека в устной иностранной речи навсегда останется акцент родного языка. Менее известно, что новые языки изобретают тоже в первую очередь дети.

Конечно, правила языка фиксирует какая-нибудь официальная организация, к примеру Институт русского языка для русского языка или Галлодетский университет для амслена. В последнем случае организация даже изобретает новые слова.

Но именно дети изобрели современный никарагуанский жестовый язык. До 1970-х годов в Никарагуа единого языка жестов не существовало. В 1980, после революции сандинистов, в районе Манагуа Вилла Либертад было открыто профессионально-техническое училище для глухих подростков, где детей учили испанскому языку и чтению по губам. Языку жестов детей не учили. С подростками преподаватели общались дактологией — транскрипцией алфавита жестами. При этом сами ученики в свободное от занятий время друг с другом общались жестовым языком.

В итоге сформировался пиджин Lenguaje de Signos Nicaragua (LSN), который до сих пор используется посещавшими школу в то время. Более того, LSN продолжил эволюцию. Следующие поколения учеников взяли этот пиджин и повысили его грамматическую сложность, дав рождение языку Idioma de Señas de Nicaragua (ISN). Всего три поколения детей в школе создали полноценный язык, которому сегодня обучают глухих детей в Никарагуа. Процесс хорошо описан в известной статье 1994 года

Как язык изучают обезьяны

Легко подумать, что только у человека в мозгу есть центр Брока и область Вернике. И так оно и будет. Из живущих сегодня на Земле существ говорить могут только люди.

Мозг — набор мягких тканей, его останки не сохраняются. Однако эндокран, рельеф на внутренней стороне черепной коробки, наших предков австралопитеков выявляет асимметрию полушарий, схожую с той, что существует у современного человека.

Аппарат речи развивался давно, его примитивные зачатки встречаются у некоторых приматов. У современных обезьян тоже есть небольшие утолщения нейронов этих областей мозга в левом полушарии, но не настолько выраженные, как у человека. Прототип центр Брока обезьян связан с областями мозга, ответственными за мимику лица — всё как у людей.

Эти фрагменты в левом полушарии с утолщениями нейронов у обезьян не лежат мёртвым грузом:

  • Известен факт, что левое полушарие контролирует движения правой части тела, правое — левой. Когда человеческий ребёнок начинает лепетать в возрасте 9 месяцев, мимика более выражена на правой половине лица.

  • Аналогичным образом, когда обезьяны кричат, мимика более выражена в правой части их лиц. Активацию областей мозга в левом полушарии выявляют сканирования мозга во время криков обезьян и восприятия криков сородичей.

Более того, общение животных мультимодально: мимика неотделима от звуковых сигналов. Макак-резус будет крайне обескуражен (выясняется по частоте биения сердца), если ему показать изображение сородича с дружелюбным выражением морды, снабжённое вскриком опасности.

Лингвист Чарльз Хокетт выделил 16 элементов человеческого языка: семантика (связь звуковых сигналов с определёнными значениями), произвольность, дискретность, рефлексивность, смещение (возможность говорить о физически несуществуемом, описывать прошлое и мечтать о будущем) и так далее.

Да, только человеческому общению характерно смещение. Но некоторые виды животных тоже демонстрируют семантику общения: один вскрик может означать опасность сверху, другой — снизу.

Почему бы не научить животных общаться на человеческом языке? Какие на эту тему были эксперименты?

Легче и проще в настолько сложных вопросах опираться на вузовские материалы. Известный нейроэндокринолог и приматолог Роберт Сапольски известен своей работой с обезьянами. Роберт читал в Стэнфордском университете цикл лекций по биологии поведения человека. В 2011 году их выложили на YouTube. В одном из менее популярных видеороликов Сапольски подробно останавливается на языке и обезьянах.

Одной из первых говорящих обезьян была шимпанзе Вики. В начале 1950-х её воспитывали как обычного человеческого ребёнка. На киноленте она воспроизводит четыре слова («mama», «papa», «up» и «cup»).

Обучение выглядело грубо. На основании на тот момент прорывных принципов бихевиоризма за воспроизведение правильных звуков Вики получала еду и воду. Если заветных звуков не было, шимпанзе не кормили. Как говорит Сапольски, в результате такого воспитания Вики получилась обезьяной нервной. К счастью, через несколько лет эксперименты прекратили.

Никаких внятных попыток проанализировать фонетику слов Вики до недавних пор не было. Как утверждает научная статья 2023 года (doi:10.1007/s10764-023-00350-1), даже лепетание этой особои больше походит на игровое бормотание.

Схожие эксперименты в 1930-х годах проводил Уинтроп Келлог. Вдохновляясь индийскими детьми-маугли Амалой и Камалой, он решил очеловечить 7,5-месячного детёныша шимпанзе Гуа.

Вспомним: язык люди перенимают от сверстников и чуть более старших детей, а не родителей. Келлог пошёл дальше, чем позднее это сделают приёмные «папа» и «мама» Вики. Он не просто воспитывал Гуа как человека, а растил её вместе с собственным 10-месячным ребёнком Дональдом как брата и сестру.

В возрасте примерно года Гуа обходила Дональда в некоторых простых задачах, однако уже здесь были заметны характерные различия. Дональд узнавал людей по лицам, Гуа — по запахам и одежде. Когда дело доходило до вопросов освоения языка, детёныш человека уверенно обходил ребёнка-шимпанзе.

В конечном итоге этот эксперимент ни к чему продуктивному не привёл, если не считать того, что Дональд начал воспроизводить звуки шимпанзе. Очеловечивания не получилось. Эксперимент прервали через девять месяцев после его начала. По окончании эксперимента Гуа отправили в лабораторию, где у неё развилась пневмония, и менее через год она умерла.

Вообще, тесты Келлога поражают своей неэтичностью и полным отсутствием мер безопасности. В видеоролике ниже на отметке 4:30 Гуа и Дональд сидят на открытом воздухе. Затем папашка достаёт пистолет и производит выстрел (будем надеяться, холостыми) в полуметре от их ушей. Эксперимент был посвящён скорости реакции обезьяны и человека.

Гортань обезьян от человеческой отличается. Возможно, они не могут воспроизводить язык, поскольку у них нет соответствующей анатомии? Решение куда проще: учить их жестовому языку!

Такая идея родилась у Аллена и Беатрс Гарднеров, а проверили её на шимпанзе Уошо в шестидесятых годах прошлого столетия. Утверждалось, что обезьяна освоила сотни жестов — 250 или 350 в зависимости от источника. Этими жестами Уошо общалась с Гарднерами.

Литература про Уошо захватывала. В статьях рассказывалось, что Уошо демонстрировала один из признаков человеческого языка: изобретение новых слов. Завидев утку, шимпанзе для её обозначения соединила два жеста «вода» и «птица».

Уошо умела лгать. Как рассказывает Сапольски, она жила в трейлере в университетском кампусе, где по вечерам её жесты снимали на камеру. Среди прочего интерьера трейлера также присутствовал холодильник, открывать который Уошо запрещалось. Иногда происходило забавное: в тишине можно было видеть шимпанзе, крадущуюся к холодильнику и повторяющую жестами «тихо Уошо тихо Уошо».

Для Уошо завели сородича, который, как утверждалось, не менее интересным образом изучил её язык и через пару месяцев начал с ней общаться. Насколько это достижение интересно выглядело в реальной жизни?

Роберт Сапольски вспоминает, что первым отточенным предложением было именно то, что любит каждый шимпанзе: «щекотать меня». Все шимпанзе обожают, когда их щекочут. Работать с шимпанзе весело: их можно целый день щекотать, и за это ничего не будет, поскольку они взаимностью не отвечают. Кстати, жест «щекотать» похож на указание на наручные часы, и именно он так часто встречается в «послании» Коко для ООН.

Так этот первый разговор и выглядел: Уошо уселась напротив сородича и заявила: «Щекотать меня». Сородич отвечал не менее осмысленно: «Щекотать меня». Уошо сказала: «Щекотать меня меня меня меня меня». В ответ сородич намекнул: «Щекотать меня щекотать меня щекотать меня щекотать меня». Наконец шимпанзе встали и разошлись в противоположных направлениях.

Однако научное сообщество находилось в экстазе от обезьян, общающихся на амслене. Нужно немедленно заметить, что с человеческим жестовым языком язык приматов имел несколько различий. Человеческая кисть обладает более точными движениями, поэтому часть жестов обезьянам неподвластна и для них была упрощена до того, что в английском называют Gorilla Sign Language. Одновременно с этим нельзя сказать, что человек владеет иностранным языком просто потому, что освоил на нём тысячу слов.

Но про обезьян все говорили, что они говорят на амслене.

В семидесятых появилась самая лучшая из говорящих обезьян. Аспирантка Франсин (Пенни) Паттерсон решила, что учить человеческим языкам надо горилл. Действительно, если сравнивать темперамент обезьян, то шимпанзе — вертлявые дети с СДВГ. Для своих целей Пенни раздобыла самку по имени Коко из зоопарка Сан-Франциско.

Работа Паттерсон с Коко была полна достижений. Рассказывалось, что Коко говорит о своих снах и сплетничает. Последнее означает, что если Коко видела, как два лаборанта поссорились, она могла позднее рассказать об этом. Коко якобы была способна размышлять и лгать. Впрочем, последним свойством обладали все эти говорящие обезьяны.

Известность Коко простиралась далеко за научные круги. В 1978 году популярность Коко достигла пика. На обложке журнала National Geographic появилась себяшка гориллы-сенсации, которую Коко сняла в зеркале. (До вопросов копирайта селфи обезьяны ещё больше 35 лет.)

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Однако в начале восьмидесятых всё сошло на нет.

За несколько лет до этого Герберт Террес начал собственный эксперимент с шимпанзе по имени Ним Чимпски. Кличка шимпанзе — каламбур от английского сокращения «chimp» (шимпанзе) и имени Ноама Хомского (Chomsky).

Теория Хомского гласила, что только человек способен научиться говорить. С помощью Нима Террес возжелал опровергнуть это утверждение.

Как и все предыдущие обезьяны, Ним изучал варинт американского языка жестов. Если Уошо жила на Западном побережье США, то Чимпски проживал в доме в Манхэттене в Нью-Йорке. Другое различие, за которое позднее эксперимент часто будут критиковать, заключалось в ротации обучающих. В возрасте двух лет шимпанзе изъяли из его привычной семьи суррогатных родителей-людей, а затем подвергали обучению разными инструкторами. Сапольски вспоминает, что и ему самому довелось целое лето щекотать Нима.

Через три года экспериментов достижения мира языка животных низвергли. Террес заявил, что приматы не говорят и что Хомский прав.

В первом серьёзном анализе этой области (doi:10.1126/science.504995) указывалось, что большинство последовательностей жестов от Нима были ответом на жесты от людей. Ним прерывал жесты инструкторов куда чаще, чем прерывает речь родителей изучающий язык ребёнок.

За 19 месяцев обучения, предваряющие публикацию статьи 1979 года, размер лексикона Нима почти утроился с 42 до 125 жестов. Тем не менее длина комбинаций не выросла и на 50 %: средний показатель в 1,1 жеста увеличился лишь до 1,6. Если некоторые наборы из двух жестов были похожи, то комбинации из трёх жестов Нима не демонстрировали никаких признаков лексических закономерностей.

Это всё статистика. Реальные последовательности слов жалки и примитивны. По таблицам легко заметить, что шимпанзе просто брутфорсил получение еды и просил с ним поиграть.

25 самых часто используемых двух- и трёхжестовых фраз Нима. doi:10.1126/science.504995
25 самых часто используемых двух- и трёхжестовых фраз Нима. doi:10.1126/science.504995

Чем больше слов в потоке сообщения человека, тем больше смысла вложено. Но длинные фразы Нима не были более осмысленными.

Научная статья приводит пример фразы из 16 жестов: «дай апельсин мне дай есть апельсин мне есть апельсин дай мне есть апельсин дай мне ты». Чтобы передать «дай апельсин», хватило бы и двух жестов. Легко представить, что шимпанзе просто особо сильно проголодался.

Самые популярные четырёхжестовые фразы Нима. doi:10.1126/science.504995
Самые популярные четырёхжестовые фразы Нима. doi:10.1126/science.504995

Общение Нима не было спонтанным, его фразы были реакцией на «если ответишь, получишь кусочек хлопьев Fruit Loops». Кстати, многие участники проекта потихоньку жевали эти Fruit Loops, предназначенные для испытуемого.

Что куда более важно, статья говорила не только о собственном провале — были проанализированы видеозаписи других подопытных. Вывод Терреса утверждал: все обезьяны осваивают визуальные символы, но у них нет способности соединять их в новые значения. В высказываниях обезьян было обнаружено схожее отсутствие креативного процесса и зависимость от жестов обучающих.

Диалог с Уошо, который приводится в качестве примера неправильной атрибуции произведённого. Логично говорить о речи шимпанзе только в том случае, если бы отсутствовали подсказки учителя и награды (щекотка). doi:10.1126/science.504995
Диалог с Уошо, который приводится в качестве примера неправильной атрибуции произведённого. Логично говорить о речи шимпанзе только в том случае, если бы отсутствовали подсказки учителя и награды (щекотка). doi:10.1126/science.504995

Уошо не придумала слово для утки. Объяснение двум жестам куда проще: это два отдельных жеста «вода» и «птица», вызванных тем, что шимпанзе увидела плавающую в воде утку.

Исследователи критическим взором отсмотрели видеозаписи c Уошо. Было замечено, что шимпанзе просто повторяет жесты Гарднер. Все из многожестовых фраз, которые выдавала Уошо, немедленно до употребления обезьяной встречались в последовательности жестов инструктора. Аналогичное было справедливо для Коко.

Наконец, несколько слов нужно добавить про тестирование IQ гориллы Коко. Речь идёт про то изречение, за которое Facebook¹ выдал бан Кристоферу Лангану. Животное получало не обычный тест для взрослых людей, а детский тест Кеттела.

Как пишет сама Паттерсон, полученные данные по IQ для сравнения с человеческим не подходят. Рядом в тексте даётся пример бессмысленности этой проверки: однажды какой-то орангутан показал в таком тесте IQ равный 200, и в большей степени это сигнализирует о хорошем развитии его моторных функций. Сравнивать IQ гориллы и жителей Африки просто невозможно.

Исследователей больше интересовал эквивалент возраста Коко в человеческих годах. Указывается, что к маю 1977 года в возрасте 5,5 лет горилла показывала эквивалент интеллекта человеческого ребёнка, которому 4 года 8 месяцев.

«Самый умный человек в мире» Кристофер Ланган просто набирает большие баллы в тестах на IQ. Это любопытный пример бессмысленности тестов на IQ, поскольку в повседневной жизни интеллектуальным трудом этот человек не занимается. Ланган был рабочим на на стройке и ферме, а также 20 лет отышачил вышибалой в клубе. Никакой экспертизы о человеческом интеллекте у Кристофера нет.

В меме ничего нового нет. Сравнивать IQ обезьян и каких-нибудь сомалийцев — это поклонники политического экстремизма любят. Поспорить здесь можно лишь о политике модерации Facebook¹.

Чему поучиться у Коко

Франсин Паттерсон продолжила работу с Коко, формально украв обезьяну. Изначально ей обещали животное всего на несколько лет, но Пенни попросту отказалась возвращать гориллу, мотивируя это тем, что Коко теперь обладает человеческими ценностями. Дело запахло судебным иском об эмансипации гориллы. Зоопарк предугадал надвигающийся шторм общественного мнения и не стал требовать вернуть животное. Вероятно, 60 тысяч долларов стоимости животного было дешевле списать.

Вскоре начались конфликты Паттерсон против Терреса, которые быстро перешли на уровень личных замечаний. Террес утверждал, что Паттерсон понятия не имеет, что такое контролируемый эксперимент. Пенни отвечала, что Террес — холодная рыба, которая довела Нима до аутизма беспорядочной чередой инструкторов по 20–30 штук в год. Если в этом и была доля горькой правды, то под конец Франсин вообще заявила, что Терресу просто не повезло — Ним якобы туповат.

Франсин удалось продолжить считаться научным исследователем без внятных научных публикаций. В 1976 году она основала Gorilla Foundation, фонд, который спонсировал её исследования в дальнейшем. На сайте организации собран список из различных работ. Однако Сапольски утверждает, что публике вместо твёрдых научных данных представили лишь несколько трогательных документалок про гориллу вида «Коко и глобальное потепление» или «Коко и внешнеторговый дефицит». Полноценные видеоролики с общением оставались материалом для внутреннего использования.

То, как Паттерсон общалась с Коко в этих фильмах, выглядело смешно. Сапольски вспоминает, что Пенни показывала горилле предмет и спрашивала: «Как это называется?» Обезьяна выдавала абсолютно неправильный жест. Франсин отвечала: «Да ладно тебе шутить». Вопрос повторялся с другим предметом, и неправильный ответ заставлял исследовательницу лишь улыбаться: «Ой, ну ты смешная горилла». Неправильные ответы Паттерсон объясняла шутками Коко.

Важно помнить, что Паттерсон могла искренне заблуждаться. Вполне возможно, что Пенни и сама верила, что Коко её понимала и отвечала жестами — ведь дрессировщик Умного Ганса тоже был уверен, что лошадь может складывать и умножать в уме. На деле лошадь просто наблюдала за языком тела дрессировщика и эмоциями публики.

h9exy5z2nuhjk-4jnubf1nn5ufk.jpeg

Схожее «общение» наблюдается в любом публичном появлении Коко. К примеру, вот фрагмент чата 27 апреля 1998 года Коко по AOL, забавность которого отмечали СМИ. Тогда чаты в Интернете оставались диковинкой, а здесь ещё и вели стриминг видео по веб-камере.

DrPPatrsn: Коко, тебе нравится говорить с людьми?

LiveKOKO: Хорошо сосок.

DrPPatrsn: Да, это её ответ. «Сосок» [nipple] рифмуется с «людьми» [people], окей? Она не любит показывать жест «люди», поэтому она может пытаться заменить его похожим по звучанию жестом, но она указывает, что общаться «хорошо».

Кстати, появление «соска» закономерно. По неизвестной причине во взрослом возрасте у гориллы развилась странноватая фиксация на сосках людей. Она любила рассматривать и трогать чужую грудь, неважно, мужскую или женскую. Касалось это и обслуживающего персонала, и посетителей-знаменитостей. О том, как его схватила за соски горилла, в жанре стендапа рассказывал Робин Уильямс.

В 2005 году организации Gorilla Foundation пришлось даже урегулировать судебный иск с двумя бывшими работниками. Двух новых сотрудниц попросили обнажить грудь для Коко. Паттерсон объясняла, что Коко постоянно видит грудь Франсин, и её соски горилле наскучили, поэтому нужно увидеть новые. Схожие жалобы поступали от других сотрудники фонда.

Вернёмся к чату. Как известно, рифма в жестовых языках основывается на схожести жестов, а не произношении слов в звуковом языке. Жесты для «соска» и «людей» в американском жестовом языке ничего общего не имеют (1, 2). Если человек (или любое иное существо) мыслит на амслене, то вряд ли в его сознании эти два слова будут рифмоваться.

Если перечитать весь лог чата, будет заметно, что Паттерсон попросту додумывает значения жестам Коко. Обезьяна сидит и чешется, Пенни развлекает чат толкованиями немногочисленных коротких комбинаций жестов. В некоторых случаях человек — нечаянно или нарочно — подсказывает обезьяне, что нужно говорить: «Скажем до свидания?»


На стадии предобучения большая языковая модель (БЯМ) получает все доступные исследователям тексты человечества, на основании чего сама усваивает правила человеческой письменной речи. Однако этот текст — не про схожесть обучения нейросетей и человеческих детей.

Могут ли большие языковые модели рассуждать? Адепты универсального искусственного интеллекта обещают, что непременно могут или смогут в ближайшем будущем.

Проверить способность рассуждать легко. Нужно взять одну и ту же задачу и заменить в ней некоторые слова и понятия, к примеру названия переменных или коцепций. Если БЯМ решает задачу одинаково хорошо в обоих случаях, она действительно рассуждает.

Ни одна современная языковая модель не может правильно решить изменённую задачу про волка, коза и капусту. Обычно в этой известнейшей логической задачке нужно перевезти двух животных и капусту на другую сторону реки. В предложенном ниже варианте волк и капуста были удалены. Фермеру нужно просто погрузиться на лодку и переплыть на другую сторону.

Тем не менее задача непосильна как Claude Sonnet 3.5, так и GPT-4o. Все они утверждают, что нужно пересечь реку больше одного раза.

ob7uifx5zy-ogkkhccxxk1i1pui.png

Да что переменные — в некоторых других задачах всё настолько плохо, что задача не решается при изменении чисел.

Кажется, что включение множества цепочек рассуждения (Chain of Thought, CoT) поможет достичь заветной цели. Однако превью-версия o1 тоже не может решить изменённую версию этой задачи. Если сделать как козу, так и волка травоядными, она начинает цитировать стандартное решение этой задачи, которое оставляет волка наедине с капустой.

@cleanunicorn

Как про CoT шутит Суббарао Камбхампати, если дать БЯМ рыбу, то она будет сыта один день, если дать две рыбы, то будет сыта два дня, если дать три, то три дня и так далее. В вышедшей в мае этого года научной статье с его участием (arXiv:2405.04776) наивное полагание на CoT критикуется. Утверждается, что положительный эффект цепочки рассуждений быстро теряется.

Позднее Камбхампати зачитал доклад, где почти час раз за разом просит не путать извлечение информации с планированием. Исследователь утверждает, что БЯМ не могут ни рассуждать, ни планировать. Использовать он их рекомендует как генераторы идей или приблизительные источники информации.

Но какая разница, могут ли БЯМ размышлять? Даже если это неправильный путь к универсальному искусственному интеллекту, внимания отрасли на ближайшие несколько лет хватит. Даже если модель o1 ведёт в никуда, OpenAI сделала правильную ставку.

Как показывает пример Франсин Паттерсон, если направление исследований критикуется как тупиковое, из него всё равно можно выжать несколько лет мировой известности.


(1) Facebook — запрещённая экстремистская организация.

Источник

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  • 15.10.25 18:07 crypto

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  • 15.10.25 21:52 harristhomas7376

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  • 15.10.25 21:52 harristhomas7376

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  • 17.10.25 20:17 tyleradams

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  • 17.10.25 20:20 lindseyvonn

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  • 17.10.25 20:22 richardcharles

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  • 17.10.25 21:42 marcushenderson624

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  • 17.10.25 21:42 marcushenderson624

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  • 17.10.25 21:42 marcushenderson624

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  • 21.10.25 08:39 debby131

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  • 21.10.25 11:45 harristhomas7376

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  • 21.10.25 11:45 harristhomas7376

    "In the crypto world, this is great news I want to share. Last year, I fell victim to a scam disguised as a safe investment option. I have invested in crypto trading platforms for about 10yrs thinking I was ensuring myself a retirement income, only to find that all my assets were either frozen, I believed my assets were secure — until I discovered that my BTC funds had been frozen and withdrawals were impossible. It was a devastating moment when I realized I had been scammed, and I thought my Bitcoin was gone forever, Everything changed when a close friend recommended the Capital Crypto Recover Service. Their professionalism, expertise, and dedication enabled me to recover my lost Bitcoin funds back — more than €560.000 DEM to my BTC wallet. What once felt impossible became a reality thanks to their support. If you have lost Bitcoin through scams, hacking, failed withdrawals, or similar challenges, don’t lose hope. I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover Service to anyone seeking a reliable and effective solution for recovering any wallet assets. They have a proven track record of successful reputation in recovering lost password assets for their clients and can help you navigate the process of recovering your funds. Don’t let scammers get away with your hard-earned money – contact Email: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Contact: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 22.10.25 04:48 MATT PHILLIP

    I never imagined I’d fall for a crypto romance scam but it happened. Over the course of a few months, I sent nearly $150,000 worth of Bitcoin to someone I genuinely believed I was building a future with. When they disappeared without a trace, I was left heartbroken, humiliated, and financially devastated. For a long time, I didn’t tell anyone. I felt ashamed. But eventually, while searching for answers, I came across a Reddit thread that mentioned Agent Jasmine Lopez. I reached out, not expecting much. To my surprise, she treated me with kindness, not judgment. She used advanced tools like blockchain forensics, IP tracing, and smart contract analysis and with persistence and legal support, she was able to recover nearly 85% of what I lost. I know not everyone gets that kind of outcome, but thanks to [email protected] WhatsApp at +44 736-644-5035, I’ve started to reclaim not just my assets, but my confidence and peace of mind. If you’re going through something similar, you’re not alone and there is hope.

  • 22.10.25 07:36 donnacollier

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  • 22.10.25 11:59 elizabethrush89

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  • 22.10.25 11:59 elizabethrush89

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  • 22.10.25 16:31 MATT PHILLIP

    I never imagined I’d fall for a crypto romance scam but it happened. Over the course of a few months, I sent nearly $150,000 worth of Bitcoin to someone I genuinely believed I was building a future with. When they disappeared without a trace, I was left heartbroken, humiliated, and financially devastated. For a long time, I didn’t tell anyone. I felt ashamed. But eventually, while searching for answers, I came across a Reddit thread that mentioned Agent Jasmine Lopez. I reached out, not expecting much. To my surprise, she treated me with kindness, not judgment. She used advanced tools like blockchain forensics, IP tracing, and smart contract analysis and with persistence and legal support, she was able to recover nearly 85% of what I lost. I know not everyone gets that kind of outcome, but thanks to [email protected] WhatsApp at +44 736-644-5035, I’ve started to reclaim not just my assets, but my confidence and peace of mind. If you’re going through something similar, you’re not alone and there is hope.

  • 23.10.25 01:52 marcushenderson624

    Bitcoin Recovery Testimonial After falling victim to a cryptocurrency scam group, I lost $354,000 worth of USDT. I thought all hope was lost from the experience of losing my hard-earned money to scammers. I was devastated and believed there was no way to recover my funds. Fortunately, I started searching for help to recover my stolen funds and I came across a lot of testimonials online about Capital Crypto Recovery, an agent who helps in recovery of lost bitcoin funds, I contacted Capital Crypto Recover Service, and with their expertise, they successfully traced and recovered my stolen assets. Their team was professional, kept me updated throughout the process, and demonstrated a deep understanding of blockchain transactions and recovery protocols. They are trusted and very reliable with a 100% successful rate record Recovery bitcoin, I’m grateful for their help and highly recommend their services to anyone seeking assistance with lost crypto. Contact: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Email: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 23.10.25 01:52 marcushenderson624

    Bitcoin Recovery Testimonial After falling victim to a cryptocurrency scam group, I lost $354,000 worth of USDT. I thought all hope was lost from the experience of losing my hard-earned money to scammers. I was devastated and believed there was no way to recover my funds. Fortunately, I started searching for help to recover my stolen funds and I came across a lot of testimonials online about Capital Crypto Recovery, an agent who helps in recovery of lost bitcoin funds, I contacted Capital Crypto Recover Service, and with their expertise, they successfully traced and recovered my stolen assets. Their team was professional, kept me updated throughout the process, and demonstrated a deep understanding of blockchain transactions and recovery protocols. They are trusted and very reliable with a 100% successful rate record Recovery bitcoin, I’m grateful for their help and highly recommend their services to anyone seeking assistance with lost crypto. Contact: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Email: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 23.10.25 15:47 MATT PHILLIP

    I never imagined I’d fall for a crypto romance scam but it happened. Over the course of a few months, I sent nearly $150,000 worth of Bitcoin to someone I genuinely believed I was building a future with. When they disappeared without a trace, I was left heartbroken, humiliated, and financially devastated. For a long time, I didn’t tell anyone. I felt ashamed. But eventually, while searching for answers, I came across a Reddit thread that mentioned Agent Jasmine Lopez. I reached out, not expecting much. To my surprise, she treated me with kindness, not judgment. She used advanced tools like blockchain forensics, IP tracing, and smart contract analysis and with persistence and legal support, she was able to recover nearly 85% of what I lost. I know not everyone gets that kind of outcome, but thanks to [email protected] WhatsApp at +44 736-644-5035, I’ve started to reclaim not just my assets, but my confidence and peace of mind. If you’re going through something similar, you’re not alone and there is hope.

  • 23.10.25 21:43 patricialovick86

    How To Recover Your Bitcoin Without Falling Victim To Scams: A  Testimony Experience With Capital Crypto Recover Services, Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Dear Everyone, I would like to take a moment to share my positive experience with Capital Crypto Recover Services. Initially, I was unsure if it would be possible to recover my stolen bitcoins. However, with their expertise and professionalism, I was able to fully recover my funds. Unfortunately, many individuals fall victim to scams in the cryptocurrency space, especially those involving fraudulent investment platforms. However, I advise caution, as not all recovery services are legitimate. I personally lost $273,000 worth of Bitcoin from my Binance account due to a deceptive platform. If you have suffered a similar loss, you may be considering crypto recovery, The Capital Crypto Recover is the most knowledgeable and effective Capital Crypto Recovery Services assisted me in recovering my stolen funds within 24 hours, after getting access to my wallet. Their service was not only prompt but also highly professional and effective, and many recovery services may not be trustworthy. Therefore, I highly recommend Capital Crypto Recover to you. i do always research and see reviews about their service, For assistance finding your misplaced cryptocurrency, get in touch with them, They do their jobs quickly and excellently, Stay safe and vigilant in the crypto world. Contact: [email protected]  You can reach them via email at [email protected] OR Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 23.10.25 21:43 patricialovick86

    How To Recover Your Bitcoin Without Falling Victim To Scams: A  Testimony Experience With Capital Crypto Recover Services, Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Dear Everyone, I would like to take a moment to share my positive experience with Capital Crypto Recover Services. Initially, I was unsure if it would be possible to recover my stolen bitcoins. However, with their expertise and professionalism, I was able to fully recover my funds. Unfortunately, many individuals fall victim to scams in the cryptocurrency space, especially those involving fraudulent investment platforms. However, I advise caution, as not all recovery services are legitimate. I personally lost $273,000 worth of Bitcoin from my Binance account due to a deceptive platform. If you have suffered a similar loss, you may be considering crypto recovery, The Capital Crypto Recover is the most knowledgeable and effective Capital Crypto Recovery Services assisted me in recovering my stolen funds within 24 hours, after getting access to my wallet. Their service was not only prompt but also highly professional and effective, and many recovery services may not be trustworthy. Therefore, I highly recommend Capital Crypto Recover to you. i do always research and see reviews about their service, For assistance finding your misplaced cryptocurrency, get in touch with them, They do their jobs quickly and excellently, Stay safe and vigilant in the crypto world. Contact: [email protected]  You can reach them via email at [email protected] OR Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 24.10.25 06:08 MATT PHILLIP

    I never imagined I’d fall for a crypto romance scam but it happened. Over the course of a few months, I sent nearly $150,000 worth of Bitcoin to someone I genuinely believed I was building a future with. When they disappeared without a trace, I was left heartbroken, humiliated, and financially devastated. For a long time, I didn’t tell anyone. I felt ashamed. But eventually, while searching for answers, I came across a Reddit thread that mentioned Agent Jasmine Lopez. I reached out, not expecting much. To my surprise, she treated me with kindness, not judgment. She used advanced tools like blockchain forensics, IP tracing, and smart contract analysis and with persistence and legal support, she was able to recover nearly 85% of what I lost. I know not everyone gets that kind of outcome, but thanks to [email protected] WhatsApp at +44 736-644-5035, I’ve started to reclaim not just my assets, but my confidence and peace of mind. If you’re going through something similar, you’re not alone and there is hope.

  • 24.10.25 06:40 elizabethrush89

    God bless Capital Crypto Recover Services for the marvelous work you did in my life, I have learned the hard way that even the most sensible investors can fall victim to scams. When my USD was stolen, for anyone who has fallen victim to one of the bitcoin binary investment scams that are currently ongoing, I felt betrayal and upset. But then I was reading a post on site when I saw a testimony of Wendy Taylor online who recommended that Capital Crypto Recovery has helped her recover scammed funds within 24 hours. after reaching out to this cyber security firm that was able to help me recover my stolen digital assets and bitcoin. I’m genuinely blown away by their amazing service and professionalism. I never imagined I’d be able to get my money back until I complained to Capital Crypto Recovery Services about my difficulties and gave all of the necessary paperwork. I was astounded that it took them 12 hours to reclaim my stolen money back. Without a doubt, my USDT assets were successfully recovered from the scam platform, Thank you so much Sir, I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover for any of your bitcoin recovery, digital funds recovery, hacking, and cybersecurity concerns. You reach them Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 His Email: [email protected] Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Via Contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 24.10.25 06:40 elizabethrush89

    God bless Capital Crypto Recover Services for the marvelous work you did in my life, I have learned the hard way that even the most sensible investors can fall victim to scams. When my USD was stolen, for anyone who has fallen victim to one of the bitcoin binary investment scams that are currently ongoing, I felt betrayal and upset. But then I was reading a post on site when I saw a testimony of Wendy Taylor online who recommended that Capital Crypto Recovery has helped her recover scammed funds within 24 hours. after reaching out to this cyber security firm that was able to help me recover my stolen digital assets and bitcoin. I’m genuinely blown away by their amazing service and professionalism. I never imagined I’d be able to get my money back until I complained to Capital Crypto Recovery Services about my difficulties and gave all of the necessary paperwork. I was astounded that it took them 12 hours to reclaim my stolen money back. Without a doubt, my USDT assets were successfully recovered from the scam platform, Thank you so much Sir, I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover for any of your bitcoin recovery, digital funds recovery, hacking, and cybersecurity concerns. You reach them Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 His Email: [email protected] Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Via Contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 24.10.25 06:54 MATT PHILLIP

    I never imagined I’d fall for a crypto romance scam but it happened. Over the course of a few months, I sent nearly $150,000 worth of Bitcoin to someone I genuinely believed I was building a future with. When they disappeared without a trace, I was left heartbroken, humiliated, and financially devastated. For a long time, I didn’t tell anyone. I felt ashamed. But eventually, while searching for answers, I came across a Reddit thread that mentioned Agent Jasmine Lopez. I reached out, not expecting much. To my surprise, she treated me with kindness, not judgment. She used advanced tools like blockchain forensics, IP tracing, and smart contract analysis and with persistence and legal support, she was able to recover nearly 85% of what I lost. I know not everyone gets that kind of outcome, but thanks to [email protected] WhatsApp at +44 736-644-5035, I’ve started to reclaim not just my assets, but my confidence and peace of mind. If you’re going through something similar, you’re not alone and there is hope.

  • 24.10.25 18:18 patricialovick86

    How To Recover Your Bitcoin Without Falling Victim To Scams: A  Testimony Experience With Capital Crypto Recover Services, Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Dear Everyone, I would like to take a moment to share my positive experience with Capital Crypto Recover Services. Initially, I was unsure if it would be possible to recover my stolen bitcoins. However, with their expertise and professionalism, I was able to fully recover my funds. Unfortunately, many individuals fall victim to scams in the cryptocurrency space, especially those involving fraudulent investment platforms. However, I advise caution, as not all recovery services are legitimate. I personally lost $273,000 worth of Bitcoin from my Binance account due to a deceptive platform. If you have suffered a similar loss, you may be considering crypto recovery, The Capital Crypto Recover is the most knowledgeable and effective Capital Crypto Recovery Services assisted me in recovering my stolen funds within 24 hours, after getting access to my wallet. Their service was not only prompt but also highly professional and effective, and many recovery services may not be trustworthy. Therefore, I highly recommend Capital Crypto Recover to you. i do always research and see reviews about their service, For assistance finding your misplaced cryptocurrency, get in touch with them, They do their jobs quickly and excellently, Stay safe and vigilant in the crypto world. Contact: [email protected]  You can reach them via email at [email protected] OR Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 24.10.25 18:18 patricialovick86

    How To Recover Your Bitcoin Without Falling Victim To Scams: A  Testimony Experience With Capital Crypto Recover Services, Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Dear Everyone, I would like to take a moment to share my positive experience with Capital Crypto Recover Services. Initially, I was unsure if it would be possible to recover my stolen bitcoins. However, with their expertise and professionalism, I was able to fully recover my funds. Unfortunately, many individuals fall victim to scams in the cryptocurrency space, especially those involving fraudulent investment platforms. However, I advise caution, as not all recovery services are legitimate. I personally lost $273,000 worth of Bitcoin from my Binance account due to a deceptive platform. If you have suffered a similar loss, you may be considering crypto recovery, The Capital Crypto Recover is the most knowledgeable and effective Capital Crypto Recovery Services assisted me in recovering my stolen funds within 24 hours, after getting access to my wallet. Their service was not only prompt but also highly professional and effective, and many recovery services may not be trustworthy. Therefore, I highly recommend Capital Crypto Recover to you. i do always research and see reviews about their service, For assistance finding your misplaced cryptocurrency, get in touch with them, They do their jobs quickly and excellently, Stay safe and vigilant in the crypto world. Contact: [email protected]  You can reach them via email at [email protected] OR Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 25.10.25 00:49 tyleradams

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  • 25.10.25 00:50 stevekalfman

    If you ever need hacking services, look no further. I found myself in a difficult situation after losing almost $510,000 USD in bitcoin. I was distraught and had no hope of survival because i lost my life savings to this scam, I had no chance of recovering my investment. Until i came across an article on google about ([email protected]). A real-life recovery expert, everything changed completely after contacting him and explaining my ordeal to him and he quickly stepped in and assisted me in recovering 95% of my lost funds. They guarantee their clients and i got the highest level of happiness their services are highly recommended. so I’m putting this here for anyone who require their services too" Email: [email protected]

  • 25.10.25 05:05 victoriabenny463

    A few months ago, I fell for what looked like a legitimate online trading platform. The website was sleek, the support team was responsive, and they even showed me fake profit charts that seemed to grow daily. I started small, and after a few test withdrawals worked, I invested more eventually depositing 2 Bitcoin in hopes of long-term returns. But one morning, when I tried to withdraw, everything changed. The platform suddenly locked my account, claiming there were additional fees to release my funds. The support chat stopped responding, and the website started giving error messages. That’s when I realized I’d been scammed. I was devastated. Two Bitcoins wasn’t pocket change, it was my savings. I filed reports online, but everyone told me it was impossible to recover crypto once it’s sent. Then, through a discussion forum, I came across Dexdert Net Recovery, a team specializing in tracing and recovering stolen digital assets. Skeptical but desperate, I reached out. Their response was immediate and professional. They asked for transaction IDs, wallet addresses, screenshots of my correspondence with the fake platform, and any proof of payment I had. Within days, their analysts traced the stolen Bitcoin through multiple wallets using blockchain forensics, They updated me step-by-step, Working with their recovery experts and blockchain partners, Dexdert Net Recovery successfully froze the funds and verified ownership of my wallet. After 2 days of persistence and verification, I finally saw my 2 Bitcoin restored back into my own wallet. I couldn’t believe it. What stood out most wasn’t just that they recovered my funds, but how transparent and supportive the Dexdert team was throughout the process. They educated me on crypto safety, how to spot fake trading sites, and how to secure my digital assets in the future. Dexdert Net Recovery truly lives up to its name. They gave me back not just my Bitcoin, but my peace of mind. Reach Out Information Below Via: Email: ([email protected]) Telegram: (https://t.me/Dexdertprorecovery) WhatsApp: (+1 (859) 609‑4156)

  • 25.10.25 10:13 wendytaylor015

    My name is Wendy Taylor, I'm from Los Angeles, i want to announce to you Viewer how Capital Crypto Recover help me to restore my Lost Bitcoin, I invested with a Crypto broker without proper research to know what I was hoarding my hard-earned money into scammers, i lost access to my crypto wallet or had your funds stolen? Don’t worry Capital Crypto Recover is here to help you recover your cryptocurrency with cutting-edge technical expertise, With years of experience in the crypto world, Capital Crypto Recover employs the best latest tools and ethical hacking techniques to help you recover lost assets, unlock hacked accounts, Whether it’s a forgotten password, Capital Crypto Recover has the expertise to help you get your crypto back. a security company service that has a 100% success rate in the recovery of crypto assets, i lost wallet and hacked accounts. I provided them the information they requested and they began their investigation. To my surprise, Capital Crypto Recover was able to trace and recover my crypto assets successfully within 24hours. Thank you for your service in helping me recover my $647,734 worth of crypto funds and I highly recommend their recovery services, they are reliable and a trusted company to any individuals looking to recover lost money. Contact email [email protected] OR Telegram @Capitalcryptorecover Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 25.10.25 10:13 wendytaylor015

    My name is Wendy Taylor, I'm from Los Angeles, i want to announce to you Viewer how Capital Crypto Recover help me to restore my Lost Bitcoin, I invested with a Crypto broker without proper research to know what I was hoarding my hard-earned money into scammers, i lost access to my crypto wallet or had your funds stolen? Don’t worry Capital Crypto Recover is here to help you recover your cryptocurrency with cutting-edge technical expertise, With years of experience in the crypto world, Capital Crypto Recover employs the best latest tools and ethical hacking techniques to help you recover lost assets, unlock hacked accounts, Whether it’s a forgotten password, Capital Crypto Recover has the expertise to help you get your crypto back. a security company service that has a 100% success rate in the recovery of crypto assets, i lost wallet and hacked accounts. I provided them the information they requested and they began their investigation. To my surprise, Capital Crypto Recover was able to trace and recover my crypto assets successfully within 24hours. Thank you for your service in helping me recover my $647,734 worth of crypto funds and I highly recommend their recovery services, they are reliable and a trusted company to any individuals looking to recover lost money. Contact email [email protected] OR Telegram @Capitalcryptorecover Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 26.10.25 01:03 Christopherbelle

    A terrible financial shock hit me hard. I lost $860,000 in a fake crypto scheme. Things looked good until I tried to cash out my earnings. Suddenly, my account vanished into thin air. I told the police many times, but help never showed up. Despair washed over me; I felt totally beaten. Then, I found Sylvester Bryant Intelligence. Right away, they were skilled and honest about the whole thing. They looked deep into my situation. They tracked where the stolen funds went. They fought hard for me every step of the way. To my great surprise, they got my money back. I thought that was impossible. I owe them so much for their hard work and truthfulness. Sylvester Bryant Intelligence restored my peace. If scams took your crypto, contact them now. Contact Info: Yt7cracker@gmail . com WhatsApp: ‪+1 512 577 7957. or +44 7428 662701.

  • 26.10.25 18:09 victoriabenny463

    A few months ago, I fell for what looked like a legitimate online trading platform. The website was sleek, the support team was responsive, and they even showed me fake profit charts that seemed to grow daily. I started small, and after a few test withdrawals worked, I invested more eventually depositing 2 Bitcoin in hopes of long-term returns. But one morning, when I tried to withdraw, everything changed. The platform suddenly locked my account, claiming there were additional fees to release my funds. The support chat stopped responding, and the website started giving error messages. That’s when I realized I’d been scammed. I was devastated. Two Bitcoins wasn’t pocket change, it was my savings. I filed reports online, but everyone told me it was impossible to recover crypto once it’s sent. Then, through a discussion forum, I came across Dexdert Net Recovery, a team specializing in tracing and recovering stolen digital assets. Skeptical but desperate, I reached out. Their response was immediate and professional. They asked for transaction IDs, wallet addresses, screenshots of my correspondence with the fake platform, and any proof of payment I had. Within days, their analysts traced the stolen Bitcoin through multiple wallets using blockchain forensics, They updated me step-by-step, Working with their recovery experts and blockchain partners, Dexdert Net Recovery successfully froze the funds and verified ownership of my wallet. After 2 days of persistence and verification, I finally saw my 2 Bitcoin restored back into my own wallet. I couldn’t believe it. What stood out most wasn’t just that they recovered my funds, but how transparent and supportive the Dexdert team was throughout the process. They educated me on crypto safety, how to spot fake trading sites, and how to secure my digital assets in the future. Dexdert Net Recovery truly lives up to its name. They gave me back not just my Bitcoin, but my peace of mind. Reach Out Information Below Via: Email: ([email protected]) Telegram: (https://t.me/Dexdertprorecovery) WhatsApp: (+1 (859) 609‑4156)

  • 27.10.25 11:15 harristhomas7376

    "In the crypto world, this is great news I want to share. Last year, I fell victim to a scam disguised as a safe investment option. I have invested in crypto trading platforms for about 10yrs thinking I was ensuring myself a retirement income, only to find that all my assets were either frozen, I believed my assets were secure — until I discovered that my BTC funds had been frozen and withdrawals were impossible. It was a devastating moment when I realized I had been scammed, and I thought my Bitcoin was gone forever, Everything changed when a close friend recommended the Capital Crypto Recover Service. Their professionalism, expertise, and dedication enabled me to recover my lost Bitcoin funds back — more than €560.000 DEM to my BTC wallet. What once felt impossible became a reality thanks to their support. If you have lost Bitcoin through scams, hacking, failed withdrawals, or similar challenges, don’t lose hope. I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover Service to anyone seeking a reliable and effective solution for recovering any wallet assets. They have a proven track record of successful reputation in recovering lost password assets for their clients and can help you navigate the process of recovering your funds. Don’t let scammers get away with your hard-earned money – contact Email: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Contact: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 27.10.25 11:15 harristhomas7376

    "In the crypto world, this is great news I want to share. Last year, I fell victim to a scam disguised as a safe investment option. I have invested in crypto trading platforms for about 10yrs thinking I was ensuring myself a retirement income, only to find that all my assets were either frozen, I believed my assets were secure — until I discovered that my BTC funds had been frozen and withdrawals were impossible. It was a devastating moment when I realized I had been scammed, and I thought my Bitcoin was gone forever, Everything changed when a close friend recommended the Capital Crypto Recover Service. Their professionalism, expertise, and dedication enabled me to recover my lost Bitcoin funds back — more than €560.000 DEM to my BTC wallet. What once felt impossible became a reality thanks to their support. If you have lost Bitcoin through scams, hacking, failed withdrawals, or similar challenges, don’t lose hope. I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover Service to anyone seeking a reliable and effective solution for recovering any wallet assets. They have a proven track record of successful reputation in recovering lost password assets for their clients and can help you navigate the process of recovering your funds. Don’t let scammers get away with your hard-earned money – contact Email: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Contact: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 27.10.25 17:08 raymondgonzales

    Three Cheers for Wizard Hilton Cyber Tech, Bitcoin Savior Extraordinaire In the ever-evolving world of cryptocurrency, where volatility and uncertainty reign supreme, one individual has emerged as a beacon of hope and innovation - Wizard Hilton Cyber Tech, the self-proclaimed "Bitcoin Savior Extraordinaire." This enigmatic figure, with his uncanny ability to navigate the complexities of the digital asset landscape, has captivated the attention of crypto enthusiasts and skeptics alike. Wizard Hilton Cyber Tech journey began as a humble programmer, tinkering with the underlying blockchain technology that powers Bitcoin. But it was his visionary approach and unwavering commitment to the cryptocurrency's potential that propelled him into the limelight. Through a series of strategic investments, groundbreaking algorithmic trading strategies, and a knack for anticipating market shifts, Wizard Hilton Cyber Tech has managed to consistently outperform even the savviest of Wall Street traders. Wizard Hilton Cyber Tech ability to turn even the most tumultuous of Bitcoin price swings into opportunities for substantial gains has earned him the moniker "Wizard," a testament to his unparalleled mastery of the digital currency realm. But Wizard Hilton Cyber Tech impact extends far beyond personal wealth accumulation - Wizard Hilton Cyber Tech has tirelessly advocated for the widespread adoption of Bitcoin, working tirelessly to educate the public, lobby policymakers, and collaborate with industry leaders to overcome the barriers that have long hindered the cryptocurrency's mainstream acceptance. With infectious enthusiasm and boundless energy, Wizard Hilton Cyber Tech has become a true champion of the Bitcoin cause, inspiring a new generation of crypto enthusiasts to embrace the transformative power of this revolutionary technology. As the digital currency landscape continues to evolve, Wizard Hilton Cyber Tech name will undoubtedly be etched in the annals of cryptocurrency history as a visionary, a trailblazer, and, above all, the Bitcoin Savior Extraordinaire. To get your stolen bitcoin back, reach out to Wizard Hilton Cyber Tech via: Email : wizardhiltoncybertech ( @ ) gmail (. ) com WhatsApp number  +18737715701 Good Day.

  • 27.10.25 17:20 fatimanorth

    The Federal Trade Commission said that more than $1 billion had been lost to cryptocurrency scams in 2023. Victims frequently lose everything, including hope, trust, and wealth. When your hard-earned money disappears into digital shadows, you feel trapped. Nowadays, cryptocurrency frauds are very common. You can get help from recovery specialist Marie at [email protected] and via WhatsApp at +1 7127594675.

  • 28.10.25 00:55 elizabethrush89

    God bless Capital Crypto Recover Services for the marvelous work you did in my life, I have learned the hard way that even the most sensible investors can fall victim to scams. When my USD was stolen, for anyone who has fallen victim to one of the bitcoin binary investment scams that are currently ongoing, I felt betrayal and upset. But then I was reading a post on site when I saw a testimony of Wendy Taylor online who recommended that Capital Crypto Recovery has helped her recover scammed funds within 24 hours. after reaching out to this cyber security firm that was able to help me recover my stolen digital assets and bitcoin. I’m genuinely blown away by their amazing service and professionalism. I never imagined I’d be able to get my money back until I complained to Capital Crypto Recovery Services about my difficulties and gave all of the necessary paperwork. I was astounded that it took them 12 hours to reclaim my stolen money back. Without a doubt, my USDT assets were successfully recovered from the scam platform, Thank you so much Sir, I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover for any of your bitcoin recovery, digital funds recovery, hacking, and cybersecurity concerns. You reach them Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 His Email: [email protected] Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Via Contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 28.10.25 00:55 elizabethrush89

    God bless Capital Crypto Recover Services for the marvelous work you did in my life, I have learned the hard way that even the most sensible investors can fall victim to scams. When my USD was stolen, for anyone who has fallen victim to one of the bitcoin binary investment scams that are currently ongoing, I felt betrayal and upset. But then I was reading a post on site when I saw a testimony of Wendy Taylor online who recommended that Capital Crypto Recovery has helped her recover scammed funds within 24 hours. after reaching out to this cyber security firm that was able to help me recover my stolen digital assets and bitcoin. I’m genuinely blown away by their amazing service and professionalism. I never imagined I’d be able to get my money back until I complained to Capital Crypto Recovery Services about my difficulties and gave all of the necessary paperwork. I was astounded that it took them 12 hours to reclaim my stolen money back. Without a doubt, my USDT assets were successfully recovered from the scam platform, Thank you so much Sir, I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover for any of your bitcoin recovery, digital funds recovery, hacking, and cybersecurity concerns. You reach them Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 His Email: [email protected] Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Via Contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 29.10.25 03:43 Christopherbelle

    A sudden money crisis struck me. I dropped $82,000 to a phony crypto scam. All seemed fine until I went to pull out my gains. Then, i was unable to get back my hard earned money. I reported it to the police several times. No aid came my way. Deep sadness hit me; I felt crushed. That's when I learned about Sylvester Bryant Intelligence. They acted quick and fair from the start. They checked my case closely. They followed the path of my lost cash. They pushed strong for me at each turn. In shock, they brought my funds back. I had figured it could not happen. I thank them for their effort and honesty. Sylvester Bryant Intelligence gave me calm again. If a scam stole your crypto, reach out to them today. Contact Info: Yt7cracker@gmail . com WhatsApp: +1 512 577 7957 or +44 7428 662701.

  • 29.10.25 10:56 wendytaylor015

    My name is Wendy Taylor, I'm from Los Angeles, i want to announce to you Viewer how Capital Crypto Recover help me to restore my Lost Bitcoin, I invested with a Crypto broker without proper research to know what I was hoarding my hard-earned money into scammers, i lost access to my crypto wallet or had your funds stolen? Don’t worry Capital Crypto Recover is here to help you recover your cryptocurrency with cutting-edge technical expertise, With years of experience in the crypto world, Capital Crypto Recover employs the best latest tools and ethical hacking techniques to help you recover lost assets, unlock hacked accounts, Whether it’s a forgotten password, Capital Crypto Recover has the expertise to help you get your crypto back. a security company service that has a 100% success rate in the recovery of crypto assets, i lost wallet and hacked accounts. I provided them the information they requested and they began their investigation. To my surprise, Capital Crypto Recover was able to trace and recover my crypto assets successfully within 24hours. Thank you for your service in helping me recover my $647,734 worth of crypto funds and I highly recommend their recovery services, they are reliable and a trusted company to any individuals looking to recover lost money. Contact email [email protected] OR Telegram @Capitalcryptorecover Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 29.10.25 10:56 wendytaylor015

    My name is Wendy Taylor, I'm from Los Angeles, i want to announce to you Viewer how Capital Crypto Recover help me to restore my Lost Bitcoin, I invested with a Crypto broker without proper research to know what I was hoarding my hard-earned money into scammers, i lost access to my crypto wallet or had your funds stolen? Don’t worry Capital Crypto Recover is here to help you recover your cryptocurrency with cutting-edge technical expertise, With years of experience in the crypto world, Capital Crypto Recover employs the best latest tools and ethical hacking techniques to help you recover lost assets, unlock hacked accounts, Whether it’s a forgotten password, Capital Crypto Recover has the expertise to help you get your crypto back. a security company service that has a 100% success rate in the recovery of crypto assets, i lost wallet and hacked accounts. I provided them the information they requested and they began their investigation. To my surprise, Capital Crypto Recover was able to trace and recover my crypto assets successfully within 24hours. Thank you for your service in helping me recover my $647,734 worth of crypto funds and I highly recommend their recovery services, they are reliable and a trusted company to any individuals looking to recover lost money. Contact email [email protected] OR Telegram @Capitalcryptorecover Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

  • 30.10.25 09:49 Christopherbelle

    I suffered a huge money blow when $80,000 slipped away in a bogus crypto plot. It all looked great at first. Then I went to pull out my gains, and poof—my account was gone. I kept telling the cops about it, but they did zip. I felt shattered and lost. That's when I stumbled on Sylvester Bryant Intelligence. Things turned around fast. Right away, they showed clear steps, sharp know-how, and real drive to fix it. They tracked my missing cash step by step and pushed hard till they got it back. I swear, I figured it was a lost cause. Their straight-up work and trust brought back my calm. If a scam stole your crypto, reach out to them now. yt7cracker@gmail . com | WhatsApp: +1 512 577 7957 or +44 7428 662701

  • 30.10.25 12:03 elizabethrush89

    God bless Capital Crypto Recover Services for the marvelous work you did in my life, I have learned the hard way that even the most sensible investors can fall victim to scams. When my USD was stolen, for anyone who has fallen victim to one of the bitcoin binary investment scams that are currently ongoing, I felt betrayal and upset. But then I was reading a post on site when I saw a testimony of Wendy Taylor online who recommended that Capital Crypto Recovery has helped her recover scammed funds within 24 hours. after reaching out to this cyber security firm that was able to help me recover my stolen digital assets and bitcoin. I’m genuinely blown away by their amazing service and professionalism. I never imagined I’d be able to get my money back until I complained to Capital Crypto Recovery Services about my difficulties and gave all of the necessary paperwork. I was astounded that it took them 12 hours to reclaim my stolen money back. Without a doubt, my USDT assets were successfully recovered from the scam platform, Thank you so much Sir, I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover for any of your bitcoin recovery, digital funds recovery, hacking, and cybersecurity concerns. You reach them Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 His Email: [email protected] Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Via Contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1

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