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Автоматизация RSA-подписей в API с помощью плагина Burp Suite

В этой статье я хотел бы описать механизм безопасности API-запросов, с которым я столкнулся в одном из своих проектов. Этот механизм использует ключи RSA для проверки целостности запросов.

Спойлер

Проблему решил с помощью плагина Python Scripter. Описание деталей ниже ;)

Описание проблемы

В рассматриваемом программном обеспечении реализован механизм безопасности, который обеспечивает целостность передаваемого сообщения с помощью подписи RSA. Формируется новый заголовок XX-Signature, который вставляется в запрос.

Приватный ключ - хранится в секрете у клиента и используется для создания цифровой подписи каждого отправляемого API-запроса. Публичный ключ клиента передается серверу, который использует его для верификации подписи запросов. Это гарантирует, что запрос был отправлен именно этим клиентом и не был изменен в процессе передачи.
Ключ для проверки - сервер подписывает уведомления своим приватным ключом, а сервер проверяет их публичным ключом. Все уведомления, отправляемые клиенту, подписываются приватным ключом сервера. Клиент, в свою очередь, используя публичный ключ сервера, проверяет подлинность полученных уведомлений. Это предотвращает подделку уведомлений и гарантирует их целостность.

Формирование подписи

Реализованный механизм призван помешать злоумышленникам манипулировать запросами и дальнейшей эксплуатацией. В то же время применяемые меры безопасности затрудняют проведение тестирования на проникновение.

Технические детали

Для тестирования безопасности API и проверки целостности запросов, первоначальной задачей было создание Python-скрипта. Такой подход позволил бы автоматизировать процесс генерации запросов и подписей. Однако, возникла проблема с интеграцией этих запросов в HTTP-запросы для последующей обработки в Burp Suite. Сгенерированный скриптом ключ успешно проходил проверку в терминале, но при вставке ключа в запрос Burp, сервер возвращал ошибку 401 “Signature mismatch”. Это указывало на несоответствие подписи, возможно, вызванное различиями в форматировании запроса, такими как наличие пробелов или различия в представлении данных (raw vs. pretty view в Burp).

Сравнение ответов сервера используя одинаковый ключ

В качестве альтернативы рассматривалась интеграция скрипта в плагин Burp Suite. В конечном итоге, выбор пал на плагин Python Scripter (ссылки оставил под статьей). К сожалению, трудности на этом не закончились. Реализовать скрипт внутри Python Scripter не удалось из-за несовместимости: Jython 2.7, используемый в плагине, не поддерживает библиотеку cryptography, необходимую для создания цифровой подписи RSA в исходном скрипте. Это вынудило искать другое решение для реализации проверки целостности запросов.

Решение проблемы

Burp Suite работает с Jython. Jython - это реализация языка Python, которая работает на платформе Java Virtual Machine (JVM). Поскольку Jython взаимодействует с Java-кодом и использует Java-библиотеки, нужно использовать системные вызовы через библиотеку subprocess:

import subprocess

process = subprocess.Popen("<cmd>",
    stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
    stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
    shell=True)

output, err = process.communicate()

if err.decode() != "":
    raise Exception(err)

Это позволит нам выполнять любую команду в системе с помощью языка Python. На этом этапе у нас есть все необходимые элементы. Далее с помощью AI пишем новый скрипт.

Иллюстрация работы плагина и скрипта

Ниже представлен код Python, реализующий описанный механизм подписи запроса:

import base64
import subprocess
try:
    import urllib.parse as urlparse  # Try python 3 first
except ImportError:
    import urllib as urlparse  # Fallback for python 2

PRIVATE_KEY = "/path/to/key"
SIGNATURE_HEADER = 'XX-Signature'

if messageIsRequest:
    print("Executing signature code")

    requestInfo = helpers.analyzeRequest(messageInfo.getRequest())
    headers = requestInfo.getHeaders()
    requestBody = messageInfo.getRequest()[requestInfo.getBodyOffset():]
    url = messageInfo.getUrl()
    method = requestInfo.getMethod().upper()
    path = url.getPath()

    #  Удалено URL-кодирование параметров
    query_string = url.getQuery()
    if query_string:
        path += "?" + query_string

    msg = helpers.bytesToString(requestBody)

    # Construct signature input string with UTF-8 encoding and explicit newline.
    signature_input = "{}\n{}\n{}".format(method, path, msg)

    print('signature_input', signature_input)

    # Use openssl via subprocess.  Correctly handle encoding and decoding.
    try:
        cmd = "openssl dgst -sha256 -sign {}".format(PRIVATE_KEY)  # Use .format() instead of f-string
        process = subprocess.Popen(cmd, stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, shell=True)
        output, err = process.communicate(input=signature_input.encode('utf-8'))  # Encode input for openssl

        if err:
            raise Exception(err.decode('utf-8'))

        signature_bytes = base64.b64encode(output).decode('utf-8').strip()  # Base64 encode the result

        signature = signature_bytes
    except Exception as e:
        print("Error creating signature: {}".format(e)) # Use .format() instead of f-string
        signature = ""  # or handle the error in another way, e.g., return None

    new_sign = '{}: {}'.format(SIGNATURE_HEADER, signature)
    print('Adding new', new_sign)

    newHeaders = []
    print("Original headers:", headers)
    # Remove existing XX-Signature headers
    for h in headers:
        if SIGNATURE_HEADER not in h:
            newHeaders.append(h)
        else:
            print('Header exist, removing: ', h)
    print("Headers after removing existing signatures:", newHeaders)

    print("New signature header:", new_sign)

    # Insert the new XX-Signature header as the *second* header in the list.
    if len(newHeaders) > 0:
        newHeaders.insert(1, new_sign)
    else:
        newHeaders.append(new_sign)  # if there are no headers, put as first

    print("Final headers:", newHeaders)
    request = helpers.buildHttpMessage(newHeaders, requestBody)

    messageInfo.setRequest(request)

На рисунке 1 проиллюстрирована попытка отправки запроса без дополнительного заголовка. Как можно заметить, сервер указал на его отсутствие и не обработал сообщение.

Рис. 1. Отправленный запрос и полученный ответ, в котором отсутствуют необходимый дополнительный заголовок безопасности.

На рисунке 2 изображена еще одна попытка отправить запрос, на этот раз с добавлением требуемого заголовка. Однако изменение в теле сообщения вызвало отсутствие совместимости с подписью, в результате чего сервер также отклонил сообщение.

Рис. 2. Отправленный запрос и полученный ответ, сообщение подписано неправильно.

На рисунке 3 представлен измененный запрос, зарегистрированный модулем Burp Logger, который был отправлен на сервер.

Рис. 3. Отправленный запрос и полученное сообщение, зарегистрированные в модуле Logger.

Заключение

Механизм использования одноразовых и подписных запросов может быть эффективным способом защиты запросов API от подделки. Без дополнительной информации, предоставленной автором приложения, было бы сложно определить, как построена реализованная цифровая подпись. Представленный мной фрагмент кода значительно облегчает дальнейшее тестирование API, поскольку нет необходимости фокусироваться на обеспечении корректности всех значений заголовков.

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God bless Capital Crypto Recover Services for the marvelous work you did in my life, I have learned the hard way that even the most sensible investors can fall victim to scams. When my USD was stolen, for anyone who has fallen victim to one of the bitcoin binary investment scams that are currently ongoing, I felt betrayal and upset. But then I was reading a post on site when I saw a testimony of Wendy Taylor online who recommended that Capital Crypto Recovery has helped her recover scammed funds within 24 hours. after reaching out to this cyber security firm that was able to help me recover my stolen digital assets and bitcoin. I’m genuinely blown away by their amazing service and professionalism. I never imagined I’d be able to get my money back until I complained to Capital Crypto Recovery Services about my difficulties and gave all of the necessary paperwork. I was astounded that it took them 12 hours to reclaim my stolen money back. Without a doubt, my USDT assets were successfully recovered from the scam platform, Thank you so much Sir, I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover for any of your bitcoin recovery, digital funds recovery, hacking, and cybersecurity concerns. You reach them Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 His Email: [email protected] Contact Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Via Contact: [email protected] His website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
14.10.25 01:15 tyleradams

Hi. Please be wise, do not make the same mistake I had made in the past, I was a victim of bitcoin scam, I saw a glamorous review showering praises and marketing an investment firm, I reached out to them on what their contracts are, and I invested $28,000, which I was promised to get my first 15% profit in weeks, when it’s time to get my profits, I got to know the company was bogus, they kept asking me to invest more and I ran out of patience then requested to have my money back, they refused to answer nor refund my funds, not until a friend of mine introduced me to the NVIDIA TECH HACKERS, so I reached out and after tabling my complaints, they were swift to action and within 36 hours I got back my funds with the due profit. I couldn’t contain the joy in me. I urge you guys to reach out to NVIDIA TECH HACKERS on their email: [email protected]
14.10.25 08:46 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: 📧 Email: [email protected] 📱 Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] 📞 Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 🌐 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
14.10.25 08:46 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: 📧 Email: [email protected] 📱 Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] 📞 Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 🌐 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
14.10.25 08:46 robertalfred175

CRYPTO SCAM RECOVERY SUCCESSFUL – A TESTIMONIAL OF LOST PASSWORD TO YOUR DIGITAL WALLET BACK. My name is Robert Alfred, Am from Australia. I’m sharing my experience in the hope that it helps others who have been victims of crypto scams. A few months ago, I fell victim to a fraudulent crypto investment scheme linked to a broker company. I had invested heavily during a time when Bitcoin prices were rising, thinking it was a good opportunity. Unfortunately, I was scammed out of $120,000 AUD and the broker denied me access to my digital wallet and assets. It was a devastating experience that caused many sleepless nights. Crypto scams are increasingly common and often involve fake trading platforms, phishing attacks, and misleading investment opportunities. In my desperation, a friend from the crypto community recommended Capital Crypto Recovery Service, known for helping victims recover lost or stolen funds. After doing some research and reading multiple positive reviews, I reached out to Capital Crypto Recovery. I provided all the necessary information—wallet addresses, transaction history, and communication logs. Their expert team responded immediately and began investigating. Using advanced blockchain tracking techniques, they were able to trace the stolen Dogecoin, identify the scammer’s wallet, and coordinate with relevant authorities to freeze the funds before they could be moved. Incredibly, within 24 hours, Capital Crypto Recovery successfully recovered the majority of my stolen crypto assets. I was beyond relieved and truly grateful. Their professionalism, transparency, and constant communication throughout the process gave me hope during a very difficult time. If you’ve been a victim of a crypto scam, I highly recommend them with full confidence contacting: 📧 Email: [email protected] 📱 Telegram: @Capitalcryptorecover Contact: [email protected] 📞 Call/Text: +1 (336) 390-6684 🌐 Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
15.10.25 18:07 crypto

Cryptocurrency's digital realm presents many opportunities, but it also conceals complex frauds. It is quite painful to lose your cryptocurrency to scam. You can feel harassed and lost as a result. If you have been the victim of a cryptocurrency scam, this guide explains what to do ASAP. Following these procedures will help you avoid further issues or get your money back. Communication with Marie ([email protected] and WhatsApp: +1 7127594675) can make all the difference.
15.10.25 21:52 harristhomas7376

"In the crypto world, this is great news I want to share. Last year, I fell victim to a scam disguised as a safe investment option. I have invested in crypto trading platforms for about 10yrs thinking I was ensuring myself a retirement income, only to find that all my assets were either frozen, I believed my assets were secure — until I discovered that my BTC funds had been frozen and withdrawals were impossible. It was a devastating moment when I realized I had been scammed, and I thought my Bitcoin was gone forever, Everything changed when a close friend recommended the Capital Crypto Recover Service. Their professionalism, expertise, and dedication enabled me to recover my lost Bitcoin funds back — more than €560.000 DEM to my BTC wallet. What once felt impossible became a reality thanks to their support. If you have lost Bitcoin through scams, hacking, failed withdrawals, or similar challenges, don’t lose hope. I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover Service to anyone seeking a reliable and effective solution for recovering any wallet assets. They have a proven track record of successful reputation in recovering lost password assets for their clients and can help you navigate the process of recovering your funds. Don’t let scammers get away with your hard-earned money – contact Email: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Contact: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1
15.10.25 21:52 harristhomas7376

"In the crypto world, this is great news I want to share. Last year, I fell victim to a scam disguised as a safe investment option. I have invested in crypto trading platforms for about 10yrs thinking I was ensuring myself a retirement income, only to find that all my assets were either frozen, I believed my assets were secure — until I discovered that my BTC funds had been frozen and withdrawals were impossible. It was a devastating moment when I realized I had been scammed, and I thought my Bitcoin was gone forever, Everything changed when a close friend recommended the Capital Crypto Recover Service. Their professionalism, expertise, and dedication enabled me to recover my lost Bitcoin funds back — more than €560.000 DEM to my BTC wallet. What once felt impossible became a reality thanks to their support. If you have lost Bitcoin through scams, hacking, failed withdrawals, or similar challenges, don’t lose hope. I strongly recommend Capital Crypto Recover Service to anyone seeking a reliable and effective solution for recovering any wallet assets. They have a proven track record of successful reputation in recovering lost password assets for their clients and can help you navigate the process of recovering your funds. Don’t let scammers get away with your hard-earned money – contact Email: [email protected] Phone CALL/Text Number: +1 (336) 390-6684 Contact: [email protected] Website: https://recovercapital.wixsite.com/capital-crypto-rec-1